Lecture Notes for Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guide (CCNAv7)

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Introduction to Networks Labsand Study Guide (CCNAv7)Instructor’s Answer KeyAllan Johnson

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vAbout the Contributing AuthorAllan Johnsonentered the academic world in 1999, after 10 years as a business owner/operator,to dedicate his efforts to his passion for teaching. He holds both an M.B.A. and an M.Ed. intraining and development. He taught CCNA courses at the high school level for 7 years and hastaught both CCNA and CCNP courses at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas. In 2003,Allan began to commit much of his time and energy to the CCNA Instructional Support Team,providing services to Networking Academy instructors worldwide and creating training materi-als. He now works full time for Cisco Networking Academy as Curriculum Lead.

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viIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)About the Technical ReviewerDave Holzingerhas been a curriculum developer, project manager, author, and technical editorfor the Cisco Networking Academy Program in Phoenix, Arizona since 2001. Dave works onthe team that develops their online curricula including CCNA, CCNP, and IT Essentials. He hasbeen working with computer hardware and software since 1981. Dave has certifications fromCisco, BICSI, and CompTIA.

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viiCreditsFigure 2-2Screenshot of Windows 10 Ethernet Properties ©Microsoft 2020Figure 2-3Screenshot of Windows 10 TCP/IPv4 Properties—Manual IPAddress Configuration © Microsoft 2020Figure 2-4Screenshot of Windows 10 TCP/IPv4 Properties—AutomaticIP Address Configuration © Microsoft 2020Unnumbered Figure 3-2Screenshot of Capturing from Ethernet © WiresharkUnnumbered Figure 7-2Screenshot of highlights the frame details for an ARPrequest © WiresharkUnnumbered Figure 7-3Screenshot of highlights the frame details for an ARP reply ©WiresharkFigure 12-3Screenshot of Windows TCP/IPv6 Properties ©Microsoft 2020Unnumbered Figure 13-2Screenshot of External to PC-A with a Hop limit of 63 ©WiresharkFigure 17-3Screenshot of Windows 10 Network Connection Details ©Microsoft 2020Figure 17-4Screenshot of Linux Ubuntu Connection Information ©2020 Microsoft 2020Figure 17-5Screenshot of Configuration Information on a macOS Host ©2020 Apple Inc

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viiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)Contents at a GlanceIntroductionxxxiiChapter 1Networking Today1Chapter 2Basic Switch and End Device Configuration21Chapter 3Protocols and Models77Chapter 4Physical Layer113Chapter 5Number Systems137Chapter 6Data Link Layer145Chapter 7Ethernet Switching153Chapter 8Network Layer193Chapter 9Address Resolution205Chapter 10Basic Router Configuration229Chapter 11IPv4 Addressing269Chapter 12IPv6 Addressing331Chapter 13ICMP373Chapter 14Transport Layer411Chapter 15Application Layer439Chapter 16Network Security Fundamentals459Chapter 17Build a Small Network505

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Contents ixContentsIntroductionxxxiiChapter 1Networking Today1Networks Affect Our Lives2Network Components2End Devices, Intermediary Devices, and Media2Check Your Understanding: Network Components3Network Representations and Topologies4Classify and Identify Network Components4Topology Diagrams5Check Your Understanding: Network Representations and Topologies5Common Types of Networks6Compare LANs and WANs6Check Your Understanding: Common Types of Networks7Internet Connections7Vocabulary Exercise: Matching7Reliable Networks9Classify the Requirements for a Reliable Network9Check Your Understanding: Reliable Networks10Network Trends10Identify the Cloud Type11Check Your Understanding: Network Trends11Network Security12Check Your Understanding: Network Security12The IT Professional131.5.7 Packet Tracer—Network Representation (Instructor Version)14Objectives14Instructions14Challenge Question171.9.3 Lab—Research IT and Networking Job Opportunities(Instructor Version)18Objectives18Background / Scenario18Required Resources18Instructions18Reflection Questions19Chapter 2Basic Switch and End Device Configuration21Cisco IOS Access22Check Your Understanding: Cisco IOS Access22

