America Past and Present, Volume 1 (to 1877) 8th Edition Test Bank

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TESTBANKAMERICA:PAST ANDPRESENTTENTH EDITIONRobert A. DivineUniversity of TexasT.H. BreenNorthwestern UniversityGeorge M. FredericksonLate of Stanford UniversityR. Hal WilliamsSouthern Methodist UniversityAriela J. GrossUniversity of Southern CaliforniaH.W. BrandsUniversity of Texas

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ContentsChapter 1New World Encounters1Chapter 2New World Experiments: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies14Chapter 3Putting Down Roots: Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society27Chapter 4Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America40Chapter 5The American Revolution: From Elite Protest to Popular Revolt, 1763-1783 53Chapter 6The Republican Experiment66Chapter 7Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-180079Chapter 8Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision92Chapter 9Nation Building and Nationalism105Chapter 10The Triumph of White Men's Democracy119Chapter 11Slaves and Masters133Chapter 12The Pursuit of Perfection146Chapter 13An Age of Expansionism159Chapter 14The Sectional Crisis172Chapter 15Secession and the Civil War186Chapter 16The Agony of Reconstruction199Chapter 17The West: Exploiting an Empire213Chapter 18The Industrial Society227Chapter 19Toward an Urban Society, 1877-1900240Chapter 20Political Realignments in the 1890s253Chapter 21Toward Empire266Chapter 22The Progressive Era281Chapter 23From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism294Chapter 24The Nation at War307Chapter 25Transition to Modern America320Chapter 26Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal333Chapter 27America and the World, 1921-1945347Chapter 28The Onset of the Cold War360Chapter 29Affluence and Anxiety373Chapter 30The Turbulent Sixties386Chapter 31The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969-1988399Chapter 32To the Twenty-first Century, 1989-2011412iii

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1CHAPTER ONENEW WORLD ENCOUNTERSMultiple Choice1. The most significant factor that led large numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of North Americawas ________.A) the domestication of horsesB) global warmingC) population growthD) rising water levelsE) a mass extinction of large mammals in EuropeAnswer: BPage Ref: 4Skill: FactualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest2. Which of the following revolutionized early Native American cultures?A) the discovery of huntingB) the development of agricultureC) tribal political alliancesD) the emergence of a written languageE) the domestication of the horseAnswer: BPage Ref: 5Skill: FactualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest3. The people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the Spanish arrived were the ________.A) MayasB) ApachesC) AztecsD) IncasE) ToltecsAnswer: CPage Ref: 6Skill: FactualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest4. The Atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact were ________.A) Algonquian speakersB) MayanC) ApacheD) SiouxE) CherokeeAnswer: APage Ref: 7Skill: FactualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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25. What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was ________.A) cultural enlightenmentB) victims for human sacrifice ritualsC) religious instructionD) allies to help them defeat their enemiesE) commercial relationsAnswer: EPage Ref: 8Skill: FactualTopic: A World Transformed6. The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with Europeanswas ________.A) warfareB) planned genocideC) diseaseD) loss of farmlandE) enslavementAnswer: CPage Ref: 9Skill: FactualTopic: A World Transformed7. In the Columbian Exchange, the Old World and the New exchanged ________.A) animal, plant, and microbial life formsB) technologiesC) religious beliefsD) political systemsE) trade goodsAnswer: APage Ref: 12Skill: FactualTopic: A World Transformed8. The first European nation to establish contact with sub-Saharan Africa was ________.A) FranceB) ItalyC) the NetherlandsD) PortugalE) SpainAnswer: DPage Ref: 14Skill: FactualTopic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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39. The Portuguese explored West Africa searching for ________.A) lands to settleB) spices and timberC) converts to ChristianityD) slaves and goldE) land for a convict colonyAnswer: DPage Ref: 14Skill: FactualTopic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies10. Columbus was originally determined to prove that ________.A) a westward water route to China existedB) the world was not flatC) the continents of North and South America existedD) the lost continent of Atlantis was actually part of South AmericaE) the world was smaller than scientists believed at the timeAnswer: APage Ref: 16Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World11. At the time of Columbus’s first voyage in 1492, ________.A) most educated Europeans believed the earth was flatB) no European nation had any interest in explorationC) most educated Europeans knew the world was roundD) no one thought he would find anythingE) the Catholic Church condemned this kind of explorationAnswer: CPage Ref: 17Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World12. The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in ________.A) war between Spain and PortugalB) Portuguese control of what would become BrazilC) English control of what is now CanadaD) French control of MartiniqueE) the withdrawal of the Spanish from the New WorldAnswer: BPage Ref: 18Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World

