BTM8106-8-1 Jackson (2012) Even-Numbered Chapter Exercises
A structured set of exercises on business research methods.
Benjamin White
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BTM8106-8-1 1
BTM8106-8-1 JACKSON (2012) EVEN-NUMBERED CHAPTER EXERCISES (P. 244).
2. What possible confounds can you identify in this study?
A confound is defined as “an uncontrolled extraneous variable or flaw in an experiment”
(Jackson, 2012, p. 229). In this particular study, 21 participants withdrew from the study, and
85% of the remaining 29 participants reported improvements. Although “improved” is implied to
mean less depressed, the influence of the therapy cannot be directly detected. The confounding
variable in this study aims to link the independent variable (therapy) with the independent
variable (improvements).
4. What are internal validity and external validity, and why are they so important to
researchers?
Internal validity is defined as the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect (Cozby
& Bates, 2012). Studies with high internal validity indicate a change in one variable has an effect
on another.
External validity, as noted by Trochim and Donnelly (2008), external validity “is the
degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at
other times” (p.34). Some suggest that findings obtained in laboratory tests may not work in
practice (Guthrie, 2010). Based on that assumption, Cozby and Bates (2012) question whether
the results of a study can be duplicated with other operational definitions of the variables;
definitions of a variable that are difficult to manifest in the “real” world (Leedy & Ormrod,
2013). Additionally, researchers must question whether the same results would be produced with
different participants and in different settings.
6. What are the similarities and differences between within-subjects and matched-subjects
designs?
BTM8106-8-1 JACKSON (2012) EVEN-NUMBERED CHAPTER EXERCISES (P. 244).
2. What possible confounds can you identify in this study?
A confound is defined as “an uncontrolled extraneous variable or flaw in an experiment”
(Jackson, 2012, p. 229). In this particular study, 21 participants withdrew from the study, and
85% of the remaining 29 participants reported improvements. Although “improved” is implied to
mean less depressed, the influence of the therapy cannot be directly detected. The confounding
variable in this study aims to link the independent variable (therapy) with the independent
variable (improvements).
4. What are internal validity and external validity, and why are they so important to
researchers?
Internal validity is defined as the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect (Cozby
& Bates, 2012). Studies with high internal validity indicate a change in one variable has an effect
on another.
External validity, as noted by Trochim and Donnelly (2008), external validity “is the
degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at
other times” (p.34). Some suggest that findings obtained in laboratory tests may not work in
practice (Guthrie, 2010). Based on that assumption, Cozby and Bates (2012) question whether
the results of a study can be duplicated with other operational definitions of the variables;
definitions of a variable that are difficult to manifest in the “real” world (Leedy & Ormrod,
2013). Additionally, researchers must question whether the same results would be produced with
different participants and in different settings.
6. What are the similarities and differences between within-subjects and matched-subjects
designs?
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University
Northcentral University
Subject
Business Management