Test Bank For Our Origins, 5th Edition
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Our Origins
FIFTH EDITION
Greg Laden
Tracy Betsinger
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK - ONEONTA
Nicole Slovak
SANTA ROSE JUNIOR COLLEGE
TEST BANK
FIFTH EDITION
Greg Laden
Tracy Betsinger
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK - ONEONTA
Nicole Slovak
SANTA ROSE JUNIOR COLLEGE
TEST BANK
Introduction vii
Chapter 1 | What Is Biological Anthropology? 1
Chapter 2 | Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory 18
Chapter 3 | Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation 36
Chapter 4 | Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 56
Chapter 5 | Biology in the Present: Living People 75
Chapter 6 | Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates 94
Chapter 7 | Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture 114
Chapter 8 | Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 136
Chapter 9 | Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years 153
Chapter 10 | Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity 172
Chapter 11 | The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 189
Chapter 12 | The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People 209
Chapter 13 | The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 229
Chapter 14 | Evolution: Today and Tomorrow 246
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 | What Is Biological Anthropology? 1
Chapter 2 | Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory 18
Chapter 3 | Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation 36
Chapter 4 | Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 56
Chapter 5 | Biology in the Present: Living People 75
Chapter 6 | Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates 94
Chapter 7 | Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture 114
Chapter 8 | Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 136
Chapter 9 | Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years 153
Chapter 10 | Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity 172
Chapter 11 | The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 189
Chapter 12 | The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People 209
Chapter 13 | The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 229
Chapter 14 | Evolution: Today and Tomorrow 246
CONTENTS
Introduction vii
Chapter 1 | What Is Biological Anthropology? 1
Chapter 2 | Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory 18
Chapter 3 | Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation 36
Chapter 4 | Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 56
Chapter 5 | Biology in the Present: Living People 75
Chapter 6 | Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates 94
Chapter 7 | Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture 114
Chapter 8 | Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 136
Chapter 9 | Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years 153
Chapter 10 | Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity 172
Chapter 11 | The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 189
Chapter 12 | The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People 209
Chapter 13 | The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 229
Chapter 14 | Evolution: Today and Tomorrow 246
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 | What Is Biological Anthropology? 1
Chapter 2 | Evolution: Constructing a Fundamental Scientific Theory 18
Chapter 3 | Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation 36
Chapter 4 | Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics 56
Chapter 5 | Biology in the Present: Living People 75
Chapter 6 | Biology in the Present: The Other Living Primates 94
Chapter 7 | Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture 114
Chapter 8 | Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 136
Chapter 9 | Primate Origins and Evolution: The First 50 Million Years 153
Chapter 10 | Early Hominin Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity 172
Chapter 11 | The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 189
Chapter 12 | The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People 209
Chapter 13 | The Past 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 229
Chapter 14 | Evolution: Today and Tomorrow 246
CONTENTS
1
1D. Identify several different research areas in biological
anthropology.
1E. Identify and explain the importance of six major attri
butes that separate humans from nonhuman animals.
1F. Explain the four steps involved in “doing science”
(i.e., the scientific method).
1G. Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1A. Explain the differences and similarities among the
four branches of anthropology and understand what it
means to say biological anthropologists practice an
interdisciplinary science.
1B. Characterize the importance of the biocultural
approach to anthropological inquiry.
1C. Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the
development of the four branches of anthropology.
CHAPTER 1 What Is Biological Anthropology?
1D. Identify several different research areas in biological
anthropology.
1E. Identify and explain the importance of six major attri
butes that separate humans from nonhuman animals.
1F. Explain the four steps involved in “doing science”
(i.e., the scientific method).
1G. Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1A. Explain the differences and similarities among the
four branches of anthropology and understand what it
means to say biological anthropologists practice an
interdisciplinary science.
1B. Characterize the importance of the biocultural
approach to anthropological inquiry.
1C. Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the
development of the four branches of anthropology.
CHAPTER 1 What Is Biological Anthropology?