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413. The men largely responsible for Spain’s conquest of the New World were known as ________.A)conquistadoresB)coureurs de boisC) “Sea Dogs”D) piratesE)encomenderosAnswer: APage Ref: 18Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World14. In order to better control the conquistadors in the New World, the Spanish government created________.A) the InquisitionB) thehaciendaC) theencomiendaD) the missionsE) colonial governmentsAnswer: CPage Ref: 19Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World15. Before his attacks on the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés was ________.A) an accomplished ship captainB) a civil servant in CubaC) a wealthy aristocratD) a seasoned diplomatE) unconcerned about his public imageAnswer: BPage Ref: 18Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World16. From its beginnings, Spain regarded her New World domain as primarily a(n) ________.A) provider of gold and silverB) place to send exiled Moors and JewsC) opportunity to further promote the Catholic faithD) source of cheap Native American labor to be used on Spanish estatesE) place to establish penal coloniesAnswer: APage Ref: 18Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World

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517. Most Spanish colonists were ________.A) members of wealthy familiesB) more racially tolerant than their English counterpartsC) unconcerned about economic opportunitiesD) unwilling to have contact with native groupsE) unusually racist for their timeAnswer: BPage Ref: 20Skill: FactualTopic: Imagining a New World18. The first French explorers were ________.A) interested in finding the mythical “northwest passage” to ChinaB) determined to find gold and silverC) eager to Christianize the Native AmericansD) ruthless and exploitive of the native peoplesE) considered stupid by the Native AmericansAnswer: APage Ref: 20Skill: FactualTopic: The French Claim Canada19. In their relations with the Native Americans, the French ________.A) were as interested in Christian conversion as the SpanishB) cultivated close cooperation in order to sustain their fur tradeC) were ruthless in their treatment of the Native AmericansD) drove Indians from their lands in order to set up plantationsE) were at a distinct disadvantageAnswer: BPage Ref: 20Skill: FactualTopic: The French Claim Canada20. The financial success of the French empire in North America depended upon the ________.A) fur tradeB) complete annihilation of the Native American tribes in CanadaC) discovery of huge amounts of goldD) establishment of plantationsE) withdrawal of the SpanishAnswer: APage Ref: 20Skill: FactualTopic: The French Claim Canada

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621. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the French experience in the New World?A) the fur tradeB) Samuel de ChamplainC)encomiendasD)coureurs de boisE) lack of royal support for colonizing effortsAnswer: CPage Ref: 19Skill: FactualTopic: The French Claim Canada22. What sixteenth-century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England’s settlement of theNew World?A) the CrusadesB) the War of the RosesC) the ReformationD) the Hundred Years’ WarE) the RenaissanceAnswer: CPage Ref: 21Skill: FactualTopic: The English Enter the Competition23. The English monarch responsible for quieting religious conflict and strengthening England in the face ofSpanish power was ________.A) Henry VIIB) Henry VIIIC) Elizabeth ID) Mary TudorE) James IAnswer: CPage Ref: 21Skill: FactualTopic: The English Enter the Competition24. The mission of the Spanish Armada was to ________.A) suppress a revolt in the NetherlandsB) defend Queen Elizabeth I of England against challenges to her ruleC) defeat Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic countryD) replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of ScotsE) get revenge against the English for their seizure of Spanish treasure galleonsAnswer: CPage Ref: 24Skill: FactualTopic: The English Enter the Competition

