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BTM8106-8-1 Jackson (2012) Even-Numbered Chapter Exercises

A structured set of exercises on business research methods.

Benjamin White
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BTM8106-8-11BTM8106-8-1JACKSON (2012) EVEN-NUMBERED CHAPTER EXERCISES (P. 244).2.What possible confounds can you identify in this study?A confound is defined as “an uncontrolled extraneous variable or flaw in an experiment”(Jackson, 2012, p.229). In this particular study, 21 participants withdrew from the study, and85% of the remaining 29 participants reported improvements. Although “improved” is implied tomean lessdepressed, theinfluence of the therapy cannot be directly detected. The confoundingvariable in this study aims to link the independent variable (therapy) with the independentvariable (improvements).4.What are internal validity and external validity, and why are they so important toresearchers?Internal validityis definedasthe accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect(Cozby& Bates,2012).Studies with high internal validity indicate a change in one variable has an effecton another.External validity, as noted by Trochim and Donnelly (2008),externalvalidity“isthedegree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and atother times” (p.34).Some suggestthat findings obtained in laboratory tests may not work inpractice (Guthrie, 2010). Based on that assumption, Cozby and Bates (2012) question whetherthe results of a study can be duplicated with other operational definitions of the variables;definitions of a variable that are difficult to manifest in the “real” world (Leedy & Ormrod,2013). Additionally, researchers must question whether the same results would be produced withdifferent participants and in different settings.6.What are the similarities and differences between within-subjects andmatched-subjectsdesigns?

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BTM8106-8-12Within-subjectsparticipants are exposed to all experimental conditionsand actastheirown control, beingtested under each experimental condition.Essentially, the conditionscoresare correlational; that is, scores from one condition are related to scores of another. Since thesame participant is present under each condition,their response under one condition may explainhow they respond to another. If differences between the conditions arenoted,it may be a resultof confounding effects of a particular condition upon other conditions, not necessarily themanipulation of an independent variable. Therefore, these sequencing effects must be controlled.Matched-subjectsparticipantsrequireresearcherstocapitalize onindependent variablemanipulations, especially whenmanipulations cause sequencing effects.Participants should bematched on relevant variables. A variable is relevant if itaffectsthe dependent variable.That is,important variables on which to match are variables that are strongly related to performance onthe dependent measures.Bothdesignshaveasensitivityto small differences between conditions because thegroupsareequal,and the samples are smaller.Matched-subject designs do not suffer from carry-over effects (something that subjects carry from one condition to another; such as drug effects).Finding an individual who equally matches someone else on a specific variablecan beproblematic.The Logic of Experimental Design1.What is the purpose of conducting an experiment? How does an experimental designaccomplish its purpose?This approach requires a researcher to manipulate an independent variable whileobserving the effect it has on a dependent variable. Guthrie (2010) states experimental designsuse samples to identifycause-and-effectwhile Leedy and Ormrod (2013) contend that certain
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Document Details

University
Northcentral University
Course
BTM 8106
Subject
Business Management

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