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xIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)IOS Navigation23Syntax Checker: Navigate Between IOS Modes23Check Your Understanding: IOS Navigation24The Command Structure25Navigate the IOS Matching Exercise25Hotkeys and Shortcuts26Basic Device Configuration27Apply a Basic Configuration27Check Your Understanding: Basic Device Configuration28Save Configurations29Ports and Addresses29Check Your Understanding: Ports and Addresses30Configure IP Addressing30Verify Connectivity32Packet Tracer Exercise 2-1: Basic Switch Configuration33Requirements33Command Reference342.3.7 Packet Tracer—Navigate the IOS (Instructor Version)35Objectives35Background / Scenario35Instructions35Part 1: Establish Basic Connections, Access the CLI, and Explore Help35Part 2: Explore EXEC Modes37Part 3: Set the Clock382.3.8 Lab—Navigate the IOS by Using Tera Term for Console Connectivity(Instructor Version)41Topology41Objectives41Background / Scenario41Required Resources42Instructions42Part 1: Access a Cisco Switch through the Serial Console Port42Part 2: Display and Configure Basic Device Settings44Part 3: (Optional) Access a Cisco Router Using a Mini-USB ConsoleCable45Reflection Question47Router Interface Summary Table482.5.5 Packet Tracer—Configure Initial Switch Settings(Instructor Version)49Objectives49Background / Scenario49Instructions49Part 1: Verify the Default Switch Configuration49

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Contents xiPart 2: Create a Basic Switch Configuration50Part 3: Configure a MOTD Banner53Part 4: Save and Verify Configuration Files to NVRAM53Part 5: Configure S2542.7.6 Packet Tracer—Implement Basic Connectivity (Instructor Version)55Addressing Table55Objectives55Background55Instructions55Part 1: Perform a Basic Configuration on S1 and S255Part 2: Configure the PCs56Part 3: Configure the Switch Management Interface572.9.1 Packet Tracer—Basic Switch and End Device Configuration(Instructor Version)59Addressing Table59Objectives59Scenario59Instructions59Requirements592.9.2 Lab—Basic Switch and End Device Configuration (Instructor Version)62Topology62Addressing Table62Objectives62Background / Scenario62Required Resources63Instructions63Reflection Question70Device Configs71Switch S1 (complete)71Switch S2 (complete)73Chapter 3Protocols and Models77The Rules78Vocabulary Exercise: Matching78Check Your Understanding: The Rules78Protocols79Check Your Understanding: Protocols80Protocol Suites81Protocol Definitions: Matching81Map the Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite82Check Your Understanding: Protocol Suites83Standards Organizations84Standards Organizations: Matching84Check Your Understanding: Standards Organizations85

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xiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)Reference Models86OSI Reference Model Layers: Matching86TCP/IP Model Layers: Matching87Data Encapsulation87Label the PDUs87Check Your Understanding: Data Encapsulation89Data Access89The Role of Addressing in Network Communications90Check Your Understanding: Data Access903.0.3 Class Activity—Design a Communications System(Instructor Version)92Objectives92Background / Scenario92Reflection Question923.4.4 Lab—Research Networking Standards (Instructor Version)94Objectives94Background / Scenario94Required Resources94Instructions943.5.5 Packet Tracer—Investigate the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action(Instructor Version)98Objectives98Background98Instructions98Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic98Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite101Challenge Questions1033.7.9 Lab—Install Wireshark (Instructor Version)104Objectives104Background / Scenario104Required Resources104Instructions1043.7.10 Lab—Use Wireshark to View Network Traffic (Instructor Version)106Topology106Objectives106Background / Scenario106Required Resources107Instructions107Part 1: Capture and Analyze Local ICMP Data in Wireshark107Part 2: Capture and Analyze Remote ICMP Data in Wireshark110Reflection Question111Appendix A: Allowing ICMP Traffic Through a Firewall112

