Essentials Of Physical Anthropology, 10th Edition Test Bank

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1. The order Primates includes all of the following except:a. tarsiers.b. marsupials.c. monkeys.d. humans.e. prosimians.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Introduction2. Which statement is not true of human culture?a. It includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles.b. It is genetically determined.c. It plays a critical role in human evolution.d. All people are products of human culture.e. It is learned.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution3. What is a relativistic view of culture and why is it important in anthropology?ANSWER:It is an approach that allows anthropology to view other cultures from a broader perspective, byviewing them as they relate to something else. It is very important because our world isincreasingly interdependent.REFERENCES:The Anthropological Perspective4. Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language?a. Ethnologyb. Applied anthropologyc. Primatologyd. Anthropometrye. Linguistic anthropologyANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?5. Define the term biocultural evolution.ANSWER:It is the mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture.REFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution

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6. Which of the following includes genetic alterations within populations?a. Anatomyb. Macroevolutionc. Microevolutiond. Osteologye. PaleopathologyANSWER:cREFERENCES:Introduction7. The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:The Anthropological Perspective8. Which specialty focuses specifically on the study of skeletal material?a. Osteologyb. Paleoanthropologyc. Paleopathologyd. Forensic anthropologye. Molecular anthropologyANSWER:aREFERENCES:What is Anthropology?9. What is meant by the term biocultural evolution?a. Changes in human culture from generation to generationb. Biological evolution in all species except humansc. Biological changes in a species over timed. The influence of genetic engineering on culturee. The interaction between biology and culture in human evolutionANSWER:eREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution10. ____________ is the study of human anatomical and behavioral evolution as evidenced by the fossil record.a. Osteologyb. Paleopathologyc. Anthropometryd. Primatologye. PaleoanthropologyANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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11. Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield which benefits from a background in physical anthropology.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?12. What are the primary steps involved in the scientific method?ANSWER:It involves formulating a question, doing background research on what others have done on thesubject, determining a hypothesis, developing a research design or methodology, collecting dataand doing very precise analysis to test the hypothesis.REFERENCES:Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method13. Which of the following is not an important reason why primatology has become increasingly important since the late1950s?a. Nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives.b. Through primatology we can better address the needs of primitive humans.c. The behavioral studies of any species provide a wealth of data on adaptation.d. Many nonhuman primates are threatened or seriously endangered.e. Behavioral studies have implications for understanding natural forces that have shaped human behavior.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?14. Which is not true about paleoanthropology?a. Its goal is to identify the various human ancestors.b. It is a valid way to conduct anthropology.c. It is the study of human evolution.d. It includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians.e. It attempts to gain insights into human adaptation and behavior.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:What is Anthropology?15. ______ is the practical application of the subfields of anthropology.a. Linguisticsb. Applied Anthropologyc. Archaeologyd. Physical Anthropologye. Cultural AnthropologyANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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16. Archaeologists:a. are interested in human behavior when it pertains to osteology.b. only examine complex civilizations that have left architectural ruins.c. focus primarily on biological imperatives.d. never work with physical anthropology.e. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?17. What are the four major subfields of anthropology?ANSWER:The subfields are Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Archaeology, and Physical (or Biological)Anthropology.REFERENCES:Introduction18. What is the role of the scientific method in physical anthropology? Discuss the various steps and how they might beapplied to a specific case study in physical anthropology.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method19. The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19th-century scientists. What did theseareas concern?a. The genetic determinants of behavior and osteologyb. Nonhuman primates and origins of modern speciesc. Human variation and osteologyd. The origins of modern species and human variatione. Human evolution and nonhuman primatesANSWER:dREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?20. The anthropological perspective does not:a. look at the diversity of the human experience.b. narrow our viewpoint of how our species has evolved through time and space.c. help to avoid ethnocentric pitfalls.d. offer a wider appreciation through time and space.e. give a wider appreciation of the human experience.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:The Anthropological Perspective