2 | Chapter 1
1
CHAPTER 1: What Is Biological Anthropology?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat?
a. They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants.
b. They ate bison and salmon.
c. They were vegetarians and ate wild plants exclusively.
d. They ate mostly fruit.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
2. What was the cause of the biological change in the indigenous people of St. Catherines Island after
AD 1000?
a. They became sedentary and had less food to eat because they stayed in the same area.
b. They became sedentary and consumed more corn, which caused dental disease due to its
high sugar content.
c. They became sedentary and did not have enough exercise to keep their bodies fit and
healthy.
d. They continued as nomads, but loss of animals due to climate change created a decline in
their food source.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
3. What can be learned from studying a population through time?
a. We can learn that lifestyles do not change over time.
b. We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.
c. We can learn that consuming the wrong foods over time does little to population health.
d. We can learn that human physiology does not change through time.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
4. Biological anthropologists focus on
a. humans from a cultural perspective.
b. humans from a biological perspective.
c. humans from biological and cultural perspectives.
d. human behavior only.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
1
CHAPTER 1: What Is Biological Anthropology?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat?
a. They ate wild animals, fish, and wild plants.
b. They ate bison and salmon.
c. They were vegetarians and ate wild plants exclusively.
d. They ate mostly fruit.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
2. What was the cause of the biological change in the indigenous people of St. Catherines Island after
AD 1000?
a. They became sedentary and had less food to eat because they stayed in the same area.
b. They became sedentary and consumed more corn, which caused dental disease due to its
high sugar content.
c. They became sedentary and did not have enough exercise to keep their bodies fit and
healthy.
d. They continued as nomads, but loss of animals due to climate change created a decline in
their food source.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
3. What can be learned from studying a population through time?
a. We can learn that lifestyles do not change over time.
b. We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.
c. We can learn that consuming the wrong foods over time does little to population health.
d. We can learn that human physiology does not change through time.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
4. Biological anthropologists focus on
a. humans from a cultural perspective.
b. humans from a biological perspective.
c. humans from biological and cultural perspectives.
d. human behavior only.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
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What Is Biological Anthropology? | 3
2
5. Archaeologists
a. study primate evolution.
b. devote most of their effort to recovering artifacts and building museum collections.
c. study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains.
d. primarily study the evolution of language.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
6. The biocultural approach
a. is the study of human remains from archaeological contexts.
b. studies the interrelationship between human culture and human biology.
c. assumes that most human culture is genetic in origin.
d. was originally developed by Boas but subsequently replaced by biological anthropology.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
7. What are the four branches of anthropology?
a. archaeology, geology, geography, and biology
b. physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic
anthropology
c. cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology
d. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
8. Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans’ physical traits?
a. biological anthropology c. linguistic anthropology
b. archaeology d. cultural anthropology
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
2
5. Archaeologists
a. study primate evolution.
b. devote most of their effort to recovering artifacts and building museum collections.
c. study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains.
d. primarily study the evolution of language.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
6. The biocultural approach
a. is the study of human remains from archaeological contexts.
b. studies the interrelationship between human culture and human biology.
c. assumes that most human culture is genetic in origin.
d. was originally developed by Boas but subsequently replaced by biological anthropology.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
7. What are the four branches of anthropology?
a. archaeology, geology, geography, and biology
b. physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic
anthropology
c. cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology
d. biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
8. Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans’ physical traits?
a. biological anthropology c. linguistic anthropology
b. archaeology d. cultural anthropology
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
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4 | Chapter 1
3
9. What are the four branches of anthropology?
a. linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and
paleontology
b. cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology
c. paleontology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic
anthropology
d. biological anthropology, ethnography, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
10. Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes
that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your
professor MOST likely uses which of the following methods in her research?
