Nutrition And You, 4th Edition Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which nutrient is so vital to health that you wouldn't live more than a few days without it?
A) minerals B) protein C) vitamins D) water
Answer: D
2) Which of the following is not true about phytochemicals?
A) They have disease-fighting properties. B) They are essential nutrients.
C) They are nonnutritive compounds. D) They come from plant foods.
Answer: B
3) Which of the following causes of death in the United States is not nutrition related?
A) cancer B) respiratory diseases
C) stroke D) diabetes
Answer: B
4) Which of the following is not a reason why a food becomes a favorite?
A) food trends B) culture C) food color D) convenience
Answer: C
5) Which of the following does nutritional genomics study?
A) the precise amount of micronutrients the body needs
B) the genetic sequence of an individual's genome
C) the protein content of an individual
D) how certain nutrients affect an individual's gene expression
Answer: D
6) Which of the following are not macronutrients?
A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) vitamins D) proteins
Answer: C
7) Food insecurity is
A) the tendency of some foods to spoil more quickly than others.
B) the inability to satisfy the basic food needs of individuals.
C) uncertainty concerning whether a food might be harmful.
D) the tendency of highly desirable foods to be stolen from stores.
Answer: B
8) Which nutrient class supplies glucose as the major source of energy for the body?
A) proteins B) lipids C) carbohydrates D) vitamins
Answer: C
9) Which nutrient class is used to build body tissues and make enzymes?
A) lipids B) proteins C) carbohydrates D) vitamins
Answer: B
10) Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?
A) helps maintain body temperature B) functions as a coenzyme
C) lubricates joints D) helps transport nutrients and oxygen
Answer: B
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11) Which of the following foods contains phytochemicals?
A) salmon B) skim milk C) carrots D) eggs
Answer: C
12) All of the following are correct about the typical American diet except that it is
A) high in sodium. B) low in vitamin D. C) low in calcium. D) high in fiber.
Answer: D
13) Americans need to consume more
A) fruits and vegetables. B) oils and fewer vegetables.
C) meat and saltier foods. D) meat and refined grains.
Answer: A
14) What percentage of American adults are considered obese?
A) 15 percent B) 65 percent C) 42 percent D) 35 percent
Answer: D
15) Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?
A) Conduct an experiment. B) Revise the hypothesis.
C) Observe and ask a question. D) Formulate a hypothesis.
Answer: C
16) The group given a specific treatment during an experiment is called the
A) blind group. B) control group.
C) experimental group. D) double-blind group.
Answer: C
17) Jim wants to improve his health and would like a professional to help him with his diet. Which of the following
people would be the best person to help Jim?
A) a registered dietitian nutritionist B) a registered nurse
C) a nutritionist D) a trainer at the gym
Answer: A
18) When obtaining information on the Internet, which ending for a URL is probably less reliable than the others?
A) .com B) .edu
C) .gov D) They are all equally reliable.
Answer: A
19) Which of the following questions is important to ask yourself when you view a nutrition-related website?
A) How does the site choose links to other sites? B) Who pays for the site?
C) Where does the information come from? D) All of these are important questions to ask.
Answer: D
20) Which of the following foods is commonly included in Indian meals?
A) fish B) mutton C) lentils D) corn
Answer: C
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21) Which of the following goals is not a proposed focus of Healthy People 2020?
A) Eliminate preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
B) Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
C) Support food industry efforts to obtain favorable health claims on nutrition labels.
D) Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across every stage of life.
Answer: C
22) Which of the following is not an outcome for children who are food insecure?
A) increased incidence of colds and headaches B) delayed cognitive development
C) iron deficiency D) increased energy
Answer: D
23) Jane is sitting in the library, cramming for a nutrition test. She has eaten a plate full of brownies and is now
ordering a pizza. Which of the following factors is probably affecting the way Jane is eating?
A) emotions B) advertising C) culture D) cost
Answer: A
24) Which of the following statements about supplements is false?
A) People with dietary restrictions or greater nutrient needs could benefit from taking supplements.
B) Supplements always produce the same positive health effects as those gained by eating foods.