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21. Fields of inquiry fundamental to studies of adaptation in modern human populations include:a. examinations of modern groups but not populations over time.b. traits that typify certain populations that have evolved as biological adaptation to environment.c. factors that have produced only genetic variation.d. traits that typify certain populations that have not evolved as biological adaptations.e. factors that have produced only visible physical differences.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?22. Primatology is the study of:a. human skeletal material.b. diseases in earlier human groups.c. skeletal remains at crime scenes.d. the beginnings of human evolution.e. the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?23. Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Introduction24. Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the relationships between human populationsand between humans and nonhuman primates.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?25. Physical or biological anthropologists are only interested in the human fossil record.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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26. Human evolution is:a. not subject to the same factors that have produced other species.b. solely the result of cultural factors.c. complete and no longer a driving force as it once was.d. solely the result of biological factors.e. subject to the long-term interactions of biology and culture.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution27. Which of the following is true of the relativistic view of culture?a. It allows us to judge other species using well-tested human criteria.b. It allows us to understand our own culture from a narrower perspective.c. It allows us to understand which culture is superior to another.d. It allows us to understand other people’s concerns and view our culture from a broader perspective.e. It provides us with data to prove that the human species is better adapted than others.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:The Anthropological Perspective28. Ethnographies are:a. studies of nonhuman primates.b. studies of only Western European societies.c. detailed descriptive studies of contemporary living peoples.d. the practical application of anthropological theories.e. studies done by archaeologists.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?29. Explain each of the subfields of anthropology and how they each contribute to our understanding of what it means tobe human.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?30. Define osteology and then discuss which subfields of physical anthropology require knowledge of osteology.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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31. Approximately 3.7 million years ago, two or three hominins left their footprints across the savannah of modern-dayTanzania, clear evidence of:a. hominins walked bipedally.b. hominins traveled in small groups.c. Tanzania is 3.7 million years old.d. modern-day Tanzania continues to be a savannah environment.e. apes were present in Tanzania.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Introduction32. Cultural anthropology:a. focuses solely on the study of traditional societies.b. is the study of the patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures.c. was first developed as a discipline in the 17thcentury.d. includes the recovery and analysis of material culture from earlier civilizations.e. has no practical application in modern society.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?33. _______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.a. Primate paleontologyb. Bioarchaeologyc. Osteologyd. Forensic anthropologye. PaleopathologyANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?34. Objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins are called:a. data.b. fossils.c. ethnographies.d. empiricism.e. artifacts.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?35. Briefly differentiate between paleoanthropology and paleopathology.ANSWER:Paleoanthropology is the study of early hominins and paleopathology is the study of early diseasesand injuries in human skeletal remains.REFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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36. A group of reproductively-isolated organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called a(n):a. infrastructure.b. species.c. hominid.d. populace.e. family.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Introduction37. Explain what “the anthropological perspective” means and why it is important.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:The Anthropological Perspective38. What is the initial step in the scientific method?a. Form a theoryb. Perform an experimentc. Form a hypothesisd. Collect data under precise conditionse. Publish a scientific articleANSWER:cREFERENCES:Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method39. Culture, as defined in Chapter 1:a. was not an important factor in human evolution.b. is genetically determined and does not alter over time.c. is important only as it pertains to modern humans.d. includes only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts.e. can be defined as the strategy by which humans adapt to the natural environment.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution40. Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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41. Forensic anthropologists:a. apply anthropological techniques to legal matters.b. are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains.c. examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease.d. study disease and trauma in ancient populations.e. study nonhuman primates.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?42. Which of the following does not apply to theories?a. They are tested explanations of facts.b. They are specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified.c. They are usually concerned with broader and more universal views.d. They are the result of repeated testing.e. They are not absolutes and are open to falsification.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method43. Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases ofdisaster?a. Forensic anthropologistsb. Archaeologistsc. Primatologistsd. Cultural anthropologistse. PaleoanthropologistsANSWER:aREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?44. What unique strategy allows humans to adapt to the natural environment?a. Walking on two legsb. Evolutionc. Biological adaptationd. Culturee. Genetic changeANSWER:dREFERENCES:The Human Connection45. Why are physical anthropologists concerned with studying human variation today?ANSWER:Their studies of human variation help us to better understand adaptive significance and to identifyfactors that have produced physical and genetic variation.REFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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46. ________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations.a. Anthropometryb. Paleopathologyc. Forensic anthropologyd. Primatologye. PaleoanthropologyANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?47. The focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?48. All cultures share the same worldview.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution49. What is meant by the term adaptation in a biological sense?ANSWER:It is an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to theenvironment.REFERENCES:Introduction50. The term evolution refers to:a. patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring.b. the process of biological specialization.c. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next.d. genetic changes within populations, but not the appearance of new species.e. a response of organisms or populations to the environment.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:Introduction51. The 3.7 million year-old footprints of two hominins were discovered in a riverbed in Texas.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Introduction

