Motivation: Theory, Research, and Application, 6th Edition Test Bank

Name: Motivation: Theory, Research, and Application, 6th Edition Test Bank
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TB01 - 1
CHAPTER 1 - Test Bank
Overview: Conceptualizing and Measuring
Motivation and the Role of Evolution in
Motivation
[Note: After each question, the correct answer, the textbook page from which it comes,
and the question type is provided.]
1. Motivation can best be viewed as:
a. an on and off mechanism
b. a constant flow of behavior that can be directed in only one way
c. a constant flow of behavior that can be directed in many different ways
d. a state where one is either motivated or not motivated
[c 3 factual]
2. The concept of motivation is used to describe forces acting on or within an organism
that influence which of the following aspects of behavior?
a. initiation and direction
b. growth and maturation
c. speed and duration
d. verbal only
[a 4 factual]
3. A student studies hard to earn a slice of pizza. In this situation, studying might be
considered a _____ variable.
a. determination
b. persistence
c. performance
d. stimulus
[c 5 conceptual]
4. According to the stimulus-response analysis, motivation
a. can be measured directly
b. can be seen as an intervening variable
c. can be studied only in laboratory rats
d. can not be studied in humans
[b 5 factual]

TB01 - 2
5. Which of the following is NOT a reason that motivation is difficult to study?
a. its presence must often be inferred rather than observed directly
b. it is often an intervening variable
c. it is a performance variable and therefore temporary in nature
d. it can usually be determined through a survey
[d 5 conceptual]
6. According to the authors of the text, two main characteristics of motivation are:
a. activation and inactivation
b. activation and direction
c. performance and intervention
d. persistence and performance
[b 6-7 factual]
7. Prof Psyche is studying motivation by examining how individuals make choices. This
approach involves which characteristic of motivation?
a. deprivation
b. direction
c. needs
d. activation
[b 7 conceptual]
8. Activation involves all of the following EXCEPT:
a. production of behavior
b. persistence of behavior
c. vigor of behavior
d. directionality of behavior
[d 7 factual]
9. A preference test can be a good indicator of:
a. directionality
b. vigor
c. activation
d. intervention
[a 7 factual]
10. A friend who persistently tries to find a date for the dance is displaying the _____
component of motivation.
a. vigor
b. nomothetic
c. activation
d. homeostasis
[c 7 conceptual]

TB01 - 3
11. Going to a movie theater and selecting a romantic comedy indicates which
component of motivation?
a. direction
b. activation
c. persistence
d. vigor
[a 7 conceptual]
12. Preference may be considered an index of motivation because it shows:
a. activation of behavior
b. persistence of behavior
c. differences between several choices of behaviors
d. that persistence and activation are linked
[c 7 conceptual]
13. The nomothetic approach to the study of motivation involves the development of:
a. general or universal laws
b. ideas about individual differences
c. ideas about how learning causes behavior
d. ideas about how behavior is influenced by genetic factors
[a 7-8 factual]
14. Categories of analysis used in the study of motivation include all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. nomothetic vs. idiographic
b. innate vs. acquired
c. internal vs. external
d. instinct vs. attribution
[d 8 factual]
15. Theorists who emphasized instincts in the past, or who advocate ethology today are
most likely to use which approach to the study of motivation?
a. cognitive
b. mechanistic
c. innate
d. acquired
[c 8 factual]
16. Needs are generally viewed as _____ sources of motivation, while goals emphasize
_____ sources of motivation.
a. internal; external
b. external; internal
c. mechanistic; cognitive
d. problematic; innate
[a 8 conceptual]

TB01 - 4
17. The assumption that changes in specific factors activate circuits that in turn motivate
the organism to engage in appropriate behavior typifies which approach to the study of
motivation?
a. cognitive
b. mechanistic
c. internal
d. nomothetic
[b 9 factual]
18. Which of the following statements best represents the assumptions held by theorists
who advocate the cognitive approach?
a. "The manner in which information is interpreted influences motive states"
b. "Motive states are influenced by environmental factors acting on the organism"
c. "Instincts control most motive states"
d. "Motive states are controlled by needs that promote behaviors to reduce those needs"
[a 9 conceptual]
19. The example of the Olds and Milner (1954) experiment in which electrodes were
introduced into areas of a rat's brain best exemplifies which level of analysis?
a. philosophical
b. individual
c. physiological
d. social
[c 9 factual]
20. Which of the following is NOT a technique used in motivational research at the
physiological level?
a. electrical stimulation of the brain
b. chemical stimulation of the brain
c. electrical recording of brain cell activity via EEG
d. depriving a rat of food and observing how it's behavior changes
[d 9-10 conceptual]
21. Bandura's (1973) study with the Bobo doll is an example of which level of analysis?
a. individual
b. physiological
c. social
d. philosophical
[a 11 conceptual]
22. One reason why Bandura's (1973) study with the Bobo doll is important is that:
a. it shows how brain functions influence behavior
b. it shows that aggression may be learned through observation
c. it shows that children are naturally aggressive
d. it shows that some motive states are innate
[b 11 conceptual]

