Class Notes for Families and Their Social Worlds, 3rd Edition

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INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
FAMILIES AND THEIR
SOCIAL WORLDS
THIRD EDITION
Karen Seccombe
Portland State University

Table of Contents
I: Introduction #
Chapter 1: Families and the Sociological Imagination #
Chapter 2: Families Throughout the World: Marriage, Family, and Kinship #
Chapter 3: Families Throughout History #
Chapter 4: Sex, Gender, and Families #
Chapter 5: Social Stratification, Social Class, and Families #
Chapter 6: Race, Ethnicity, and Families #
Chapter 7: Courtship, Intimacy, and Partnering #
Chapter 8: Marriage: A Personal Relationship and Social Institution #
Chapter 9: Becoming a Parent #
Chapter 10: Raising Children #
Chapter 11: Families and the Work They Do #
Chapter 12: Aging Families #
Chapter 13: Violence and Abuse #

Chapter 1: Families and the Sociological
Imagination
Chapter Context
This chapter introduces a sociological imagination to the study of families and intimate
relationships. Rather than seeing families as simply personal and private relationships that
operate in a random fashion, we recognize that many seemingly personal family issues are
related to broader social concerns.
Outcome-based Outline
Outcome Learning Objectives Interactivity
Critical Thinking 1.4 Summarize differing
opinions on how families
have changed
x.x [interactive] (if app)
1.6 Summarize five themes
that explore the social side of
families
Knowledge of Subject Matter
(or Discipline)
1.1 Discuss families and the
diversity of families, and the
interpersonal relationships
contained within them
1.3 Analyze the relationship
of society to shaping
individual experiences and
choices
1.5 Compare the differences
in family policies between the
United States and other
nations
Cultural Competence 1.2 Specify different
definitions of family
PowerPoint Presentation
Download the PowerPoint Presentation for this chapter here.
Discussion Question Bank
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (1-2 per module)
which are included for in-class use.
Module Discussion Question(s)
1.1 Chapter Preview: Families and the
Sociological Imagination
1. Considering your family of origin and the
perceptions of the ideal family
perpetuated from the 1950s to the 1990s,

how did your family compare? How
accurately do you think the media
portrays family life?
2. Within your circle of friends and family,
how diverse are families when compared
to yours? Are you surprised by how much
or how little diversity there is within your
circle?
1.2 What Are Families? 1. What is your definition of family? If your
definition has changed over time, why
and how has it changed?
2. Think about who you consider family that
you are not related to by blood or
marriage. Why do you think fictive kin are
included in the textbook’s definition, but
not the Census Bureau definition?
1.3 The Sociological Imagination 1. Do you think mixed-methods would be
suitable for research on families? What
combination of methods would you use?
2. Based on your life experience, which
theory best explains family structure and
family dynamics?
1.4 Families and Social Change 1. How are your decisions/ideas about
family life different from your parents and
grandparents? How do you see these
differences impacting families?
2. Considering the conservative, liberal, and
feminist views, which view do you take on
families? Why do you take this view?
1.5 The State and Family Policy 1. If the United States had universal
programs such as Belgium, Denmark,
France, and Canada, would families do
better or would they do worse? Why do
you think that?
2. Do you think welfare reform has been
successful? What factors are you
considering most important in coming to
your conclusion?
1.6 Themes of Families and Their Social
Worlds
1. How do you envision a “normal family”? If
there is such a thing as a normal family,
what does that imply about families that
do not fit the description?
2. Which of the five themes are you most
looking forward to learning more about?
What most interests you about it?
3. Can you suggest a specific comparative
approach for studying family sociology in
America?

Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1000–1500 words.
[Research Assignment Title]
Using 2–3 scholarly sources, discuss relevant factors from two of the themes discussed in
the chapter and how those factors impact families and social change or impact the
government and family policy.
Experiential Learning
Take a walking tour of the neighborhoods surrounding your campus or community to view a
“snapshot” of American families today. Before you go, use an online mapping program (like
Google) to plan a route and measure the distance from your classroom or campus entrance.
Use your observational skills as you explore the social and family environment. Note the
different types of housing and commercial buildings. Where are the sidewalks and
crosswalks? Where are the main streets and highways? Where do you see people of
different ages? What might this place be like for different types of families?
Search the most recent U.S. Census data on cities and towns where you or family or friends
have lived. What is the population of those areas? What is the median family income? What
is the median price of a home? What is the unemployment rate? How far do people
commute to work? Make a phone call to someone you know in one of these areas. Test their
knowledge about the history of their city or town. Ask them about the characteristics of
families and households in their area.