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52. Which of the following is not one of the subfields of anthropology in the United States?a. Culturalb. Psychologicalc. Physicald. Linguisticse. ArchaeologyANSWER:bREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?53. What is a hypothesis?a. It is equivalent to a theory.b. It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.c. It is a statement that has been proven to be true.d. It is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn.e. It is proof of a theory and occurs after testing a theory.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method54. The human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is profoundly influenced by biological factors.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Biocultural Evolution55. The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of thefollowing?a. Osteologyb. Cultural anthropologyc. Primatologyd. Archaeologye. Physical or biological anthropologyANSWER:eREFERENCES:What Is Anthropology?

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1.Many people in the United States believe in the Biblical creation. What various kinds of factors may account for thefact that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life?ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:Opposition to Evolution Today2.During the voyage of the Beagle Darwin noted the variations in Galapagos finches between beak size and:a.body size.b.longevity.c.diet.d.exercise.e.altitude.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought3.The most critical mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought4.Many people argue that evolution is “just a theory.” Define theory and describe how evolution does or does not fit thisdefinition.ANSWER:In science a theory is something that has been tested and has robust support. Evolution providesvarious cases of support from the peppered moth to current disease challenges.REFERENCES:Introduction5.In explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin:a.had no idea of the true causes.b.agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal’s inner needs.c.used research he carried out while at Cambridge.d.argued it was caused by differential use of an animal’s body parts.e.used Mendel’s theory of heredity.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Natural Selection6.There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating on natural populations.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Natural Selection