a. sociolinguistics c. the biocultural approach
b. interdisciplinary science d. archaeological excavation
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Applying
11. Biological anthropology is the study of human ________ and human biocultural ________.
a. bones; nature c. culture; language
b. evolution; variation d. pottery; stone tools
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
12. What did researchers conclude regarding the populations that lived on St. Catherines Island?
a. The introduction of farming led to an improvement in overall health.
b. The population was sedentary, regardless of the people’s food acquisition method.
c. The later farming population was taller with fewer dental problems than the earlier
foraging population.
d. The arrival of the Spanish resulted in harder work and poorer health of the native
inhabitants.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
13. The study of culture in the past based on material remains is part of which branch of anthropology?
a. archaeology c. biological anthropology
b. linguistic anthropology d. cultural anthropology
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
3
9. What are the four branches of anthropology?
a. linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and
paleontology
b. cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology
c. paleontology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic
anthropology
d. biological anthropology, ethnography, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
10. Your professor researches the Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, investigating both the genetic changes
that allow them to easily digest milk and the role that dairy animals have played in their history. Your
professor MOST likely uses which of the following methods in her research?
a. sociolinguistics c. the biocultural approach
b. interdisciplinary science d. archaeological excavation
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Applying
11. Biological anthropology is the study of human ________ and human biocultural ________.
a. bones; nature c. culture; language
b. evolution; variation d. pottery; stone tools
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
12. What did researchers conclude regarding the populations that lived on St. Catherines Island?
a. The introduction of farming led to an improvement in overall health.
b. The population was sedentary, regardless of the people’s food acquisition method.
c. The later farming population was taller with fewer dental problems than the earlier
foraging population.
d. The arrival of the Spanish resulted in harder work and poorer health of the native
inhabitants.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
13. The study of culture in the past based on material remains is part of which branch of anthropology?
a. archaeology c. biological anthropology
b. linguistic anthropology d. cultural anthropology
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
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What Is Biological Anthropology? | 5
4
14. The term hominin refers to
a. living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.
b. living humans only.
c. the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.
d. any living or extinct primate that walks upright.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
15. The human genome
a. includes about 20,000 genes.
b. contains an unknown number of genes.
c. is shared with all primates.
d. changes throughout life depending on diet and disease.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
16. Biological anthropologists view how humans are today as the result of
a. their biological makeup.
b. both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories.
c. their genes; their environment has very little effect.
d. their environment; their genes have very little effect.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
17. The results of a disadvantaged social environment include
a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.
b. poor speech and excessive eating habits.
c. poor reading comprehension.
d. an inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
18. Some biological anthropologists study
a. life on other planets.
b. the disappearance of languages.
c. extinct and living species of primates.
d. changes in marine life.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
4
14. The term hominin refers to
a. living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.
b. living humans only.
c. the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.
d. any living or extinct primate that walks upright.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
15. The human genome
a. includes about 20,000 genes.
b. contains an unknown number of genes.
c. is shared with all primates.
d. changes throughout life depending on diet and disease.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
16. Biological anthropologists view how humans are today as the result of
a. their biological makeup.
b. both evolutionary history and their own individual life histories.
c. their genes; their environment has very little effect.
d. their environment; their genes have very little effect.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
17. The results of a disadvantaged social environment include
a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.
b. poor speech and excessive eating habits.
c. poor reading comprehension.
d. an inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
18. Some biological anthropologists study
a. life on other planets.
b. the disappearance of languages.
c. extinct and living species of primates.
d. changes in marine life.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
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6 | Chapter 1
5
19. Primates are a group of mammals that have
a. fingernails and forward-facing eyes.
b. no fingernails and a long snout.
c. complex behavior and small brains.
d. simple behavior and varied forms of locomotion.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
20. Forensic anthropologists
a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.
b. study skeletal remains from past human populations.
c. study the evolution of human skeletal traits.