C) A well-balanced diet will meet the nutrient needs of many people.
D) A pregnant woman might benefit from taking an iron supplement.
Answer: B
25) Which of the following statements about milk is false?
A) It is approximately 80 percent water by volume.
B) It is a good source of the vitamins A, D, and riboflavin.
C) It contains the minerals potassium and calcium.
D) It contains a substantial variety of all six classes of nutrients.
Answer: A
26) Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the energy-providing nutrients?
A) The energy nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
B) The amount of calories you need daily is based on your age, gender, and activity level.
C) Most of your daily calories should come from protein.
D) The energy nutrients are all organic.
Answer: C
27) The defining characteristic of an organic compound is that it
A) contains nitrogen. B) contains hydrogen.
C) contains carbon. D) is grown in rich soil.
Answer: C
28) Which of the following substances is organic?
A) salts B) water C) minerals D) vitamins
Answer: D
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29) If a scientist wants to design an experiment to measure the effect of vitamin C on colds, which of the following
would be an appropriate placebo?
A) a sugar pill that does not contain vitamin C
B) the recommended daily amount of vitamin D
C) half the recommended daily amount of vitamin C
D) the recommended daily amount of vitamin C
Answer: A
30) A well-balanced diet includes all of the following actions except
A) relying on dietary supplements. B) consuming phytochemicals and fiber.
C) consuming essential nutrients. D) eating a variety of foods.
Answer: A
31) Josephine is one of 20 participants in a clinical trial for a new weight loss drug. If Josephine receives a placebo
rather than the actual drug, to which group does Josephine belong?
A) experimental group B) hypothesis group
C) epidemiological group D) control group
Answer: D
32) Which of the following is not one of the essential nutrients?
A) water B) fats C) alcohol D) minerals
Answer: C
33) Darren's father, mother, and sister all have diabetes. Darren decides to seek help from a health professional so
he can avoid becoming diabetic as well. Who is the best person Darren should go to for nutrition advice?
A) a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)
B) a public health nutritionist
C) the salesperson at the vitamin and supplement store
D) his trainer at the gym
Answer: A
34) Maize is a staple in the diet of people living in which of the following places?
A) Mexico B) India C) China D) Alaska
Answer: A
35) Rice is a staple in the diet of which of the following ethnic groups?
A) Native American B) Alaskan C) Mexican D) Chinese
Answer: D
36) Fish is most likely to be a staple in the diet of which of the following ethnic groups?
A) Alaskan B) Indian C) Chinese D) Native American
Answer: A
37) Mutton is a staple in the diet of which of the following ethnic groups?
A) Chinese B) Native American C) Indian D) Alaskan
Answer: B
38) Lentils are a staple in the diet of which of the following ethnic groups?
A) Native American B) Indian C) Mexican D) Alaskan
Answer: B
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39) Experimental research is
A) a process involving one group of subjects that receives a specific treatment and a second group of subjects
that does not receive the treatment.
B) a stepwise process used by scientists to evaluate different types of experiments.
C) a process that involves looking at factors in two or more groups of subjects to see if there is a relationship
to certain outcomes.
D) an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.
Answer: A
40) A double-blind placebo-controlled study is
A) a stepwise process used by scientists to identify effective placebos.
B) an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.
C) research in which neither the subjects nor the scientists know which group received the treatment and
which group received a placebo.
D) research that involves looking at factors in two or more groups of subjects to see if there is a relationship to
certain outcomes.
Answer: C
41) A hypothesis is
A) research involving one group of subjects that receives a specific treatment and a second group of subjects
that does not receive the treatment.
B) a stepwise process used by scientists to generate sound research findings.
C) research that involves looking at factors in two or more groups of subjects to see if there is a relationship to
certain outcomes.
D) an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.
Answer: D
42) Observational research is defined as
A) a process involving one group of subjects that receives a specific treatment and a second group of subjects
that does not receive the treatment.
B) an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.
C) a process that involves looking at factors in two or more groups of subjects to see if there is a relationship
to certain outcomes.
D) a stepwise process used by scientists to evaluate different observational techniques.