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ContentsxiiiPart 1: Create a new inbound rule allowing ICMP traffic through thefirewall112Part 2: Disabling or deleting the new ICMP rule112Chapter 4Physical Layer113Purpose of the Physical Layer114Check Your Understanding: Purpose of the Physical Layer114Physical Layer Characteristics115Completion Exercise115Check Your Understanding: Physical Layer Characteristics116Copper Cabling116Completion Exercise117Compare UTP, STP, and Coaxial Characteristics118UTP Cabling118Limiting the Negative Effect of Crosstalk118UTP Cable Wiring Standards118UTP Cable Pinouts119Fiber-Optic Cabling119Completion Exercise119Check Your Understanding: Fiber-Optic Cabling120Wireless Media121Completion Exercise121Check Your Understanding: Wireless Media1224.6.5 Packet Tracer—Connect a Wired and Wireless LAN(Instructor Version)123Addressing Table123Objectives123Background124Instructions124Part 1: Connect to the Cloud124Part 2: Connect Router0124Part 3: Connect Remaining Devices125Part 4: Verify Connections125Part 5: Examine the Physical Topology1254.6.6 Lab—View Wired and Wireless NIC Information(Instructor Version)127Objectives127Background / Scenario127Required Resources127Instructions127Part 1: Identify and Work with PC NICs127Part 2: Identify and Use the System Tray Network Icons130Reflection Question131

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xivIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)4.7.1 Packet Tracer—Connect the Physical Layer (Instructor Version)132Objectives132Background132Part 1: Identify Physical Characteristics of Internetworking Devices132Part 2: Select Correct Modules for Connectivity133Part 3: Connect Devices135Part 4: Check Connectivity135Chapter 5Number Systems137Binary Number System138Positional Notation138Convert Binary to Decimal139Convert Decimal to Binary140Activity: Binary Game140Hexadecimal Number System140Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion142Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion142Check Your Understanding: Hexadecimal Number System142Chapter 6Data Link Layer145Purpose of the Data Link Layer146Check Your Understanding: Purpose of the Data Link Layer147Topologies148Completion Exercise148Check Your Understanding: Topologies149Data Link Frame150Label the Generic Frame Fields150Check Your Understanding: Data Link Frame150Chapter 7Ethernet Switching153Ethernet Frames154Identify the Ethernet Frame Attributes154Check Your Understanding: Ethernet Switching155Ethernet MAC Address156Completion Exercise156The MAC Address Table157LAN Switches157Build the MAC Address Table157Forward the Frame158Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods161Compare Switch Forwarding Methods162Port Settings Completion Exercise162Check Your Understanding: Switch Speeds and Forwarding Methods163

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Contents xv7.1.6 Lab—Use Wireshark to Examine Ethernet Frames(Instructor Version)164Topology164Objectives164Background / Scenario164Required Resources165Instructions165Part 1: Examine the Header Fields in an Ethernet II Frame165Part 2: Use Wireshark to Capture and Analyze Ethernet Frames168Reflection Question1717.2.7 Lab—View Network Device MAC Addresses (Instructor Version)172Topology172Addressing Table172Objectives172Background / Scenario172Required Resources173Instructions173Part 1: Configure Devices and Verify Connectivity173Part 2: Display, Describe, and Analyze Ethernet MAC Addresses174Reflection Questions178Device Config178Switch S11787.3.7 Lab—View the Switch MAC Address Table (Instructor Version)181Topology181Addressing Table181Objectives181Background / Scenario181Required Resources182Instructions182Part 1: Build and Configure the Network182Part 2: Examine the Switch MAC Address Table183Reflection Question188Device Configs188Switch S1188Switch S2190Chapter 8Network Layer193Network Layer Characteristics194Network Layer Operations194Characteristics of IP194Check Your Understanding: IP Characteristics195IPv4 Packet195Fields of the IPv4 Packet196Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Packet196

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xviIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)IPv6 Packet197Fields of the IPv6 Packet197Check Your Understanding: IPv6 Packet198How a Host Routes198Completion Exercise198Check Your Understanding: How a Host Routes200Introduction to Routing200Routing Table Entry: Matching202Check Your Understanding: Introduction to Routing203Chapter 9Address Resolution205MAC and IP206Identify the MAC and IP Addresses206Check Your Understanding: MAC and IP207ARP207Completion Exercise207Check Your Understanding: ARP209IPv6 Neighbor Discovery210Five ICMPv6 Messages210Check Your Understanding: Neighbor Discovery2109.1.3 Packet Tracer—Identify MAC and IP Addresses(Instructor Version)211Objectives211Background211Instructions211Part 1: Gather PDU Information for Local Network Communication211Part 2: Gather PDU Information for Remote NetworkCommunication212Reflection Questions213Suggested Scoring Rubric2159.2.9 Packet Tracer—Examine the ARP Table (Instructor Version)216Addressing Table216Objectives216Background216Instructions216Part 1: Examine an ARP Request216Part 2: Examine a Switch MAC Address Table218Part 3: Examine the ARP Process in Remote Communications2199.3.4 Packet Tracer—IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (Instructor Version)221Addressing Table221Objectives221Background221Instructions221