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7.In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was most commonly believed that:a.all forms were created by God and did not change over time.b.life was created slowly, over millions of years.c.most species had become extinct over time.d.all species had evolved from a common ancestor.e.evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought8.The principle of uniformitarianism:a.was the same as the theory of catastrophism.b.stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present.c.was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories.d.was first proposed by Georges Cuvier.e.proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought9.In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin didnot:a.appreciate the fact that population size is limited by availability of food.b.recognize the importance of biological variation within a population.c.wonder if he had enough supportive data.d.apply his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones.e.claim that favorable variations would tend to be destroyed, unfavorable ones be preserved.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought10.Populations which are prevented from mating and producing fertile offspring are:a.not in biological continuity.b.considered part of the same taxonomic species.c.infertile.d.less subject to selective pressures.e.reproductively isolated.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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11.Thomas Malthus didnot:a.propose that human population today is not related to the availability of resources.b.argue that in nature resource availability remains relatively stable over time.c.argue that in nature there is a tendency for animal population to increase in number.d.influence the development of Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories of natural selection.e.argue for limits to human population growth.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought12._________ was an 18thcentury thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the environment yetstill rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another.a.John Rayb.Alfred Russel Wallacec.Georges Cuvierd.Erasmus Darwine.Georges-Louis Leclerc de BuffonANSWER:eREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought13.Fitness, in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual’s:a.size.b.aggressiveness.c.strength.d.age at death.e.reproductive success.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Natural Selection14.__________was the opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the proposer of the view that the earth’s geologicallandscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.a.Thomas Malthusb.Erasmus Darwinc.Alfred Russel Wallaced.Charles Lyelle.Georges CuvierANSWER:eREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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15.Growing attacks on traditional beliefs occurred simultaneously with growing awareness of biological diversity._________challenged a notion proposed by Aristotle to account for the movement of the sun and planets.a.Darwinb.Wallacec.Mendeld.Copernicuse.LinnaeusANSWER:dREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought16.Darwin argues that:a.there is biological variation within all species.b.fitness is a measure of how healthy and physically adapted an individual is.c.there are fewer selective pressures on well-adapted species.d.individuals who have more resources are reproductively successful.e.in each generation all offspring survive in the most adapted species.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Natural Selection17._____________first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other suchgroups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring.a.Carolus Linnaeusb.John Rayc.Jean-Baptiste Lamarckd.Alfred Russel Wallacee.Charles DarwinANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought18.Natural selection operates on populations, but it is individuals who evolve.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Natural Selection19.What is natural selection?ANSWER:Natural selection is the key evolutionary mechanism – that all species produce offspring fasterthan the food supply, that there is biological variation within all species, that in each generationmore offspring are born than survive, that more favorable traits lead to more fit individuals, thatthe environment determines which traits are favorable, that traits are inherited and passed on toyield greater reproductive success overall, that accumulations of changes over time may lead to anew species, and that geographical isolation contributes to the formation of a new species throughselective pressure.REFERENCES:Natural Selection

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20.___________refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial systema.Georges Cuvierb.Jean-Baptiste Lamarckc.Carolus Linnaeusd.George-Louis Leclerc de Buffone.Erasmus DarwinANSWER:cREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought21.Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?a.Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.b.Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.c.There is biological variation in all members of a species.d.Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.e.There is competition among individuals for resources.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Natural Selection22.Natural selection merged with the work of __________ in the 20thcentury to open up our understanding ofevolutionary theory.a.Jean-Baptiste Lamarckb.Gregor Mendelc.Alfred Russel Wallaced.Charles Lyelle.Erasmus DarwinANSWER:bREFERENCES:Constraints on 19th-Century Evolutionary Theory23.The concept of a theory in science is associated with all of the following except:a.it has robust support.b.it is a hunch or intuitive idea.c.it has been tested.d.it has not been disproved.e.it has evidentiary support.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought24.Outline Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to this theory, what was theenvironment’s role in biological change?ANSWER:Under Lamarck’s theory an animal’s activity patterns would cause change in their physical make-up; those parts used would expand and those not used would decrease.REFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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25.Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:Introduction26.Regarding the example of the peppered moth, which of the following isnottrue?a.The two color patterns resulted from genetic variation in the species.b.The dark is more visible on the trees darkened by pollution.c.The most common variety of the peppered moth in England, prior to the 19thcentury, was a mottled gray color.d.Natural selection acted upon pre-existing variation in the population.e.It has recently come under criticism.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Natural Selection27.Present and discuss the fundamentals of evolutionary change produced by natural selection.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:Natural Selection28.What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when they were first created?a.Uniformitarianismb.Catastrophismc.Natural selectiond.Fixity of speciese.The Great Chain of BeingANSWER:dREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought29.In the example of the peppered moth and changing camouflage colors, which one is best considered theselectiveagent?a.Treesb.Peppered mothsc.Birdsd.Grey mothse.Coal dustANSWER:cREFERENCES:Natural Selection30.Define what Darwin meant by the concept of fitness.ANSWER:It is a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals.REFERENCES:Natural Selection