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725. In the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at ________.A) JamestownB) NewfoundlandC) PlymouthD) HatterasE) RoanokeAnswer: EPage Ref: 24Skill: FactualTopic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke26. What was the most important result of the domestication of maize (corn), beans, and squash by someNative American groups?A) moving from nomadism to a settled lifestyleB) no longer hunting mammalsC) the evolution of Indians into a single continental cultural unitD) the disappearance of the Anasazi cultureE) a general move to the coastsAnswer: APage Ref: 5Skill: ConceptualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest27. By the time Europeans arrived, the Aztecs had all of the following EXCEPT ________.A) large cities ruled by effective bureaucraciesB) tools and weapons made of iron and bronzeC) hieroglyphic writingD) an accurate solar calendarE) a religion that involved human sacrificeAnswer: BPage Ref: 6Skill: ConceptualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest28. Which best describes how divisions among Algonquian groups helped facilitate European conquest oftheir lands?A) Algonquian groups were so busy fighting each other that they did not notice the European arrivals.B) Algonquian groups competed among each other to become trading partners with European arrivals.C) Algonquian groups could not communicate with each other and thus could not warn each other ofEuropean invaders.D) Algonquian groups had a strict hierarchy that made it much easier for Europeans to conquer them.E) Algonquian groups were likely to form alliances with outsiders than each other.Answer: EPage Ref: 7Skill: ConceptualTopic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest

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829. Which of these was quickly adopted by Native Americans after contact with Europeans?A) gunsB) marriage customsC) public educationD) ChristianityE) urbanizationAnswer: APage Ref: 9Skill: ConceptualTopic: A World Transformed30. Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Native American men were more receptive to Christianity than were the women.B) When Indians and whites married, the European partner usually chose to live among the Indians.C) When trading with Native Americans, Europeans easily took advantage of the Indians.D) Europeans had little success “civilizing” the Indians.E) Native American women jealously guarded their traditional cultures.Answer: CPage Ref: 9Skill: ConceptualTopic: A World Transformed31. What was the main result of the deadly diseases brought to the New World by Europeans?A) an extremely high mortality rate among the natives, destroying the culture of many tribesB) a diminution of these diseases throughout EuropeC) some deaths, but a low number compared to those caused by warfare between Native Americans andEuropeansD) a death rate that was high only where Native Americans lived in low concentrationsE) no significant deaths since Native Americans were already immune to these diseasesAnswer: APage Ref: 9Skill: ConceptualTopic: A World Transformed32. Which statement about West Africa during the era of the European slave trade is TRUE?A) Africans were isolated from the rest of the world.B) Africans had a simple, self-sufficient economy.C) A single culture covered most of the African continent.D) Muslim missionaries had introduced Islam.E) Africans were united by a single language.Answer: DPage Ref: 11Skill: ConceptualTopic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