d. focus their skeletal analysis on early hominins.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
21. For which of the following is Franz Boas known?
a. his early influence on Darwin’s theory of natural selection
b. his assertion that the role of environment is insignificant in the study of human cultures
c. his work on primate conservation
d. his union of the study of culture, language, and biology, and the founding of American
anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
22. Which of the following is a good description of what biological anthropologists do?
a. They work in the laboratory to understand the genetic relationships among different
groups of mammals.
b. They seek out and excavate sites that have fossil evidence of dinosaurs and other extinct
species.
c. They live with various groups of people for extended periods of time, to learn their
language and customs.
d. They use bones and other materials to study a diversity of ancient and living human
populations and primates.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
5
19. Primates are a group of mammals that have
a. fingernails and forward-facing eyes.
b. no fingernails and a long snout.
c. complex behavior and small brains.
d. simple behavior and varied forms of locomotion.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
20. Forensic anthropologists
a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.
b. study skeletal remains from past human populations.
c. study the evolution of human skeletal traits.
d. focus their skeletal analysis on early hominins.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
21. For which of the following is Franz Boas known?
a. his early influence on Darwin’s theory of natural selection
b. his assertion that the role of environment is insignificant in the study of human cultures
c. his work on primate conservation
d. his union of the study of culture, language, and biology, and the founding of American
anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
22. Which of the following is a good description of what biological anthropologists do?
a. They work in the laboratory to understand the genetic relationships among different
groups of mammals.
b. They seek out and excavate sites that have fossil evidence of dinosaurs and other extinct
species.
c. They live with various groups of people for extended periods of time, to learn their
language and customs.
d. They use bones and other materials to study a diversity of ancient and living human
populations and primates.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
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What Is Biological Anthropology? | 7
6
23. Why is biological anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?
a. A specific set of disciplines, including anatomy and linguistic studies, are required of all
students who intend to go into this discipline.
b. Compared to other areas of science, biological anthropology is one of the largest fields.
c. Biological anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry or
geology to facilitate their research.
d. Biological anthropology comprises four different branches: bioanthropology,
archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
24. What did Boas propose that anthropologists could learn about through careful observations and
attention?
a. race, morality, and primitive religions c. morality, human variation, and cultures
b. primitive humans and their societies d. cultures, societies, and peoples’ biology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
25. How did Boas lay the foundation for scientific anthropology?
a. He relied on the scientific method.
b. He evaluated cultures from a personal perspective.
c. He used genetics to develop theories on human variation.
d. He demonstrated the variation in humans as a result of moral differences.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
26. How can biological anthropologists understand human biological variation?
a. They can investigate genes, as they are the primary determinant of human variation.
b. They can study health, as most human variation is the result of health differences.
c. They can focus on lifestyle, because an individual’s lifestyle is the main reason why
humans vary.
d. They can examine how genes, health, and lifestyle all work together to impact human
variation.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
27. Who created the discipline of American anthropology?
a. Alfred Kroeber c. Franz Boas
b. Margaret Mead d. Rudolf Virchow
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
6
23. Why is biological anthropology considered an interdisciplinary science?
a. A specific set of disciplines, including anatomy and linguistic studies, are required of all
students who intend to go into this discipline.
b. Compared to other areas of science, biological anthropology is one of the largest fields.
c. Biological anthropologists often incorporate other fields of study such as chemistry or
geology to facilitate their research.
d. Biological anthropology comprises four different branches: bioanthropology,
archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
24. What did Boas propose that anthropologists could learn about through careful observations and
attention?
a. race, morality, and primitive religions c. morality, human variation, and cultures
b. primitive humans and their societies d. cultures, societies, and peoples’ biology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
25. How did Boas lay the foundation for scientific anthropology?
a. He relied on the scientific method.
b. He evaluated cultures from a personal perspective.
c. He used genetics to develop theories on human variation.
d. He demonstrated the variation in humans as a result of moral differences.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
26. How can biological anthropologists understand human biological variation?
a. They can investigate genes, as they are the primary determinant of human variation.
b. They can study health, as most human variation is the result of health differences.