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ContentsxviiPart 1: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Local Network221Part 2: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Remote Network224Reflection Questions227Chapter 10Basic Router Configuration229Configure Initial Router Settings230Basic Router Configuration Exercise230Configure Initial Settings Exercise231Configure Interfaces232Configure Router Interfaces Exercise232Packet Tracer Exercise 10-1: Basic Router Configuration234Configure the Default Gateway234Command Reference23510.1.4 Packet Tracer—Configure Initial RouterSettings(Instructor Version)236Objectives236Background236Instructions236Part 1: Verify the Default Router Configuration236Part 2: Configure and Verify the Initial Router Configuration237Part 3: Save the Running Configuration File23910.3.4 Packet Tracer—Connect a Router to a LAN (Instructor Version)241Addressing Table241Objectives241Background241Part 1: Display Router Information242Part 2: Configure Router Interfaces244Part 3: Verify the Configuration24510.3.5 Packet Tracer—Troubleshoot DefaultGateway Issues(Instructor Version)247Addressing Table247Objectives247Background247Instructions248Part 1: Verify Network Documentation and Isolate Problems248Part 2: Implement, Verify, and Document Solutions24910.4.3 Packet Tracer—Basic Device Configuration (Instructor Version)250Topology250Addressing Table250Objectives250Scenario250Requirements251

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xviiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)10.4.4 Lab—Build a Switch and Router Network (Instructor Version)252Topology252Addressing Table252Objectives252Background / Scenario252Required Resources253Instructions254Part 1: Set Up Topology and Initialize Devices254Part 2: Configure Devices and Verify Connectivity254Part 3: Display Device Information257Reflection Questions261Router Interface Summary Table261Device Configs262Router R1262Switch S1264Chapter 11IPv4 Addressing269IPv4 Address Structure270Network and Host Portions270IPv4 Subnet Mask270The Prefix Length271Determining the Network: Logical AND271ANDing to Determine the Network Address272Activity: ANDing to Determine the Network Address272Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Address Structure273IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast274Types of IPv4 Addresses274Public and Private Addresses274Special Use IPv4 Addresses274Legacy Classful Addressing275Assignment of IP Addresses275Check Your Understanding: Types of IPv4 Addresses276Network Segmentation276Broadcast Domains and Segmentation276Problems with Large Broadcast Domains276Reasons for Segmenting Networks277Check Your Understanding: Network Segmentation277Subnet an IPv4 Network277Subnetting in Four Steps278Subnetting Example278Subnetting Scenario 1280Subnetting Scenario 2280Subnetting Scenario 3280

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ContentsxixVLSM Addressing Schemes281VLSM Review281VLSM Addressing Design Exercises28311.5.5 Packet Tracer—Subnet an IPv4 Network (Instructor Version)288Addressing Table288Objectives288Background / Scenario288Instructions289Part 1: Subnet the Assigned Network289Part 2: Configure the Devices292Part 3: Test and Troubleshoot the Network293Device Configs293CustomerRouter293LAN-A294LAN-B294PC-A294PC-B29411.6.6 Lab—Calculate IPv4 Subnets (Instructor Version)295Objectives295Background / Scenario295Required Resources295Instructions295Problem 1295Problem 2296Problem 3296Problem 4297Problem 5297Problem 6298Reflection Question29811.7.5 Packet Tracer—Subnetting Scenario (Instructor Version)299Addressing Table299Objectives299Scenario299Instructions299Part 1: Design an IP Addressing Scheme299Part 2: Assign IP Addresses to Network Devices and VerifyConnectivity301Device Configs302R1302S3302PC4302