Answer: C
43) The scientific method is
A) research involving one group of subjects that receives a specific treatment and a second group of subjects
that does not receive the treatment.
B) research in which neither the subjects nor the scientists know which group received the treatment and
which group received a placebo.
C) a stepwise process used by scientists to generate sound research findings.
D) an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.
Answer: C
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
44) Studies have shown that even at 8 years of age, children may not understand the persuasive intent of
advertisements.
Answer: True False
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45) The macronutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins.
Answer: True False
46) The micronutrients include lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Answer: True False
47) Micronutrients are so named because they are less important than macronutrients.
Answer: True False
48) Alcohol is an essential nutrient because it contains energy.
Answer: True False
49) Minerals are inorganic because they do not contain carbon.
Answer: True False
50) According to Healthy People 2020, the body weights of Americans are decreasing.
Answer: True False
51) Some public health nutritionists are ineligible to take the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) exam.
Answer: True False
52) Being overweight is the same thing as being obese.
Answer: True False
53) People who are poor can be overfed in energy nutrients but malnourished in vitamins and minerals.
Answer: True False
54) If a study is done on lab animals, the results cannot be relevant to humans.
Answer: True False
55) It is not a good idea to change your diet based on a single study.
Answer: True False
56) For reporting research results, a regular magazine is just as credible as a peer-reviewed journal.
Answer: True False
57) The "gold standard" of research experiments is the double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Answer: True False
58) Epidemiological research looks at factors in two or more subject groups to see if there is a relationship to a
certain disease or another health outcome.
Answer: True False
59) The Human Genome Project determined the complete sequence of DNA in human cells.
Answer: True False
60) Chronic diseases are caused by genetic influences alone.
Answer: True False
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61) The foods you eat do not affect the expression of genes in your cells.
Answer: True False
62) A registered dietician nutritionist has passed an exam administered by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
(AND).
Answer: True False
63) A quack is a person who promotes health-related products with false claims and information that are not based
in sound scientific research.
Answer: True False
64) One of the objectives of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the proportion of children and adolescents who are
considered obese by 30.5 percent.
Answer: True False
65) Over 65 percent of American adults are overweight and of those, approximately 50 percent are considered
obese.
Answer: True False
66) It is not important if a website does not tell you about their privacy policy.
Answer: True False
67) Carbohydrates, lipids, and alcohol can all provide the body with energy.
Answer: True False
68) Carbohydrates supply glucose, the simple sugar that body cells use as a major energy source.
Answer: True False
69) Compounds that contain carbon are called organic.
Answer: True False
70) A research journal in which fellow scientists review studies to assess whether they are accurate before they are
published is known as a peer-reviewed journal.
Answer: True False
71) The group given a placebo during an experiment is called the placebo group.
Answer: True False
72) An idea generated by scientists based on their observations is a hypothesis.
Answer: True False
73) A person with a BMI of 28 or higher is obese.
Answer: True False
74) The part of plant foods that isn't digested in the small intestine is fiber.
Answer: True False
75) Carrying extra weight on your body in relation to your height is called being overweight.
Answer: True False
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76) The promotion and selling of health products and services of questionable validity is known as the scientific
method.
Answer: True False
77) The substance that bathes the outside of your cells and also helps maintain body temperature is water.
Answer: True False
78) Substances that speed up reactions in your body are known as enzymes.
Answer: True False
79) There are five classes of nutrients.
Answer: True False
80) A nonnutritive compound in foods that may play a role in fighting chronic diseases is called fiber.
Answer: True False
81) The science that studies how the nutrients and compounds in foods affect your body's function and health is
called nutrition.
Answer: True False
82) Nutritional genomics studies the relationship between the components of food and gene expression.
Answer: True False
83) The energy value of foods is measured in units commonly referred to as nutrients.
Answer: True False
84) Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are organic nutrients that provide energy.
Answer: True False
85) Only the energy nutrient carbohydrate contains the element nitrogen.
Answer: True False
86) When a nutrient such as a vitamin is lacking in the diet, a deficiency may result.