c. They can focus on lifestyle, because an individual’s lifestyle is the main reason why
humans vary.
d. They can examine how genes, health, and lifestyle all work together to impact human
variation.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Understanding
27. Who created the discipline of American anthropology?
a. Alfred Kroeber c. Franz Boas
b. Margaret Mead d. Rudolf Virchow
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain how Franz Boas’s research contributed to the development of the four branches of
anthropology. TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
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8 | Chapter 1
7
28. A biological anthropologist would focus on which of the following to learn more about humans?
a. artifacts c. disease and nutrition
b. written and oral language d. public and private buildings
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
29. Your best friend’s great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during World
War II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bring
them home. What course of study would you suggest that your friend pursue in college?
a. cultural anthropology c. bioarchaeology
b. ethnographic anthropology d. forensic anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Applying
30. Bipedalism in primates means
a. walking on two feet.
b. walking on four feet.
c. walking using two legs with the aid of a tail.
d. swinging from branch to branch.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
31. Which of the following key attributes of human uniqueness developed during the past 10,000 to
11,000 years?
a. bipedalism c. complex material culture
b. dependence on domesticated food d. nonhoning chewing
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
7
28. A biological anthropologist would focus on which of the following to learn more about humans?
a. artifacts c. disease and nutrition
b. written and oral language d. public and private buildings
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Remembering
29. Your best friend’s great-uncle went missing in action during his Pacific tour of duty during World
War II. Your friend wants to find out what happened to these enlisted men and women and to bring
them home. What course of study would you suggest that your friend pursue in college?
a. cultural anthropology c. bioarchaeology
b. ethnographic anthropology d. forensic anthropology
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: What Is Biological Anthropology? MSC: Applying
30. Bipedalism in primates means
a. walking on two feet.
b. walking on four feet.
c. walking using two legs with the aid of a tail.
d. swinging from branch to branch.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
31. Which of the following key attributes of human uniqueness developed during the past 10,000 to
11,000 years?
a. bipedalism c. complex material culture
b. dependence on domesticated food d. nonhoning chewing
ANS: B DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
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What Is Biological Anthropology? | 9
8
32. An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that
you will travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What, primarily, do you
expect to learn during this field school?
a. what species of nonhuman primate occupies this region
b. how current populations of immigrants have changed local dialects
c. how to excavate and study material culture
d. how to socially navigate life in a Central American setting
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Analyzing
33. Bipedalism
a. was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.
b. was possible only after the advent of simple material culture.
c. occurred after brain expansion in human evolution.
d. allowed hominins to come out of the trees and make tools 10 million years ago (mya).
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
34. There are six aspects of humanity that together define humans as different from other primates. Of
these, which are unique to humans and NOT found in other primates?
a. speech and arboreal life
b. the use of material culture and the loss of a honing canine
c. hunting as a way of getting food
d. domestication of plants and animals
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
35. What increased early humans’ chances of hunting success?
a. Females led hunting, but all adults were involved.
b. Hunting was conducted with stone tools and cooperative strategies.
c. Hunting was always well planned, often using a diagram.
d. Hunting strategies were developed to include other animals as bait.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
8
32. An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that
you will travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What, primarily, do you
expect to learn during this field school?
a. what species of nonhuman primate occupies this region
b. how current populations of immigrants have changed local dialects
c. how to excavate and study material culture
d. how to socially navigate life in a Central American setting
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Analyzing
33. Bipedalism
a. was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.
b. was possible only after the advent of simple material culture.
c. occurred after brain expansion in human evolution.
d. allowed hominins to come out of the trees and make tools 10 million years ago (mya).