TB01 - 5
23. Asch's (1952) studies on conformity are an example of which level of analysis?
a. physiological
b. individual
c. social
d. philosophical
[c 11 factual]
24. The social level of analysis deals with:
a. why individuals are aggressive
b. how individuals learn different motive states
c. how brain circuits mediate different motive states
d. how behaviors are influenced by situational factors or the presence of others
[d 11 factual]
25. At the philosophical level, one way that motivation can be viewed is as _____, as in
Freud's view.
a. an aversive state which behavior seeks to overcome
b. a positive state toward which people aspire
c. self-actualization
d. a situational factor
[a 12 factual]
26. Rogers and Maslow take the view that behavior is directed toward:
a. self-actualization
b. aversive states
c. situational factors
d. unconscious forces
[a 12 factual]
27. The analysis of Angie's problem with her anxiety in the text is an example that shows
the importance of:
a. the individual level of analysis
b. the physiological level of analysis
c. how none of the levels of analysis can adequately explain her problem
d. how all the levels of analysis contribute to a fuller explanation of the problem
[d 12 conceptual]
28. Most theories of motivation assume the existence of some source of _____ that drives
behavior.
a. philosophy
b. physiology
c. energy
d. cognition
[c 13 factual]

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TB01 - 6
29. In motivation, ideas such as energy, learning, heredity, social interaction and
cognitive processes are known as:
a. constructs
b. theories
c. philosophical assumptions
d. hypotheses
[a 13-14 factual]
30. Which of the following is NOT an example of the concept of cognitive processes?
a. Heider's balance theory
b. Olds's self-stimulation theory
c. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
d. Bem's self-perception theory
[b 14 conceptual]
31. The attempt of the brain to maintain the body at some optimal level is called:
a. homeostasis
b. hedonism
c. growth motivation
d. locus of control
[a 14-15 factual]
32. The idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain is called:
a. homeostasis
b. hedonism
c. growth motivation
d. locus of control
[b 15 factual]
33. Both Rogers and Maslow attempted to explain human motivation in terms of:
a. the pleasure principle
b. homeostasis
c. growth motivation
d. hedonic motivation
[c 15 factual]
34. Which of the following are the two roots of psychology in general and the study of
motivation in particular?
a. science and medicine
b. philosophy and physiology
c. science and psychiatry
d. philosophy and applied medicine
[b 15 factual]

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TB01 - 7
35. The idea that all behavior is the result of conditions that precede the behavior is
called:
a. hedonism
b. free will
c. determinism
d. associationism
[c 16 factual]
36. The idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth originally comes from _____
and was later used by _____.
a. Descartes; Aristotle
b. Aristotle; Locke
c. Galen; Locke
d. Aristotle; Descartes
[b 16-17 factual]
37. Descartes's ideas about the dualistic nature of man most strongly influenced which
psychological theories?
a. instinct
b. learning
c. genetic
d. cognition
[a 16-17 conceptual]
38. Psychologists who accept the idea of the "blank slate" would be likely to agree with
which of the following statements?
a. "Human behavior is caused by our genetic inheritance"
b. "Human behavior is caused by experience and learning"
c. "Human behavior is cause by an interaction of nature and nurture"
d. "Human behavior is not determined but is an expression of our free will"
[b 17 conceptual]
39. Locke and other British philosophers proposed a fundamental concept in psychology
called:
a. reductionism
b. association
c. innate ideas
d. free will
[b 17 factual]