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31.What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passedon to that individual’s offspring?a.Use-disuse theoryb.Fixity of speciesc.Natural selectiond.Catastrophisme.UniformitarianismANSWER:aREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought32.Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th-century scientific thought?a.Natural selectionb.The immense age of the earthc.The role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomenad.Recent origins for earthe.The inheritance of acquired characteristicsANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought33.Who coined the term “biology”?a.Charles Lyellb.Jean-Baptiste Lamarckc.Georges Cuvierd.Charles Darwine.Thomas MalthusANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought34.We credit Erasmus Darwin with significantly influencing Charles Darwin’s evolutionary thinking.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought35.Charles Darwin:a.received no formal education.b.began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s.c.grew up in modest circumstances.d.was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby.e.spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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36.Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of selective pressure when formulating his theory of natural selection.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought37.__________wrote the highly praisedPrinciples of Geologyin which was emphasized the principle ofuniformitarianism.a.Charles Darwinb.Alfred Russel Wallacec.Charles Lyelld.Jean-Baptiste Lamarcke.Thomas MalthusANSWER:cREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought38.What is the “theory of evolution” based on what you have learned in this chapter?ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought39.Carolus Linnaeus:a.developed theories of natural selection.b.was a supporter of Charles Darwin.c.was a proponent of evolutionary change.d.established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals.e.opposed all notions of fixity of species.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought40.Charles Darwin recognized the importance of beak variation in finches while visiting the Galápagos Islands.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought41.Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Opposition to Evolution Today

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42.Which is the best example of natural selection?a.The medium ground finch of the Galápagosb.Mendel’s project with peas and beansc.The recentdecreasein resistant strains of disease-causing microorganismsd.The recentincreasein resistant strains of disease-causing microorganismse.The peppered mothANSWER:dREFERENCES:Natural Selection43.What is meant by biological continuity?ANSWER:It is when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are nodiscrete categories of difference.REFERENCES:Opposition to Evolution Today44.Alfred Russel Wallace is best known for:a.finding numerous important fossils during the19thcentury.b.the principle of uniformitarianism.c.being the co-discoverer ofnatural selection.d.finding numerous important fossils during the18thcentury.e.identifying changes in the coloration of a species moth.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought45.Charles Darwin was not the only one to conceive of natural selection. Who also published an article suggestingcurrent species were descended from other species?a.Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffonb.Erasmus Darwinc.John Scopesd.Alfred Russel Wallacee.Jean Baptiste LamarckANSWER:dREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought46.Charles Lyell, author ofPrinciples of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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47.The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those whopossess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory?a.Uniformitarianismb.Catastrophismc.Natural selectiond.The inheritance of acquired characteristicse.The fixity of speciesANSWER:cREFERENCES:Natural Selection48.Explain why and how Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism and Thomas Malthus’ argument on populationgrowth and resource availability were important to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace as they developed theirtheories of biological evolution.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought49.Compare and contrast catastrophism and uniformitarianism.ANSWER:Both are theories to explain change, but both explain it in different ways. Catastrophism arguesthat the earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events. As these eventsoccurred, some forms of life became extinct and later repopulated by migrating species from otherareas. Uniformitarianism argues that the earth’s features are the result of long-term processes,leaving the earth as a product of deep geological time.REFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought50.What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by aseries of disasters and creations?a.Catastrophismb.Use-disuse theoryc.Natural selectiond.Descent with modificatione.UniformitarianismANSWER:aREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought51.Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change?a.Charles Darwinb.Erasmus Darwinc.Jean-Baptiste Lamarckd.Carolus Linnaeuse.Charles LyellANSWER:cREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought

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52.Several events combined to alter Western Europeans’ ideas about the earth by the 18thcentury.These didnotinclude:a.the circumnavigation of the globe.b.the discovery of the New World.c.the invention of the microscope.d.a less than rigid feudal class system.e.the notion of a sun-centered universe.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought53.The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as mainstreamscience’s most accepted theory of evolutionary change.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought54.Which is the most common reason that about half of Americans do not believe in evolution?a.The mechanisms of evolution are complex and do not lend themselves to simple explanations.b.Most Americans are religiously fundamentalist and do not believe in science.c.Most have not read or studied science in school.d.Most people do not want clear-cut answers.e.Most people possess extensive familiarity with the principles of genetics and know that evolution could notoccur.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Opposition to Evolution Today