Answer: True False
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
87) List the ten leading causes of death in the United States, and comment on which are nutrition related.
Answer: The ten leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases,
accidents, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, influenza/pneumonia, kidney disease, and intentional
self-harm. Heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes are related to nutrition.
88) List the six classes of nutrients, noting which are organic and how much energy they contain, if any.
Answer: carbohydrates organic 4 calories/gram
lipids organic 9 calories/gram
protein organic 4 calories/gram
vitamins organic 0 calories/gram
minerals inorganic 0 calories/gram
water inorganic 0 calories/gram
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89) Claudia and Antonio are having friends over to watch a football game on television. Describe at least three
factors that may influence food choices during the game.
Answer: Influences include mood, peer pressure to eat, social influences (advertising) on what people eat
watching a sport (e.g. chicken wings, beer, chips), health (someone may prefer cut-up vegetables to
higher fat snacks), and convenience (ordering a pizza rather than preparing a meal).
90) What is the difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?
Answer: A macronutrient is an essential nutrient that is needed in larger quantities than is an essential
micronutrient. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients, and the energy nutrients (carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats) are macronutrients.
91) What are phytochemicals and why might they be important?
Answer: At least 900 different phytochemicals have been identified in plant foods so far. These nonnutritive
chemicals work with fiber, nutrients, or unknown substances in foods to provide synergistic effects on
health.
92) Explain how people who have less money are more, rather than less, prone to obesity.
Answer: Households with limited funds for monthly groceries tend to buy less of a variety of foods, and the
quality of the foods tends to be low in nutrients and high in calories. Individuals living in low-income
neighborhoods also tend to have limited access to supermarkets to purchase healthy foods at a
reasonable cost. Poorer neighborhoods also tend to be surrounded by convenience stores and fast-food
restaurants.
93) Marita and Adis are eating lunch in the school lunchroom. Adis says he wants to learn to eat healthier and will
be seeing a nutritionist he met at the deli last week. What advice should Marita give Adis about seeking sound
nutrition advice?
Answer: Adis should check the person's credentials and make sure he or she graduated from an accredited school.
He should also beware if the person giving advice is selling something (supplements, book, etc.).
94) Curtis is writing a paper for his nutrition class and is using the Internet as a resource. Describe what he should
consider when deciding whether a site is reliable or not.
Answer: If a site's URL ends in ".edu" or ".gov" it is probably a reliable site. If the site is not selling something, this
is also a good sign. If the people who sponsor the site are open about their credentials, such as their being
medical doctors or registered dieticians, then the site is likely more credible. A site sponsored by a
pharmaceutical company may be prone to promote their drugs or treatments and may be biased. Links
provided in the site should also be credible, and current information is likely preferable to older
information.
95) Describe a situation in which your emotions led you to make inappropriate food choices.
Answer: Boredom, loneliness, sadness, happiness, celebration, and anger may influence the types and quantities of
foods a person consumes.
96) Discuss how one's cultural background influences food choices.
Answer: Different cultural groups have different traditional foods; these cuisines are influenced in part by climate,
soils, native plants and animals, and which foodstuffs are plentiful and readily accessible.
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97) Describe an experiment you would design to test the following hypothesis: Vitamin C supplements cure colds.
Answer: An appropriate experiment would involve two groups of individuals of the same sex and age. All
individuals are exposed to cold viruses via inhalation. They then are divided into two groups: an
experimental group that receives identical doses of vitamin C supplements and a control group that gets
a placebo. The experiment is double-blind. Signs and symptoms of both groups are tracked over 10 days.
After data collection and analysis, conclusions are made as to whether the vitamin C had an effect on the
cold.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
A) large intestine. B) small intestine. C) mouth. D) stomach.
Answer: C
2) The process of photosynthesis produces which of the following molecules?
A) triglycerides B) glucose C) glycogen D) fructose
Answer: B
3) The function of glycogen is to
A) create membrane structures in plants.
B) store energy in plants.
C) lower blood glucose levels when they rise after a meal.
D) store glucose in humans and animals.
Answer: D
4) Which of the following substances is not a polysaccharide?