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TB01 - 8
40. The idea that different nerve fibers carry different coded information to and from the
brain was known as the:
a. doctrine of interactive dualism
b. locus of function
c. doctrine of specific nerve energies
d. reflex arc of nervous activity
[c 18 factual]
41. One reason that Helmholtz's discovery of the speed of an electrical impulse along a
nerve is important is because it showed that:
a. the speed of a neural impulse is greater than 100 miles per hour
b. Galvani's ideas about nerve impulses was wrong
c. it is possible to experimentally study the function of the nervous system
d. instinct theories were wrong
[c 18 factual]
42. An example of a theory based on the idea of localization of function is:
a. Gall's theory of phrenology
b. Maslow's theory of self-actualization
c. Muller's doctrine of specific nerve energies
d. Galen's theory of separate motor and sensory neurons
[a 18 factual]
43. Gall's proposal that bumps on the skull correspond to specific mental abilities was
called:
a. instinct
b. depression
c. situational factors
d. phrenology
[d 18 factual]
44. Which of the following is NOT true about drive theory?
a. it was first introduced by Woodworth (1918)
b. it proposed that motivated behavior occurred in response to changing bodily needs
c. it was a precursor to research on how the brain controls behavior
d. it was strongly promoted by Freud in 1900
[d 20 factual]
45. Researchers such as Köhler and Tolman, in the early part of the 20th century argued
that:
a. behavior is the result of stimulus-response connections
b. behavior can be seen as the result of drives within the organism
c. organisms engage in active information processing
d. unconscious desires are the basis of human behavior
[c 20 conceptual]

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TB01 - 9
46. Two metaphors that have provided the framework for research in motivation are:
a. the machine metaphor and the Godlike metaphor
b. the drive metaphor and the cognitive metaphor
c. the sensory nerves and motor nerves metaphor
d. the ghost in the machine metaphor and the Andromeda metaphor
[a 20 factual]
47. The most fundamental process of life is
a. consciousness
b. mitosis
c. evolution
d. reproduction
[d 21 factual]
48. The mechanism for maintaining genetic information is called:
a. metabolism
b. reproduction
c. evolution
d. hedonism
[b 21 factual]
49. The process through which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells is
called _____ ; the process through which two specialized cells combine to form a new
cell with genetic information from each cell is called _____.
a. mitosis; meiosis
b. meiosis; evolution
c. mitosis; recombination
d. reproduction; evolution
[a 21 factual]
50. Sexual reproduction has several evolutionary advantages. Which of the following is
NOT an advantage?
a. it increases genetic variability
b. it allows repair of genetic information within the gene pool
c. it allows rapid expansion of beneficial mutations within the gene pool
d. it limits the spread of new combinations of genetic information in the gene pool
[d 23 conceptual]
51. In humans and some other primates, such as Bonobos, sexual behavior:
a. almost always is linked to reproduction
b. is strictly regulated by female receptivity
c. often occurs for reasons not directly related to reproduction
d. rarely occurs for reasons of reproduction
[c 24 conceptual]

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TB01 - 10
52. Evolution can be defined as:
a. the progressive change of organisms through time
b. the continuity of species through time
c. survival of the fittest at a particular time
d. the sum total of experiences of an individual
[a 25 factual]
53. Natural selection influences all characteristics of genes except which of the
following?
a. viability
b. fertility
c. fecundity
d. activation
[d 26 factual]
54. _____ is to mating success as _____ is to number of offspring.
a. Viability; fecundity
b. Fertility; fecundity
c. Fecundity; viability
d. Fertility; viability
[b 26 conceptual]
55. Mating rituals in different species may be related to which of the following
characteristics of genes?
a. viability
b. fecundity
c. fertility
d. opportunity
[c 26 factual]
56. In some species bright coloration in males or elaborate male behaviors may be related
to which of the following?
a. viability
b. sexual selection
c. genetic packets
d. reproductive strategies
[b 27 factual]
57. When there is competition for mates among members of an animal species, usually
the female makes the choice of a sexual partner. This is called:
a. sexual selection
b. survival of the fittest
c. fecundity
d. viability
[a 27 factual]

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TB01 - 11
58. The finding that women are more attracted to men who have the necessary resources
for supporting both the women and any children they produce is predicted by the:
a. parental investment model
b. natural selection
c. fecundity
d. viability
[a 27-28 factual]
59. A genetically programmed bit of behavior that occurs when circumstances are
appropriate and that requires no learning of the behavior is called:
a. reproductive value
b. instinct
c. ethological action pattern
d. natural selection
[b 28 factual]
60. According to evolutionary psychology, reproductive value in human females is
associated with:
a. age and wisdom
b. youthfulness and health
c. wealth and social status
d. education and beauty
[b 28 factual]

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TB02 - 1
CHAPTER 2 - Test Bank
Genetic Contributions to Motivated Behavior
[Note: After each question, the correct answer, the textbook page from which it comes, and the
question type is provided.]
1. According to Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1972), the "eyebrow flick," or brief lifting of the eyebrows in
humans, signals:
a. recognition of someone who is familiar
b. recognition of someone who is a possible threat
c. the first move in an aggressive encounter
d. an intention of courtship
[a 35 factual]
2. A genetically programmed bit of behavior that occurs when circumstances are appropriate
and that require no learning is called:
a. habit
b. instinct
c. imprinting
d. inhabitation
[b 36 factual]
3. Among the problems with the early instinct theories was the idea of the nominal fallacy, which
means that:
a. labeling or naming something does not explain it
b. the idea of instincts was a fallacy; there are no such things as instincts
c. instincts are either inhibited or become habits
d. instincts are the same as learned behaviors
[a 36 factual]
4. Which of the following did William James NOT believe about instincts? Instincts were:
a. similar to reflexes
b. elicited by sensory stimuli
c. only seen in animals
d. occur blindly the first time
[c 36 conceptual]