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1.What is a regulatory gene?ANSWER:It is genes that influence the activity of other genes. They direct embryonic development and areinvolved in physiological processes throughout life.REFERENCES:Regulatory Genes2.What causes nondisjunction? Give one example of nondisjunction.ANSWER:Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes or strands do not separate during either of the twodivisions. One of the daughter cells gets two copies of the affected chromosome and the othergets none. Trisomy 21 is one of the best-studied examples of nondisjunction.REFERENCES:Cell Division3.How many chromosomepairsoccur in a normal human somatic cell?a.24b.26c.46d.23e.48ANSWER:dREFERENCES:Cell Division4.The structure within the cytoplasm that converts energy is called:a.prokaryotes.b.transfer RNA (tRNA).c.messenger RNA (mRNA).d.mitochondria.e.eukaryotes.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:Cells5.The two basic types of cells are somatic cells and:a.organelles.b.polar bodies.c.gametes.d.autosomes.e.zygotes.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:Cells6.Describe the structure of the DNA molecule in as much detail as you can.ANSWER:It is a double-stranded molecule held together by a series of four matching bases.REFERENCES:Cells

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7.What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?ANSWER:It increases genetic variation in populations and prevents cloning.REFERENCES:Cell Division8.Autosomes:a.carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristicsexceptprimary sex determination.b.happen only in cases where a genetic deficiency occurs.c.are found within gametes only.d.carry genetic information that determine the individual’s sex.e.do not carry genetic information.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Cell Division9.The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted area called the:a.centromere.b.nucleotide.c.cytoplasm.d.ribosome.e.autosome.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Cell Division10.What are the X and Y chromosomes called?a.Karyotypesb.Autosomesc.Centromeresd.Gametese.Sex chromosomesANSWER:eREFERENCES:Cell Division11.Which component of red blood cells is responsible for oxygen transport?a.Prolineb.The cell membranec.Valined.Hemoglobine.The ribosomesANSWER:dREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein

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12.After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to?a.Recombinationb.Pairing of homologous chromosomesc.Meiosisd.DNA replicatione.Protein synthesisANSWER:dREFERENCES:Cell Division13.The process of translation during protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein14.Which of the following nitrogenous bases innotfound in DNA?a.Uracilb.Cytosinec.Guanined.Thyminee.AdenineANSWER:aREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein15.What is polymerase chain reaction and why is it important in genetics?ANSWER:PCR is a method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample. This allows scientists manyexamples of DNA to analyze and to use for experiments.REFERENCES:New Frontiers16.Chromosomes are:a.made up of DNA and proteins.b.visible during all stages of cell division.c.composed only of mRNA.d.indiscrete structures.e.occur singularly.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Cell Division17.The result of nondisjunction is that none of the daughter cells will receive any chromosomes.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Cell Division

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18.Meiosis:a.involves two divisions and results in six daughter cells.b.permits healing of injured tissue.c.is the cell division process in somatic cells.d.is the cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes.e.replaces cells during growth and development.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:Cell Division19.Basic units of the DNA molecule composed of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four DNA bases is called a(n):a.protein.b.nucleotide.c.intron.d.enzyme.e.chromosome.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein20.Humans and chimpanzees share about 98 percent of their DNA. What might be the role of regulatory genes inproducing the anatomical differences between these two lineages?ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:Regulatory Genes21.What was a major goal of the Human Genome Project?a.Facilitate human cloningb.Trace evolutionary relationships among primatesc.Map the chromosomes of every human on the planetd.Prevent overpopulatione.Sequence the entire human genomeANSWER:eREFERENCES:New Frontiers22.Nondisjunction can occur in the autosomes but never occurs in the sex chromosomes.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Cell Division