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
34. There are six aspects of humanity that together define humans as different from other primates. Of
these, which are unique to humans and NOT found in other primates?
a. speech and arboreal life
b. the use of material culture and the loss of a honing canine
c. hunting as a way of getting food
d. domestication of plants and animals
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
35. What increased early humans’ chances of hunting success?
a. Females led hunting, but all adults were involved.
b. Hunting was conducted with stone tools and cooperative strategies.
c. Hunting was always well planned, often using a diagram.
d. Hunting strategies were developed to include other animals as bait.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
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10 | Chapter 1
9
36. Human production of stone or stone tools is an example of
a. linguistic comprehension. c. material culture.
b. subsistence strategies. d. ideology.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
37. Why is the hyoid bone important?
a. It is found only in carnivores.
b. It is found only in organisms with speech.
c. It provides information about the vocal structure of hominins.
d. It can be used to differentiate between agricultural and foraging diets.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
38. What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long
periods of time?
a. social learning c. social media
b. education d. mimicry
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
39. What makes us human?
a. physiology, culture, and planning c. physiology, behavior, and religion
b. biology, culture, and religion d. biology, culture, and behavior
ANS: D DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
40. Which of the following is one of the six big events of human evolution?
a. larger brain size c. domestication of foods
b. written language d. increase in body size
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
9
36. Human production of stone or stone tools is an example of
a. linguistic comprehension. c. material culture.
b. subsistence strategies. d. ideology.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
37. Why is the hyoid bone important?
a. It is found only in carnivores.
b. It is found only in organisms with speech.
c. It provides information about the vocal structure of hominins.
d. It can be used to differentiate between agricultural and foraging diets.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
38. What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long
periods of time?
a. social learning c. social media
b. education d. mimicry
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
39. What makes us human?
a. physiology, culture, and planning c. physiology, behavior, and religion
b. biology, culture, and religion d. biology, culture, and behavior
ANS: D DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
40. Which of the following is one of the six big events of human evolution?
a. larger brain size c. domestication of foods
b. written language d. increase in body size
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Remembering
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What Is Biological Anthropology? | 11
10
41. Humankind is still evolving, but recent genetic changes are often less interesting to biological
anthropologists than the striking evolutionary changes that differentiated our hominin ancestors from
apes. Which of the following is a possible reason for this?
a. Biological anthropologists do not study modern humans; they study only ancient
hominins.
b. Human evolution occurs only in Africa and thus cannot help us to understand a range of
contemporary people.
c. Our species now completely depends on culture for its survival and day-to-day living.
d. The origin of bipedal walking in our hominin ancestors is more important than variation
in genes for disease susceptibility among modern people.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
42. Which of the following did biological anthropologists conclude about what makes us human after
analyzing and comparing humans to nonhuman primates?
a. Since some nonhuman primates organize when they hunt, hunting is not included as one
of the six steps to humanness.
b. Since chimpanzees have been observed making and using tools, tool use is not
considered part of humans’ complex material culture.
c. Although some other animals have the hyoid bone, its size and shape is quite different in
humans and reflects the human ability to speak.
d. The larger brain size of humans is the only significant difference between humans and
nonhuman primates.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
43. Which of the following is true about the scientific method?
a. It relies on making hunches about the natural world.
b. It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.
c. It is used to support preconceived notions or theories.
d. It seeks to establish the absolute scientific truth.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the four steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method).
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Understanding
10
41. Humankind is still evolving, but recent genetic changes are often less interesting to biological
anthropologists than the striking evolutionary changes that differentiated our hominin ancestors from
apes. Which of the following is a possible reason for this?
a. Biological anthropologists do not study modern humans; they study only ancient
hominins.
b. Human evolution occurs only in Africa and thus cannot help us to understand a range of
contemporary people.
c. Our species now completely depends on culture for its survival and day-to-day living.
d. The origin of bipedal walking in our hominin ancestors is more important than variation
in genes for disease susceptibility among modern people.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology and
understand what it means to say biological anthropologists practice an interdisciplinary science.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
42. Which of the following did biological anthropologists conclude about what makes us human after
analyzing and comparing humans to nonhuman primates?
a. Since some nonhuman primates organize when they hunt, hunting is not included as one
of the six steps to humanness.
b. Since chimpanzees have been observed making and using tools, tool use is not
considered part of humans’ complex material culture.
c. Although some other animals have the hyoid bone, its size and shape is quite different in
humans and reflects the human ability to speak.
d. The larger brain size of humans is the only significant difference between humans and
nonhuman primates.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify and explain the importance of six major attributes that separate humans from
nonhuman animals.