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TB02 - 2
5. Which of the following was NOT a component of instincts, according to William
McDougall?
a. cognition
b. learning
c. emotion
d. conation
[b 37 conceptual]
6. According to William McDougall, which of the following is NOT true?
a. instincts consist of cognitive, affective and conative components
b. all behavior is instinctive
c. some instinctive behavior is purposive
d. instincts can never be changed or modified
[d 37 conceptual]
7. The anthropomorphic method of analysis used by McDougall:
a. stresses the continuity between humans and animals
b. clearly distinguished between instinct and learning
c. is recognized today as being too objective
d. could only be applied to animals
[a 38 conceptual]
8. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of early instinct theories?
a. arbitrary lists of instincts do not help us understand behaviors
b. scientists do not agree on how many types of instincts exist
c. behaviors are responses to both internal and external stimuli
d. the idea that behavior may come from genetic programs
[d 39 conceptual]
9. The branch of biology that concerns itself with the study of the evolution, development and
function of behavior of animals and humans in their natural habitats is called:
a. anthropology
b. psychology
c. ethology
d. ethnography
[c 39 factual]
10. A list of all behaviors observed in a species is called:
a. an ethogram
b. a species gram
c. a species list
d. an ethnographic list
[a 40 factual]

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TB02 - 3
11. According to Craig (1918), _____ is to well-coordinated, fixed patterns of responding as
_____ is to restless, searching, adaptive behavior.
a. consummatory; appetitive
b. appetitive; consummatory
c. taxis; fixed action pattern
d. displacement; taxis
[a 40 factual]
12. According to ethological theory, behaviors are inhibited by:
a. fixed action patterns
b. appetitive action patterns
c. innate releasing mechanisms
d. learned releasing mechanisms
[c 40 factual]
13. Environmental stimuli which act as keys to allow behavior to occur are called:
a. innate releasing mechanisms
b. sign stimuli
c. fixed action patterns
d. action specific energy
[b 40 factual]
14. In Tinbergen's study of mating in stickleback fish, the female triggers the male courtship
ritual. She would be called the:
a. social releaser
b. appetitive behavior
c. action specific energy
d. innate releasing mechanism
[a 40 conceptual]
15. An example of a _____ stimulus is when a bird prefers an egg that is larger than its normal-
size egg.
a. social
b. supernormal
c. subliminal
d. extraordinary
[b 40 conceptual]
16. Rowland's (1989) finding that female sticklebacks preferred dummy males who were larger
than normal male sticklebacks fits ethological theory because it shows how:
a. mate size is important in the mating behavior of sticklebacks
b. preference for a superoptimal male stimulus does not provide advantages
c. organisms' reactions to environmental stimuli are learned
d. males are able to interact with females
[a 40 conceptual]

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TB02 - 4
17. The response that a key stimulus releases is called the:
a. fixed action pattern
b. stimulation response
c. innate action pattern
d. superoptimal response
[a 41 factual]
18. Which of the following is NOT a property of a fixed action pattern? The fixed action pattern
is:
a. stereotyped
b. independent of immediate external control
c. entirely learned
d. spontaneous
[c 41-42 factual]
19. According to the text, the main difference between taxes and fixed action patterns (FAPs) is:
a. taxes are innate and FAPs are learned
b. FAPs are innate and taxes are learned
c. taxes are responsive to change, but FAPs are not
d. taxes are unresponsive to change, while FAPs are modifiable
[c 42 conceptual]
20. Low intensity, incomplete responses indicating that energy is beginning to accumulate in an
instinctive behavior system is typical of which type of behavior?
a. fixed action patterns
b. intention movements
c. prepared behaviors
d. appetitive behaviors
[b 43 factual]
21. In an encounter with another person, changing one's stance by shifting one's weight and
increasing one's distance from the other person is an example of:
a. an intention movement
b. an appetitive behavior
c. a fixed action pattern
d. a learned behavior
[a 43 factual]
22. If two or more sign stimuli are present simultaneously, which general type of behavior is
likely to result?
a. aggressive
b. conflict
c. dominant
d. displacement
[b 44 factual]

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