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Chapter 2: Families Throughout the World:
Marriage, Family, and Kinship
Chapter Context
This chapter reveals both the similarities and differences in marriage, family, and kinship
patterns throughout the world. As a social institution, families reflect the environment,
historical period, and culture in which they are found.
Outcome-based Outline
Outcome Learning Objectives Interactivity
Critical Thinking 2.4 Evaluate how
modernization and
industrialization affected
families
x.x [interactive] (if app)
Knowledge of Subject Matter
(or Discipline)
2.1 Analyze the similarities
and differences in the
functions and structure of
family relationships
2.5 Explain how families are
influenced by the political and
economic world system
2.6 Compare the differences
among families in India,
Japan, and Sweden
Cultural Competence 2.2 Describe the most
common features and
functions of the family
2.3 Explain the differences in
marriages and family
patterns as found in different
cultures
PowerPoint Presentation
Download the PowerPoint Presentation for this chapter here.
Discussion Question Bank
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (1-2 per module)
which are included for in-class use.
Module Discussion Question(s)
2.1 Chapter Preview: Families Throughout the
World: Marriage, Family, and Kinship
1. How do you believe your
family culture has
influenced where/how
you currently live? What
advantages might be

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found in an extended
family situation?
2. In your culture do you
think married couples
tend to have a closer
relationship with the
bride’s family or the
groom’s? Why and how is
this important?
2.2 Functions of the Family: Variations and
Universals
1. Considering your own
family, which function of
families seems to be the
most dominant?
2. Reflecting on the
functions of the family
which seems to be least
important in American
society?
2.3 Differences in Marriage and Family
Patterns
1. How has endogamy and
exogamy impacted
marriage choices and/or
marital life in your
extended family?
2. Reflecting on the
customs and practices of
marriage around the
world, which, if any, do
you plan on practicing?
What are the advantages
of some that you haven’t
chosen to practice?
2.4 Modernization Theory: Social Change and
Families
1. Considering the
connection between
modernization and the
progressive loss of
gemeinschaft, would you
consider industrialization
and modernization a
positive factor or
negative factor for the
strength of families? Why
2. Reflecting on the
changes to the conjugal
nuclear family resulting
from industrialization and
modernization, think of
an example from your
family, friends, or
community where jobs
have taken family
members away from
extended kin. What

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impact did the situation
have on the family?
2.5 World Systems Theory: Social Change and
Families
1. Reflecting on families you
know, choose a situation
that demonstrates world
systems theory. How
does the situation
demonstrate the theory?
2. Which theory better
explains changes in
families, world systems
or modernization? Why
do you believe that it
explains change better?
2.6 Families Around the World: India, Japan,
and Sweden
1. Assuming you could
choose to participate in
the marriage and family
patterns of India, Japan,
or Sweden which one
would you choose?
Why?
2. Which theory best
explains family changes
in India, Japan, and
Sweden? Why?
Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1000–1500 words.
[Research Assignment Title]
Choose one developed and one developing country. Using 2–3 scholarly resources, research
how historical events and culture have changed marriage and family patterns including
family functions. Summarize the event and the resulting change, and compare and contrast
how modernization theory and world systems theory would explain these changes.
Demonstrate your ability to apply these theories.
Experiential Learning
Conduct an informal interview with two people you know who grew up in different living
situations. For example, find a friend or acquaintance whose biological or adopted parents
have been married for 20+ years, one who lived (most of the time) with one parent, an
unmarried couple, or grandparents. Ask them for their perspective on the functions of
family. Listen for their responses to your open-ended questions. Do not prompt them with
the “variations and universals” as described in your text. Jot down notes, and later
compare their lists to the one devised by the theory of structural functionalism. What
further research could you do to examine the modern functions of family in your community?