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xxIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)11.9.3 Packet Tracer—VLSM Design and Implementation Practice(Instructor Version)303Topology303Addressing Table303Objectives303Background303Instructions304Part 1: Examine the Network Requirements304Part 2: Design the VLSM Addressing Scheme305Part 3: Assign IP Addresses to Devices and Verify Connectivity305Instructor Notes:306Scenario 1 - Network Address: 10.11.48.0/24306Building 1307ASW3307Scenario 2 - Network Address: 172.31.103.0/24307Branch 1308Room-312308Scenario 3 - Network Address: 192.168.72.0/24308Remote-Site1309Sw-330911.10.1 Packet Tracer—Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme(Instructor Version)310Addressing Table310Objectives310Background / Scenario310Instructions311Requirements311Instructor Notes:312Scenario 1 - Network Address: 10.1.1.0/24312East313West313ES-1313ES-2313WS-1314WS-2314Scenario 2 - Network Address: 172.19.67.0/24314HQ315Remote315HQ-1315HQ-2316Remote-1316Remote-2316Scenario 3 - Network Address: 192.168.203.0/24316

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Contents xxiPolice317Schools317PD-1318PD-2318PS-101318PS-11531811.10.2 Lab—Design and Implement a VLSM Addressing Scheme(Instructor Version)319Topology319Objectives319Background / Scenario319Required Resources320Instructions320Part 1: Examine Network Requirements320Part 2: Design the VLSM Address Scheme323Part 3: Cable and Configure the IPv4 Network324Reflection Question326Router Interface Summary Table326Device Configs326Router BR1 (Final Configuration)326Router BR2 (Final Configuration)328Chapter 12IPv6 Addressing331IPv4 Issues332IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence332Check Your Understanding: IPv4 Issues332IPv6 Address Representation333IPv6 Address Types333IPv6 Prefix Length333Types of IPv6 Addresses334IPv6 GUA334GUA and LLA Static Configuration335Static Configuration of Global Unicast Addressing335Static GUA Configuration on a Windows Host336Static Configuration of a Link-Local Unicast Address336Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 GUAs337RS and RA Messages337Method 1: SLAAC338Method 2: SLAAC and Stateless DHCPv6338Method 3: Stateful DHCPv6339EUI-64 Process340Randomly Generated Interface IDs341Check Your Understanding: Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 GUAs341

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xxiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)Dynamic Addressing for IPv6 LLAs342IPv6 Multicast Addresses342Subnet an IPv6 Network342IPv6 Subnetting Example343IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 1343IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 2344IPv6 Subnetting Scenario 3344Check Your Understanding: Subnet an IPv6 Network34412.6.6 Packet Tracer—Configure IPv6 Addressing (Instructor Version)346Addressing Table346Objectives346Background346Part 1: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Router347Part 2: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Servers348Part 3: Configure IPv6 Addressing on the Clients348Part 4: Test and Verify Network Connectivity34812.7.4 Lab—Identify IPv6 Addresses (Instructor Version)350Topology350Objectives350Background / Scenario350Required Resources350Instructions350Part 1: Practice with Different Types of IPv6 Addresses350Part 2: Examine a Host IPv6 Network Interface and Address352Reflection Questions35312.9.1 Packet Tracer—Implement a Subnetted IPv6 Addressing Scheme(Instructor Version)354Addressing Table354Objectives354Background / Scenario354Instructions354Device Configuration355Router R1355Router R235612.9.2 Lab—Configure IPv6 Addresses on Network Devices(Instructor Version)357Topology357Addressing Table357Objectives357Background / Scenario357Required Resources358Instructions358Part 1: Cable the Network and Configure Basic Router and SwitchSettings358

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ContentsxxiiiPart 2: Configure IPv6 Addresses Manually359Part 3: Verify End-to-End Connectivity362Reflection Questions362Router Interface Summary Table362Device Configs363Router R1 (After part 1 of this lab)363Switch S1 (After part 1 of this lab)365Router R1 (Final)367Switch S1 (Final)369Chapter 13ICMP373ICMP Messages374Host Reachability374Destination or Service Unreachable374Time Exceeded375ICMPv6 Messages375Check Your Understanding: ICMP Messages377Ping and Traceroute Tests378Ping—Test Connectivity378Traceroute—Test the Path378Command Reference37913.2.6 Packet Tracer—Verify IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing(Instructor Version)379Addressing Table379Objectives380Background380Part 1: Complete the Addressing Table Documentation380Part 2: Test Connectivity Using Ping381Part 3: Discover the Path by Tracing the Route38113.2.7 Packet Tracer—Use Ping and Traceroute to Test Network Connectivity(Instructor Version)383Addressing Table383Objectives383Scenario383Instructions384Part 1: Test and Restore IPv4 Connectivity384Part 2: Test and Restore IPv6 Connectivity38613.3.1 Packet Tracer—Use ICMP to Test and Correct Network Connectivity(Instructor Version)388Addressing Table388Objectives388Background389Instructions389