A) glycogen B) fiber C) galactose D) starch
Answer: C
5) Which of the following statements regarding the amount of carbohydrate you should consume daily is
incorrect?
A) The minimum amount of carbohydrate needed for the brain to function efficiently is 130 grams per day.
B) In the United States, adult males and females consume more than the minimum DRI for carbohydrates.
C) The AMDR for carbohydrates is 20 to 35 percent of your total daily calories.
D) Eating the recommended daily servings for each food group in MyPyramid will ensure that you meet
your minimum amount of carbohydrate.
Answer: C
6) Which of the following structures is the starchy part of a grain kernel?
A) endosperm B) germ C) husk D) bran
Answer: A
7) Which of the following statements about enriched wheat bread is false?
A) It is missing the thiamin, niacin, and folate that are found in whole wheat bread.
B) It is missing phytochemicals that are found in whole wheat bread.
C) It is made from the endosperm of the wheat kernel.
D) It is missing the fiber that is found in whole wheat bread.
Answer: A
8) Which part of the grain kernel contains vitamin E and heart-healthy fats?
A) bran B) germ C) endosperm D) husk
Answer: B
9) To which of the following organs do monosaccharides go after absorption?
A) pancreas B) liver C) gallbladder D) small intestine
Answer: B
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10) People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot properly digest
A) fiber. B) milk sugar. C) starch. D) table sugar.
Answer: B
11) Which of the following statements about lactose intolerance is incorrect?
A) Clinical signs include diarrhea.
B) Lactase pills can help prevent symptoms.
C) All dairy foods must be completely eliminated from the diet.
D) Cheese is better tolerated than milk.
Answer: C
12) After the release of insulin, which of the following events will not occur?
A) Excess glucose will be stored in your liver as starch.
B) Excess glucose will be stored in your liver as glycogen.
C) Excess glucose will be stored in your muscles as glycogen.
D) Excess glucose will be stored in your fat cells as fat.
Answer: A
13) Which of the following statements regarding diabetes in children is true?
A) Obesity is not a risk factor for diabetes in children.
B) Type 1 is not the only type of diabetes seen in children.
C) Children with diabetes have fewer medical complications from the disease because they are able to adapt
to the changes in glucose metabolism.
D) The last few decades have shown a steady decrease of diabetes among those under the age of 20.
Answer: B
14) What is the source of glucose to supply the energy needs in a person who has not eaten for seven hours?
A) muscle protein B) the brain C) stored fat D) liver glycogen
Answer: D
15) When does glycogenesis occur?
A) during an emergency, when glycogen is broken down to release glucose
B) when there is excess glucose in the blood
C) when a person's blood glucose level dips too low
D) when a person is fasting and glucose is generated from noncarbohydrate sources
Answer: B
16) Approximately how long does it take for liver glycogen stores to be depleted?
A) 12 hours B) 8 hours C) 4 hours D) 18 hours
Answer: D
17) Which of the following statements about ketosis is incorrect?
A) It occurs when glycogen is broken down into glucose for energy.
B) Ketone bodies are the by-products of the incomplete breakdown of fat.
C) It causes your blood to become slightly acidic.
D) It often occurs in people who consume a low-carbohydrate diet.
Answer: A
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18) The reason people who follow a low-carbohydrate diet are often in ketosis is that
A) they eat inadequate amounts of fat. B) they eat too much protein.
C) their diet lacks sufficient fiber. D) they are unable to break down fat completely.
Answer: D
19) According to the latest DRIs, what is the recommended minimum amount of carbohydrates that should be
consumed daily?
A) 50 grams B) 130 grams C) 250 grams D) 25 grams
Answer: B
20) The current DRIs recommend that you consume ________ grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories you eat.
A) 35 B) 5 C) 14 D) 28
Answer: C
21) Which of the following conditions in a person with diabetes does not result from nerve damage?
A) numbness in the toes, feet, legs, and hands
B) cloudy vision and eventual blindness
C) changes in sexual function
D) a decreased ability to feel changes in temperature or pain in the legs and feet
Answer: B
22) Which of the following hormones does not increase blood glucose levels?