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Chapter 3: Families Throughout History
Chapter Context
A look at history can provide us with critical insights about families today. Addressing
whether recent family changes are good or bad can best be answered by taking an
extended view of how families both promote and adapt to various changes in the larger
society.
Outcome-based Outline
Outcome Learning Objectives Interactivity
3.5 Assess the effects of
industrialization,
immigration, and
urbanization on U.S. families
x.x [interactive] (if app)
Knowledge of Subject Matter
(or Discipline)
3.1 Identify how families
have changed throughout
history
Cultural Competence 3.3 Describe family life in
preindustrial societies
3.4 Analyze the differences in
preindustrial family life
among Native Americans,
African Americans, and
European colonists
Information Literacy 3.2 Explain how family life
can be researched from a
historical perspective
3.6 Describe how twentieth-
century events shaped the
modern family
3.7 Recognize that current
family issues have historical
precedents
PowerPoint Presentation
Download the PowerPoint Presentation for this chapter here.
Discussion Question Bank
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (1-2 per module)
which are included for in-class use.
Module Discussion Question(s)
3.1 Chapter Preview: Families Throughout
History
1. How is your family different
than the family your parents

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or grandparents grew up in?
What impact do you think
those differences had or have
on each family?
2. Choose at least 2 ways your
family is similar to the family
your parents and
grandparents grew up in and
discuss the similarities. Why
might those characteristics
have continued through
generations?
3.2 Why Study Family History 1. Of the family functions listed in
Table 3.1 which do you think has
changed the most since your
grandparent’s childhood? What
evidence do you have of that
change?
2. Why is it important to have
researchers looking at specific
areas of family life?
3.3 Families in Preindustrial Societies 1. Why would subsistence
economies have little
social division?
2. In preindustrial societies
why was there a division
between men’s and
women’s work? Who would
have more power in that
society – men or women –
and why?
3.4 Family Life in Preindustrial United
States
1. What are the similarities and
differences in marriages of Native
Americans, African Americans,
and European colonists in
preindustrial United States?
2. How would you expect the
introduction of diseases from
white settlers to impact the
Native American families?
3.5 American Families in the Nineteenth
Century
1. How did industrialization
change the structure of families?
2. Which era would you choose to
live in, the preindustrial or early
industrial? Why?
3.6 Families in the Twentieth Century: The
Rise of the "Modern" Family
1. If you are a woman, discuss
why you would or would not
support women earning the right
to vote as if you are a man living
in that era. If you are a man
discuss why you would or would
not support women earning the

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right to vote as if you were a
woman living in that era.
2. How might war change the
makeup of the family and family
roles?
3.7 Recent Family Issues and Their
Historical Roots
1. How do economic difficulties
potentially change the roles of
family members? How might this
impact families?
2. If you lost your job, how do
you think it would impact your
family? What resources and
support do you have? What
services are available to help
families?
Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1000–1500 words.
Comparing Eras
Choose two eras discussed and one function of the family discussed in the chapter.
Research this function in both eras, and compare and contrast the importance of the
function in each era. Evaluate how the function influenced family roles specifically gender
roles and the role of children.
Experiential Learning
Ask a close family member or friend if you can explore their collection of photos, holiday
cards, letters, special clothing, or other memorabilia. Clean out a closet or an attic with an
elderly relative. Voluntarily assist an elderly member of your community with cleaning out a
garage or basement (with a classmate or friend if you prefer). Alternatively, sign up with
an assisted living facility or a senior housing program to spend an hour or two with a
resident. Ask them about their early experiences. What jobs (or chores) did they do when
they were children? What were their responsibilities at home? What is the significance of
their keepsakes and mementos to them? What do they see as today’s economic challenges
for families in their neighborhood or community?

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Chapter 4: Sex, Gender, and Families
Chapter Context
All social institutions, whether political, religious, economic, educational, or familial,
distinguish between men and women in fundamental ways that extend far beyond biological
sex differences. However, gender is largely a social construction, and a comparative
approach shows us that expected masculine and feminine behaviors differ historically and
cross-culturally.
Outcome-based Outline
Outcome Learning Objectives Interactivity
Critical Thinking 4.3 Conclude where and how
we learn gendered behavior
x.x [interactive] (if app)
4.6 Conclude whether
patriarchy exists in Western
nations
4.7 Evaluate the implications
of gender within family
relationships
Knowledge of Subject Matter
(or Discipline)
4.1 Discuss sex and gender
and their influence on
families and intimate
relationships
4.2 Differentiate between sex
and gender
4.4 Identify the drawbacks of
traditional gender identity
4.5a Explain how patriarchy
influences women's lives
4.5b Hypothesize on the
origins of patriarchy
4.8 Identify organizations
that focus on strengthening
family resilience through
social policy
PowerPoint Presentation
Download the PowerPoint Presentation for this chapter here.
Discussion Question Bank
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (1-2 per module)
which are included for in-class use.
Module Discussion Question(s)