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933. Which was NOT a reason why Scandinavian outposts in the New World were eventually abandoned?A) a colder climateB) hostile groups of Native AmericansC) political upheavals in ScandinaviaD) poor communicationE) competition with Portuguese fishing groupsAnswer: EPage Ref: 15Skill: ConceptualTopic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest34. Why did the Portuguese reject Columbus’s proposed route to Cathay?A) They wanted Columbus to sail to India, not Cathay.B) They believed that Columbus had underestimated the Earth’s circumference.C) They believed the Earth was round.D) They believed that Columbus had no intention of reaching Cathay and was presenting a false routesimply to gain monetary support.E) They thought that Columbus would encounter too many hostile Indians on his proposed route.Answer: BPage Ref: 16Skill: ConceptualTopic: Europe on the Eve of Conquest35. Why was “America” named after Amerigo Vespucci?A) Vespucci published a falsified travel account that convinced mapmakers that he had been the firstEuropean to reach the continent.B) Vespucci had been on Columbus’s last voyage, but unlike Columbus realized that they had found a newcontinent.C) Vespucci’s travels to the Americas brought great wealth to Spain, and he was rewarded with a continentnamed for him.D) Vespucci was the first person to make contact with what is now the Bahamas, and the continent hereached was named after him.E) Vespucci convinced the king and queen of Spain that Columbus had falsified reports of his travels, andproved that it was he who had been the first to reach the Americas.Answer: APage Ref: 17Skill: ConceptualTopic: Imagining a New World36. Which was a key reason Cortés was able to conquer Montezuma, the Aztec emperor?A) Montezuma’s unarmored horseman were unable to fight the armored horses that Cortés brought withhim.B) Cortés convinced the Aztecs to fight against their own corrupt leader, Montezuma.C) Cortés and his men overwhelmingly outnumbered the Aztecs.D) Cortés was able to recruit thousands of nearby Native Americans who helped him defeat Montezuma.E) Montezuma believed that the Spaniards were gods and did not resist them at first.Answer: EPage Ref: 18Skill: ConceptualTopic: Imagining a New World

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1037. How did theHistoria de las Indiaschange the colonization of the New World?A) It helped the Spanish recognize that they needed to be ruthless in order to prevail.B) It led Spain to improve its treatment of Indians under their rule.C) It helped the Spanish recognize that they would not be able to prevail over the powerful empires in theNew World.D) It led the Spanish to the conquest of the Aztecs.E) It helped the Spanish recognize that Spanish culture was vastly inferior to native culture.Answer: BPage Ref: 19Skill: ConceptualTopic: Imagining a New World38. Why was Spain’s wealth acquired from the New World considered to be a mixed blessing?A) Spain was forced to send a large proportion of its population to the New World to help ship gold andsilver back to Spain.B) The Spanish got wealthy from silver and gold in the New World, but lost most of their army and navy inbattles with Native Americans.C) Because Spain used the New World only as a source of wealth, it did not consider establishing realsettlements there.D) Because Spain gained its wealth so quickly, it caused great inflation for ordinary Spaniards.E) Most of the wealth ended up in the hands of Portuguese shippers.Answer: DPage Ref: 20Skill: ConceptualTopic: Imagining a New World39. Which statement best describes how the early French colonists viewed Native Americans?A) as obstacles to dominating the fur tradeB) as potential slavesC) as valuable economic partnersD) as obstacles to settling the land in North AmericaE) as likely converts to ChristianityAnswer: CPage Ref: 20Skill: ConceptualTopic: The French Claim Canada40. What was the chief reason France was slow to establish a North American empire?A) poor relations with the Indians of Canada and the WestB) the French government’s indifference to affairs in the New WorldC) too many French settlers moving to the New World too quicklyD) an inability to find anything of economic consequence in the New WorldE) too much competition with the English settlers over land in the New WorldAnswer: BPage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: The French Claim Canada

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1141. Why was England initially reluctant to establish an empire in the Americas?A) Colonization threatened the English alliance with Spain.B) Colonization threatened the English alliance with France.C) Colonization would force Spain to ally itself with Portugal and France against England.D) The English did not want to bring about conflict with the Pope.E) Colonization threatened English trading agreements with the Dutch.Answer: APage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: English Dreams of Empire42. Which of the following identifies the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation in England in the 1500s?A) Henry VII’s severing of all ties with the popeB) the Act of SupremacyC) the death of Edward VID) land that belonged to the Catholic Church was transferred to private ownersE) Henry VIII’s wish to dissolve his marriage to Catherine of AragonAnswer: EPage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: The English Enter the Competition43. Who backed the first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World?A) Henry VIIB) Italians acting for the English monarchC) ParliamentD) Catholic merchantsE) Elizabeth IAnswer: EPage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: The English Enter the Competition44. Why was English Protestantism able to spread so successfully in the 1500s?A) popular dissatisfaction with the clergyB) the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin were both EnglishC) the fervent Catholicism of the Tudor KingsD) the English hostility to the French HuguenotsE) Mary I becoming queen of EnglandAnswer: APage Ref: 21Skill: ConceptualTopic: The English Enter the Competition