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xxivIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)13.3.2 Lab—Use Ping and Traceroute to Test Network Connectivity(Instructor Version)390Topology390Addressing Table390Objectives391Background / Scenario391Required Resources392Instructions392Part 1: Build and Configure the Network392Part 2: Use Ping Command for Basic cork Testing394Part 3: Use Tracert and Traceroute Commands for BasicNetworkTesting399Part 4: Troubleshoot the Topology401Reflection Questions403Router Interface Summary Table404Device Configs404Router R1404Router ISP406Switch S1408Chapter 14Transport Layer411Transportation of Data412Transportation Layer Responsibilities412Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)412User Datagram Protocol (UDP)412The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right Application412Check Your Understanding: Transportation of Data413TCP Overview414TCP Features414TCP Header415TCP Header Fields415Applications That Use TCP416Check Your Understanding: TCP Overview417UDP Overview417UDP Features417UDP Header417Applications That Use UDP418Check Your Understanding: UDP Overview419Compare TCP and UDP419Port Numbers420Socket Pairs420Port Number Groups420Check Your Understanding: Port Numbers421

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Contents xxvTCP Communication Process422TCP Server Processes422TCP Connection Establishment422Session Termination423Control Bits Field424Check Your Understanding: TCP Communication Process425Reliability and Flow Control425TCP Reliability—Guaranteed and Ordered Delivery425TCP Reliability—Data Loss and Retransmission426TCP Flow Control—Window Size and Acknowledgments426TCP Flow Control—Maximum Segment Size (MSS)426TCP Flow Control—Congestion Avoidance427Check Your Understanding: Reliability and Flow Control427UDP Communication428UDP Datagram Reassembly428UDP Client Processes428Check Your Understanding: UDP Communication428Command Reference43014.8.1 Packet Tracer—TCP and UDP Communications(Instructor Version)430Objectives430Background430Instructions431Part 1: Generate Network Traffic in Simulation Mode and ViewMultiplexing431Part 2: Examine Functionality of the TCP and UDP Protocols432Chapter 15Application Layer439Application, Presentation, and Session440Application Layer440Presentation and Session Layer440TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols440Check Your Understanding: Application, Session, Presentation441Peer-to-Peer442Check Your Understanding: Peer-to-Peer443Web and Email Protocols443Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Markup Language443HTTP and HTTPS444Email Protocols444Check Your Understanding: Web and Email Protocols444IP Addressing Services445Domain Name Service445

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xxviIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)DNS Message Format445DNS Hierarchy446The nslookup Command446Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol447DHCP Operation448Check Your Understanding: IP Addressing Services449File Sharing Services449File Transfer Protocol449Server Message Block450Check Your Understanding: File Sharing Services451Command Reference45215.4.8 Lab—Observe DNS Resolution (Instructor Version)452Objectives452Background / Scenario452Required Resources452Part 1: Observe the DNS Conversion of a URL to an IP Address453Part 2: Observe DNS Lookup Using the nslookup Command on aWebsite455Part 3: Observe DNS Lookup Using the nslookup Command onMail Servers457Reflection Question457Chapter 16Network Security Fundamentals459Security Threats and Vulnerabilities460Types of Threats460Types of Vulnerabilities460Physical Security461Network Attacks461Types of Malware461Reconnaissance Attacks462Access Attacks462Denial of Service Attacks462Check Your Understanding: Network Attacks462Network Attack Mitigation464Matching Exercise: Network Attack Mitigation464Check Your Understanding: Network Attack Mitigation465Device Security465Passwords466Additional Password Security466Enable SSH466Packet Tracer Exercise 16-1: SSH Configuration and Verification467Command Reference468