A) adrenaline B) insulin C) epinephrine D) glucagon
Answer: B
23) Which of the following statements concerning sugar is correct?
A) Eating sugar makes one gain weight. B) Eating sugar is a direct cause of diabetes.
C) Eating sugar causes hyperactivity in children. D) Eating sugar can contribute to dental caries.
Answer: D
24) Which of the following sugar substitutes was removed by the National Toxicology Program from the list of
substances that could potentially cause cancer?
A) saccharin B) mannitol C) sucralose D) aspartame
Answer: A
25) Which of the following statements about aspartame is incorrect?
A) The FDA has concluded that it is safe to consume it.
B) People with PKU should monitor its intake.
C) Its trade name is Sweet 'N Low.
D) It is composed of two amino acids.
Answer: C
26) Which of the following statements does not present a health benefit attributed to eating insoluble fiber?
A) It lowers the risk of developing diverticulosis. B) It lowers the risk of developing obesity.
C) It lowers the risk of developing kidney disease. D) It lowers the risk of developing constipation.
Answer: C
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27) Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is incorrect?
A) The immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
B) Insulin is produced, but cells are not using it properly.
C) Daily insulin injections are required.
D) It usually begins in childhood.
Answer: B
28) If poorly managed, diabetes can increase the likelihood of all of the following outcomes except
A) breast cancer. B) eye diseases.
C) kidney disease. D) amputations of limbs.
Answer: A
29) Which of the following is not the name of a sugar?
A) lignin B) malt syrup
C) high-fructose corn syrup D) dextrose
Answer: A
30) Which of the following foods is most likely to promote dental caries?
A) cheese B) carrots
C) raisins D) chewing gum with xylitol
Answer: C
31) Which of the following carbohydrates is also known as table sugar?
A) sucrose B) fructose C) lactose D) maltose
Answer: A
32) Which of the following carbohydrates is made from two glucose units joined together?
A) maltose B) lactose C) sucrose D) galactose
Answer: A
33) Which of the following carbohydrates is the storage form of glucose in animals?
A) glucose B) starch C) glycogen D) fiber
Answer: C
34) Which of the following carbohydrates is a chain of glucose units found in plants only?
A) fiber B) starch C) maltose D) glycogen
Answer: B
35) Which of the following carbohydrates is also known as milk sugar?
A) sucrose B) glucose C) lactose D) maltose
Answer: C
36) ________ should not be given to infants younger than one year of age because of the risk of botulism.
A) Honey B) High-fructose corn syrup
C) Brown sugar D) Molasses
Answer: A
37) The disaccharide lactose is composed of glucose and
A) maltose. B) sucrose. C) galactose. D) fructose.
Answer: C
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38) The enzyme ________ begins the digestion of starch in the mouth.
A) maltase B) sucrase C) amylase D) lactase
Answer: C
39) The ________ converts galactose and fructose to glucose.
A) pancreas B) gall bladder C) stomach D) liver
Answer: D
40) The ________ refers to the measured upward rise, peak, and eventual fall of blood glucose following the
consumption of a carbohydrate-intense food.
A) glucose capacity B) anemia-prevention index
C) glycemic index D) diabetic index
Answer: C
41) Both fat and ________ are important sources of stored energy.
A) glycogen B) fiber C) glucagon D) hydrogen
Answer: A
42) Epinephrine can stimulate ________ to quickly flood the blood with glucose.
A) gluconeogenesis B) ketoacidosis C) glycogenolysis D) ketosis
Answer: C
43) When too much sugar is consumed in the diet, glucose in the blood exceeds the body's need for energy, and
glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, and as ________ in fat tissue.
A) glucagon B) ketone bodies C) glycerol D) triglycerides
Answer: D
44) All sugar substitutes must be approved by the ________ before they are allowed in food products sold in the
United States.
A) MBA B) ADA C) AMA D) FDA
Answer: D
45) The artificial sweetener Splenda contains ________, which is a modified sucrose molecule.
A) sorbitol B) sucralose C) saccharin D) aspartame
Answer: B
46) ________ cells and red blood cells rely on glucose for energy.