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1245. Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its colonies?A) France: CanadaB) Portugal: BrazilC) Spain: Puerto RicoD) England: CubaE) Spain: MexicoAnswer: DPage Ref: 16, 20, 21, 24Skill: ConceptualTopic: Imagining a New World; The French Claim Canada; The English Enter the Competition; AnUnpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke46. Which does NOT identify a reason why the Roanoke colonies were doomed from their inception?A) poor planning by the organizers of the settlementB) England’s distraction because of its preparations for warC) England devoting resources to its impending war with SpainD) religious conflicts among settlersE) hostilities with Native AmericansAnswer: DPage Ref: 24Skill: ConceptualTopic: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke47. How did Richard Hakluyt keep the dream of colonizing America alive?A) He explored the New World and brought exotic products back to England.B) He interviewed explorers and told their stories in a popular book.C) He started a successful colony that made reasonably good profits.D) He wrote a work on the variety and cultural diversity of Native Americans.E) He wrote a fictional story about a settlement but claimed it was a factual account.Answer: BPage Ref: 25Skill: ConceptualTopic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell America48. What was the key difference between the English and Spanish colonial systems?A) The English Crown totally funded the colonies, while the Spanish Crown offered little aid to itscolonizers.B) The English efforts were private, and the Spanish colonies were supported by the Crown.C) The English settled the interior lands, while the Spanish settled primarily in coastal regions.D) Religion played a central role in all the English colonies, but had little or no impact in New Spain.E) The English were more concerned with finding wealth in the New World, while the Spanish wanted toestablish permanent settlements.Answer: BPage Ref: 16, 24Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Imagining a New World, An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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1349. Which is the best interpretation of historian Davis Eltis’s statement: “In terms of immigration alone...America was an extension of Africa rather than Europe until the late nineteenth century.”A) The colonists set up communities in the New World that were much closer to the communities of Africathan those of Europe.B) Many European colonists gave up the traditional ways of their homelands, while people brought toAmerica from Africa retained most of their traditions.C) The new colonies were governed in ways that were unlike any kind of European government and morelike African governments.D) Africans were not the largest group to immigrate to America, but they had the greatest influence on thenew colonies.E) More Africans than Europeans came to North America in the early years of colonization.Answer: EPage Ref: 14Skill: AnalyticalTopic: West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies50. Which is the best description of the most important message Richard Hakluyt’s stories communicated toEuropean readers?A) Readers were convinced that the New World was a paradise that was theirs for the taking, disregardingthe native people already living there.B) Readers were cautioned not to settle in the New World without first being aware of the potential dangersthat they could face.C) Readers were convinced that the Native Americans were agreeable and eager to help them get settled inexchange for trading new ideas and goods.D) Readers were warned to be sensitive to the concerns of Native Americans and not to treat the New Worldas a place that was simply theirs for the taking.E) Readers were convinced that they would find precious metals in North America, and Hakluyt’s storiestold them where to find those precious metals.Answer: APage Ref: 25Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Conclusion: Campaign to Sell AmericaEssay1. Compare the cultures that could be found in the New World prior to the arrival of Europeans. Why didsuch a great diversity exist among native groups?Page Ref: 4Skill: Analytical Topic: Native American Histories Before the Conquest2. Describe the Spanish conquest of Central and South America. How did this conquest transform NativeAmerican cultures?Page Ref: 16Skill: Analytical Topic: A World Transformed, Imagining a New World3. Compare and contrast the factors that attracted the Spanish, the French, and the English to the NewWorld, and how these “pull” factors affected the development of each nation’s New World colonies.Page Ref: 16, 20, 21Skill: Analytical Topic: Imagining a New World; The French Claim Canada; The English Enter theCompetition; An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

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