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Contentsxxvii16.2.6 Lab—Research Network Security Threats (Instructor Version)468Objectives468Background / Scenario469Required Resources469Instructions469Part 1: Exploring the SANS Website469Part 2: Identify Recent Network Security Threats470Part 3: Detail a Specific Network Security Attack471Reflection Questions47216.4.6 Packet Tracer—Configure Secure Passwords and SSH(Instructor Version)473Addressing Table473Scenario473Instructions47316.4.7 Lab—Configure Network Devices with SSH (Instructor Version)476Topology476Addressing Table476Objectives476Background / Scenario476Required Resources477Instructions477Part 1: Configure Basic Device Settings477Part 2: Configure the Router for SSH Access478Part 3: Configure the Switch for SSH Access479Part 4: SSH from the CLI on the Switch481Reflection Question482Router Interface Summary Table482Device Configs - Final483Router R1483Switch S148416.5.1 Packet Tracer—Secure Network Devices (Instructor Version)488Addressing Table488Requirements488Instructions488Answer Scripts489RTR-A489SW-149016.5.1 Lab—Secure Network Devices (Instructor Version)491Topology491Addressing Table491Objectives491Background / Scenario491Required Resources492

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xxviiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)Instructions492Part 1: Configure Basic Device Settings492Part 2: Configure Basic Security Measures on the Router493Part 3: Configure Security Measures493Part 4: Configure Basic Security Measures on the Switch495Reflection Questions497Router Interface Summary Table498Device Configs - Final498Router R1498Switch S1501Chapter 17Build a Small Network505Devices in a Small Network506Small Network Topologies506Device Selection for a Small Network506IP Addressing for a Small Network507Matching Exercise: Devices in a Small Network507Check Your Understanding: Devices in a Small Network508Small Network Applications and Protocols508Common Applications509Common Protocols509Check Your Understanding: Small Network Applications andProtocols510Scale to Larger Networks510Check Your Understanding: Scale to Larger Networks511Verify Connectivity511Verify Connectivity with Ping512Verify Connectivity with Traceroute513Extended Traceroute513Network Baseline513Host and IOS Commands514IP Configuration on a Windows Host514IP Configuration on a Linux Host515IP Configuration on a macOS Host515The arp Command516show Commands516Matching Exercise: show Commands517Troubleshooting Methodologies518Basic Troubleshooting Approaches518Check Your Understanding: Troubleshooting Methodologies518Troubleshooting Scenarios519Packet Tracer Exercise 17-1: Troubleshooting Scenario519Command Reference520

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Contentsxxix17.4.6 Lab—Test Network Latency with Ping and Traceroute(Instructor Version)521Topology521Objectives521Background / Scenario521Required Resources521Instructions522Part 1: Use Ping to Document Network Latency522Part 2: Use Traceroute to Document Network Latency524Part 3: Extended Traceroute526Reflection Questions52717.5.9 Packet Tracer—Interpret show Command Output (InstructorVersion)528Objectives528Background528Instructions528Reflection Questions52817.7.6 Lab—Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues (Instructor Version)530Topology530Addressing Table530Objectives530Background / Scenario530Required Resources531Troubleshooting Configuration531Part 1: Identify the Problem533Part 2: Implement Network Changes533Part 3: Verify Full Functionality533Part 4: Document Findings and Configuration Changes534Reflection Question534Router Interface Summary Table534Device Configs - Final535Router R1535Switch S1536Router ISP53917.7.7 Packet Tracer—Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues (InstructorVersion)541Addressing Table541Objectives541Background / Scenario541Instructions54217.8.1 Lab—Design and Build a Small Network (Instructor Version)547Objectives547Background /Scenario547

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xxxIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)Required Resources547Reflection54717.8.2 Packet Tracer—Skills Integration Challenge (Instructor Version)553Addressing Table553Background / Scenario554Instructions554Running Scripts555R1 Configuration555S1 Configuration556S2 Configuration557S3 Configuration55817.8.3 Packet Tracer—Troubleshooting Challenge (Instructor Version)559Addressing Table559Objectives560Background / Scenario560Instructions560Correct Device Configs560R1 Configuration560S1 Configuration560S2 Configuration560S3 Configuration561IT PC Configuration561Marketing PC Configuration561R&D PC Configuration561

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xxxiCommand Syntax ConventionsThe conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions usedin the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions asfollows:■■Boldfaceindicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actualconfiguration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicatescommands that are manually input by the user (such as ashowcommand).■■Italicindicates arguments for which you supply actual values.■■Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.■■Square brackets ([ ]) indicate an optional element.■■Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice.■■Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within an optional element.

