Neuroscience Pharmacology Practice Exam With Answers (106 Solved Questions)

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Test Bank NeuroscienceChapter 6by Laurie Lundy-EkmanWhat is an example of Calcium ion acting as a second messenger?--answer-IP3 causing organelles to discharge their calcium stores-increase in cytosolic calcium can trigger widespread and long lastingeffects-one of these effects could be activation of CaMK ( calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase)-CaMK is important in the molecular mechanisms of memoryWhat occurs whenG protein activates phospholipases C?--answer--PLCacts on the membrane phospholipid PIP2 by splitting it into two-PIP2 becomes DAG and IP3-DAG stays on one plane and activates downstream enzyme proteinkinase C (PKC)-IP3 diffuses away from the membrane and causes organelles todischarge their calcium storesWhat is the antagonist for AMPA glutamate receptors?--answer-CNQXWhat is the antagonist for NMDA glutamate receptors?--answer-AP5What is the difference between NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors?--answer-slight differences in the protein that makes up the recptorDiverging neurotransmitter effects are represented by--answer-themultitude of consequences a single neurotransmittermay have because itaffects many different receptor subtypes in postsynaptic neurons-This effect may occur in a single neuron that possesses G-protein-coupled receptors with two or more intracellular functions or, potentially,single neurons that elaborate different types of receptors in differentparts of the neuron

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List the criteria that are used to determine whether a chemical serves asa neurotransmitter.--answer-1) The molecule must be synthesized andstored in the presynaptic neuron2) The molecule must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal uponstimulation3) The molecule, when experimentally applied, must produce a responsein the postsynaptic cell that mimics the response produced bythe releaseof the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuronWhat are the various experimental strategies you could use to show thatACh fulfills the criteria of a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscularjunction?--answer-Immunohistochemistry shows where specificmolecules are localized,in situ hybridization shows where specific mRNA transcripts for specificproteins are locatedWhat are three methods that could be used to show that aneurotransmitter receptor is synthesized or localized in a particularneuron?--answer-Neuropharmacological analysis of i) synaptictransmission, ii) ligand-binding methods, and iii) molecular analysis ofreceptor proteinsNeuroppharmological analysis studies--answer-the actions of differentdrugsLigand binding methods can be used to--answer-identify the location ofreceptors by labeling ligands that bind to them-agonists, antagonists, or chemical neurotransmitters could be usedMolecular analysis studies--answer-the protein molecules and thesubunits that for the neurotransmitter receptors-can also be used to exaamine genes that code for these proteinsCompare and contrast the properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors--answer-AMPA and NMDA are glutamate receptor subtypes; both areactivated by glutamate, but the drug AMPA acts only on the AMPA receptorand the drug NMDA acts only on the NMDA receptor

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An important property of the NMDA receptor is that it is only active in the_______ and sufficient _______ in the postsynaptic neuron--answer--in thepresence of glutamate-depolarizationCompare and contrast the properties of GABAA and GABAB receptors--answer--both respond to GABA-Muscimol is agonist for GABAA receptor-agonist for GABAB is baclofen-antagonist for GABAA is bicuculline-antagonist for GABAB is phaclofenSynaptic inhibition is an important feature of the circuitry in the cerebralcortex. How would you determine whether GABA or Gly, or both, orneither, is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the cortex?--answer--Synaptic inhibition is represented by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials inthe postsynaptic neuron of an inhibitory synapse-To determine whether GABA or Gly or both are inhibitoryneurotransmitters, you could record IPSPs in response to GABA or Glyapplication in an in vitro preparation-You might also examine the nature of the postsynaptic receptors-Both GABA and Gly receptors gate a chloride channel, which whenopened, would help hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell and make thatneuron less likely to fire an action potentialWhat are the three Glutamate recptors ?--answer--AMPA-NMDA-kainate-these are named for their chemical agonistsopiates--answer-used in medicine and abused-effects: pain relief, depressed breathing, euphoria, constipationLigand binding method--answer--uses drugs that are radioactivelylabeled to identify receptors-can use agonist, antagonists, or chemical Neurotransmitters

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