TOP: What Makes Humans So Different from Other Animals? The Six Steps to Humanness
MSC: Understanding
43. Which of the following is true about the scientific method?
a. It relies on making hunches about the natural world.
b. It involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.
c. It is used to support preconceived notions or theories.
d. It seeks to establish the absolute scientific truth.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the four steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method).
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Understanding
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12 | Chapter 1
11
44. What is a hypothesis?
a. a synonym for theory
b. a testable statement that could potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the
natural world
c. a statement that concerns scientific facts assumed to be true
d. a statement unable to be refuted by future investigations
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
45. A theory is a(n)
a. narrowly defined testable assertion that can be refuted by an experiment.
b. explanation of something based upon controversial facts.
c. explanation of part of the natural world that has been carefully examined and tested.
d. explanation of part of the natural world that has been less thoroughly tested than a
hypothesis.
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Understanding
46. There is a hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to
life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa. Which of the following is true about this hypothesis?
a. It has been upheld by subsequent scientific data on human origins.
b. It was developed in consultation with genetic and fossil evidence.
c. It has been rejected recently as a result of new fossil evidence.
d. It has become a scientific law.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
47. The study of human remains at the “Body Farm” in Tennessee
a. has shown how changes in diet with a shift from foraging to farming alter bone growth
patterns.
b. demonstrates the effects of habitual bipedalism in humans and human ancestors.
c. allows forensic anthropologists to estimate the time of death of deceased humans.
d. reveals the lifeways of the prehistoric inhabitants of the region around the farm.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
48. In the 1980s, anthropologist William M. Bass set up an isolated facility in Tennessee to study which
of the following processes?
a. the importance of social learning in remote areas
b. the rise of bipedalism in early human ancestors
c. the deterioration of human bodies under a range of different conditions
d. how early agriculture such as that practiced on St. Catherines Island was carried out
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
11
44. What is a hypothesis?
a. a synonym for theory
b. a testable statement that could potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the
natural world
c. a statement that concerns scientific facts assumed to be true
d. a statement unable to be refuted by future investigations
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
45. A theory is a(n)
a. narrowly defined testable assertion that can be refuted by an experiment.
b. explanation of something based upon controversial facts.
c. explanation of part of the natural world that has been carefully examined and tested.
d. explanation of part of the natural world that has been less thoroughly tested than a
hypothesis.
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Understanding
46. There is a hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to
life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa. Which of the following is true about this hypothesis?
a. It has been upheld by subsequent scientific data on human origins.
b. It was developed in consultation with genetic and fossil evidence.
c. It has been rejected recently as a result of new fossil evidence.
d. It has become a scientific law.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Distinguish between hypotheses and theories.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
47. The study of human remains at the “Body Farm” in Tennessee
a. has shown how changes in diet with a shift from foraging to farming alter bone growth
patterns.
b. demonstrates the effects of habitual bipedalism in humans and human ancestors.
c. allows forensic anthropologists to estimate the time of death of deceased humans.
d. reveals the lifeways of the prehistoric inhabitants of the region around the farm.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
48. In the 1980s, anthropologist William M. Bass set up an isolated facility in Tennessee to study which
of the following processes?
a. the importance of social learning in remote areas
b. the rise of bipedalism in early human ancestors
c. the deterioration of human bodies under a range of different conditions
d. how early agriculture such as that practiced on St. Catherines Island was carried out
ANS: C DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify several different research areas in biological anthropology.
TOP: How We Know What We Know: The Scientific Method MSC: Remembering
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Subject
Anthropology