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xxxiiIntroductiontoNetworksLabsandStudyGuide(CCNAv7)IntroductionThis book supports instructors and students in Cisco Networking Academy, an IT skills andcareer building program for learning institutions and individuals worldwide. Cisco NetworkingAcademy provides a variety of curricula choices including the very popular CCNA curriculum.It includes three courses oriented around the topics of Cisco Certified Network Associate(CCNA) certifications.Introduction to Networks Labs and Study Guideis a supplement to your classroom andlaboratory experience with the Cisco Networking Academy. To be successful on the examand achieve your CCNA certification, you should do everything in your power to arm your-self with a variety of tools and training materials to support your learning efforts. This bookprovides just such a collection of tools. Used to its fullest extent, it will help you gain theknowledge as well as practice the skills associated with the content area of the Introduction toNetworks v7 course. Specifically, this book will help you work on these main areas:■■Understand advances in modern network technologies.■■Implement initial settings, including passwords, IP addressing, and default gatewayparameters on network switches and end devices.■■Understand how network protocols enable devices to access local and remote networkresources.■■Understand how physical layer protocols, services, and network media support commu-nications across data networks.■■Convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal systems.■■Understand how media access control in the data link layer supports communicationacross networks.■■Understand how Ethernet operates in a switched network.■■Understand how routers use network layer protocols and services to enable end-to-endconnectivity.■■Understand how ARP and ND enable communication on a network.■■Implement initial settings on a router and end devices.■■Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment a network.■■Implement an IPv6 addressing scheme.■■Use various tools to test network connectivity.■■Compare the operations of transport layer protocols in supporting end-to-endcommunication.■■Understand the operation of application layer protocols in providing support to end-userapplications.■■Configure switches and routers with device-hardening features to enhance security.■■Implement a network design for a small network to include a router, a switch, and enddevices.Labs and Study Guidessimilar to this one are also available for the other two courses:Switch-ing, Routing, and Wireless Essentials Labs and Study GuideandEnterprise Networking,Security, and Automation Labs and Study Guide.

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IntroductionxxxiiiWho Should Read This BookThis book’s main audience is anyone taking the Introduction to Networks course of the CiscoNetworking Academy curriculum. Many Academies use thisLabs and Study Guideas arequired tool in the course, whereas other Academies recommend theLabs and Study Guideas an additional resource to prepare for class exams and the CCNA certification. The second-ary audiences for this book is people taking CCNA-related classes from professional trainingorganizations. This book can also be used for college- and university-level networking courses,as well as anyone wanting to gain a detailed understanding of routing. However, the readershould know that the content of this book tightly aligns with the Cisco Networking Acad-emy course. It may not be possible to complete some of the “Study Guide” sections and labswithout having access to the online course. Fortunately, you can purchase theIntroduction toNetworks v7.0 Companion Guide(ISBN: 9780136633662).Goals and MethodsThe most important goal of this book is to help you pass the 200-301 Cisco Certified NetworkAssociate exam, which is associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)certification. Passing the CCNA exam shows that you have the knowledge and skills requiredto manage a small enterprise network. You can view the detailed exam topics online at http://learningnetwork.cisco.com. They are divided into six broad categories:■■Network Fundamentals■■Network Access■■IP Connectivity■■IP Services■■Security Fundamentals■■Automation and ProgrammabilityThe Introduction to Networks v7 course covers introductory material related to the first fivebullets. The next two courses, Switching, Routing, and Wireless Essentials v7 and EnterpriseNetworking, Security, and Automation v7, cover the material in more detail. Each chapter ofthis book is divided into a “Study Guide” section followed by a “Labs and Activities” section.The “Study Guide” section offers exercises that help you learn the concepts, configurations,and troubleshooting skills crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter isslightly different and includes some or all of the following types of exercises:■■Vocabulary matching exercises■■Concept question exercises■■Skill-building activities and scenarios■■Configuration scenarios■■Packet Tracer exercises■■Troubleshooting scenariosThe “Labs and Activities” sections include all the online course labs and Packet Tracer activityinstructions. In some chapters, this section begins with a Command Reference that you willcomplete to show that you understand all the commands introduced in the chapter.

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