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4.1 Chapter Preview: Sex, Gender,
and Families
1. Do you think Americans would be more
or less likely to admit their preferences
for a certain gender child when
compared to other cultures? How come?
2. Reflecting on the research by Dahl and
Moretti (2003), what antidotal evidence
do you have to support or challenge their
results?
4.2 Sex and Gender: What's the
Difference?
1. Reflect on the behavior of men and
women at your family get-togethers:
what differences are there? Are these
differences biological or
environmental/social?
2. When you first see someone, what
characteristics do you look for when
trying to determine gender? What does it
mean to be a man or woman to you?
4.3 Where Do We Learn Gender? 1. As a child, what messages did adults
give you about how to behave properly
for your gender?
2. As a teen and young adult, what impact
did the media have on your gender
development and behavior?
4.4 The Pitfalls of Masculinity 1. Reflecting on toys, interests, and
activities, what types of restrictions have
you seen put on boys in your life?
2. How much, if any, have gender roles
loosened up since your parents were
children?
4.5 Institutional Sex Discrimination:
Patriarchy
1. Why do women continue to support and
participate in the practice of female
genital mutilation? What would you do if
you were in their situation?
2. Considering the practice of female
genital mutilation, what societal changes
would be necessary to end the practice?
4.6 Does Patriarchy Exist in Western
Nations?
1. How many of your female friends and
relatives changed their name when they
married? Imagine that you are deciding
whether or not to change your name to
be the same as your spouse. What
factors would you consider?
2. What examples of institutional sex
discrimination in the United States have
impacted your life or the life of someone
you love?
4.7 Implications for Families 1. Which of the income inequality statistics
surprised you? What do you think is the
biggest factor influencing the income
differences?

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2. What evidence of unequal wages for men
and women have you seen in the
workplace? What reasoning did the
employer use to explain the difference?
4.8 Social Policy and Family
Resilience in Sex, Gender, and
Families
1. Considering the evidence that family
planning improves the lives of women,
what factors are behind the power of
those that oppose family planning? How
might these forces be countered?
2. How has family planning changed the
role of women in your family from your
grandparents’ time to the present?
Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1000–1500 words.
Gender and the Media
Choose either television commercials or children’s picture books and view a minimum of five
and a maximum of seven. Review each for messages about gender roles, acceptable gender
behavior, and display of emotions. Write a report consisting of an introduction paragraph, a
minimum of one paragraph for each book or commercial viewed, and a concluding
paragraph. Describe the gender messages contained and provide specific details about the
book or commercial to back up your statements. Use 2–3 scholarly sources for background
information regarding gender and the media.
Experiential Learning
Look at the community calendar in your campus newspaper or on a bulletin board in your
local coffee shop. What types of programs, lectures, and services are geared towards the
specific concerns of men, women, and LGBT groups? You may see a wide range of programs
that appeal to different age groups, from family planning to employment assistance, health
screenings, and even exercise classes. Attend one event or program that interests you.
Take the role of unobtrusive observer or participant. What did you learn from attending? If
you find nothing, consider designing an event or program of your own.

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Chapter 5: Social Stratification, Social Class,
and Families
Chapter Context
This chapter introduces the importance of social class to understanding families and close
relationships. Subsequent chapters examine specific aspects of this relationship more fully.
One’s social class position influences family lifestyle, goals, opportunities, values, choices,
and constraints.
Outcome-based Outline
Outcome Learning Objectives Interactivity
Critical Thinking 5.4 Summarize how
Americans interpret the
meaning of social class
x.x [interactive] (if app)
Cultural Competence 5.1 Discuss how social class
and social stratification can
shape family and intimate
relationships
5.2 Determine how social
class affects family
relationships
5.3 Explain how social
stratification affects a
nation's population
5.5 Discuss how families in
poverty differ from
stereotypes of poverty
5.6 Determine how poverty
and inequality can be
reduced through social policy
PowerPoint Presentation
Download the PowerPoint Presentation for this chapter here.
Discussion Question Bank
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (1–2 per module)
which are included for in-class use.
Module Discussion Question(s)
5.1 Chapter Preview: Social
Stratification, Social Class, and
Families
1. How have your ascribed statuses
influenced your opportunities,
privileges, and constraints?
2. Reflecting on Ehrenreich’s

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