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23.The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base?a.Thymineb.Cytosinec.Uracild.Guaninee.MitochondriaANSWER:aREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein24.A triplet is a series of three mRNA bases.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein25.The progress made in genetics by the Human Genome Project is significant. What was the goal of the project andwhat is the potential for anthropologists, given that the genomes of other species are being studied?ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:New Frontiers26.Which of the following statements isfalse?a.Nondisjunction occurs when strands of the same chromosome fail to separate.b.Nondisjunction occurs only in mitosis.c.Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate.d.Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell with an extra chromosome.e.Nondisjunction can result in a daughter cell completely lacking a chromosome.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Cell Division27.Compare and contrast the processes and end products of mitosis and meiosis.ANSWER:In mitosis there is a simple division that produces two daughter cells, each of which contains 46chromosomes. In meiosis there are two divisions that result in four cells, each with only half theoriginal number of chromosomes.REFERENCES:Cell Division28.Which of the following statements isfalseregarding the process of meiosis?a.There are two cell divisions.b.Meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell.c.Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the original amount of DNA found in the original cell.d.Meiosis produces gametes.e.After recombination, each chromosome contains some new genetic combination.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Cell Division

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29.Cells:a.only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm.b.originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago.c.are only inherited from one parent.d.usually do not have DNA.e.are the basic units of life.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Cells30.What are the two steps in protein synthesis?ANSWER:The two steps are transcription and translation (or decoding).REFERENCES:From DNA to Protein31.Transfer RNA forms a copy of the DNA molecule during translation.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein32.Which of the following statements isfalse?a.The sequence of amino acids in a protein is ultimately determined by the sequence of DNA bases.b.The number and sequence of amino acids determines protein function.c.The first step in protein synthesis is translation.d.Proteins are composed of amino acids.e.Proteins are manufactured by the ribosomes.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein33.The definition of gene is currently the subject of some debate. What is the central focus of the debate and what is thereason for the conflicting meanings?ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:What Is a Gene?34.Gametes:a.can make copies of all other types of cells.b.are also called zygotes.c.are basic units of the DNA molecule composed of sugar.d.are important structural components of the body.e.transmit genetic information from parent to offspring.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Cells

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35.Enzymes are:a.specialized proteins.b.in the formation of a double helix.c.reproductive cells.d.always produced outside the body.e.a semifluid substance in the nucleus of the cell.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein36.The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in 1952.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:New Frontiers37.All of the following is true of genetics except it:a.is not a specialty for most physical anthropologists.b.is required in only a few of the specialty areas of biological anthropology.c.unifies the various subdisciplines of biological anthropology.d.is the study of how genes work.e.is an approach that explains how traits are inherited across generations.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:Introduction38.A zygote:a.has the potential to develop into a new individual.b.is part of a nucleotide.c.undergoes meiosis.d.has only half the full complement of the necessary genetic material.e.is formed by the union of two somatic cells.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:Cells39.Mitochondrial DNA has the same molecular structure and function as nuclear DNA found in the nucleus.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:Cells

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40.Ribosomes are:a.only present when the cell divides.b.found only in prokaryotes.c.the sex chromosomes.d.the gametes.e.important to protein synthesis.ANSWER:eREFERENCES:Cells41.Somatic cells arenot:a.those that make up tissues, e.g. muscles and the brain.b.one type of eukaryotic cell.c.also known as gametes.d.basically all the cells in the body except those involved in reproduction.e.the cellular components of tissue.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:Cells42.Discuss whether it is possible for a human to have the following combinations of sex chromosomes: XYY; XO (onlyone X and no Y); XXX.ANSWER:Will varyREFERENCES:Cell Division43.Which of the following statements concerning RNA isfalse?a.It contains the same sugar as found in DNA.b.It is involved in the synthesis of proteins.c.It is able to pass through the nuclear membrane.d.It is single-stranded.e.It contains the base uracil instead of thymine.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:From DNA to Protein44.The discovery of the structure of DNA dates back to the late 1700s.a.Trueb.FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:From DNA to Proteins

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