A) Skin B) Cone C) Basal D) Brain
Answer: D
47) Plants make glucose through a process called
A) mitosis. B) respiration. C) photosynthesis. D) acceleration.
Answer: C
48) Which of the following items is not a number-one source of added sugars in the American diet?
A) sports drinks B) breakfast cereals C) sodas D) energy drinks
Answer: B
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49) The sugar substitute aspartame is composed of two ________ acids.
A) fatty B) lactic C) deoxyribonucleic D) amino
Answer: D
50) Insulin and glucagon are hormones released by the
A) stomach. B) brain. C) liver. D) pancreas.
Answer: D
51) Viscous soluble fiber helps to lower blood cholesterol levels by interfering with the reabsorption of ________ in
the intestines.
A) sugar B) bile acids C) uric acid D) protein
Answer: B
52) The creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (primarily proteins) is called
A) glycogneogenesis. B) glucogenesis. C) gluconeogenesis. D) glycogenolysis.
Answer: C
53) The by-products of incomplete fat breakdown are known as
A) ketone bodies. B) keratin fibers.
C) glucose monomers. D) collagen fibers.
Answer: A
54) Symptoms of ________ include light-headedness, dizziness, shakiness, and hunger.
A) hyperglycemia B) prediabetes C) ketosis D) hypoglycemia
Answer: D
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
55) Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Answer: True False
56) The glycogen stored in meat and poultry is a significant source of calories in our diet.
Answer: True False
57) The Nutrition Facts panel currently used on food labels distinguishes between naturally occurring and added
sugars.
Answer: True False
58) When choosing to eat fruit, fresh or frozen fruit is superior to canned fruit.
Answer: True False
59) It is safe to give honey to children of any age.
Answer: True False
60) Refined grains are more nutrient-dense than whole grains.
Answer: True False
61) When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released by the kidneys to lower the level.
Answer: True False
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62) Individuals who follow a strict low-carbohydrate diet are often in ketosis.
Answer: True False
63) Eating cheese has been shown to protect teeth from acid.
Answer: True False
64) The DRIs recommend 18 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories consumed.
Answer: True False
65) About 80 million people have prediabetes.
Answer: True False
66) Children can have type 1 diabetes but cannot have type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True False
67) All the nutrients and phytochemicals lost in the processing of wheat flour are added back in the enrichment
process.
Answer: True False
68) Being overweight puts a person at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, the most common type of
diabetes.
Answer: True False
69) Diabetics can help avoid hypoglycemia by eating smaller, well-balanced meals throughout the day.
Answer: True False
70) Pectin is an insoluble fiber that moves quickly through the intestinal tract and has a laxative effect.
Answer: True False
71) The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial showed that an intense regimen that controlled blood glucose
had no effect on the development of complications from type 1 diabetes.
Answer: True False
72) Insulin can direct the conversion of excess glucose into fat.
Answer: True False
73) When fasting continues long beyond glycogen depletion, body protein will be broken down to make glucose.
Answer: True False
74) The main role of carbohydrates is to supply building material for muscles.
Answer: True False
75) Insulin is not made in type 2 diabetes.
Answer: True False
76) Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 to 95 percent of cases of the disease.
Answer: True False
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77) Type 1 diabetes requires daily insulin injections or an insulin pump.
Answer: True False
78) Being overweight increases the risk of type 1 diabetes.
Answer: True False
79) Type 1 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance.
Answer: True False
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
80) Compare the DRI recommendation for added sugar with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010's
recommendation for added sugar.
Answer: The DRI recommends that less than 25% of daily calories come from added sugar, whereas the Dietary
Guidelines for Americans, 2010 recommends that no more than 5% to 15% of daily calories come from a
combination of added sugar and solid fats.
81) Briefly discuss the complications that arise from poorly managed diabetes.
Answer: Complications of diabetes can include cardiovascular disease, blindness, reduced circulation leading to
amputations of limbs, kidney failure, nerve damage, tooth loss, and gum problems.
82) What is the difference between insoluble fiber and soluble fiber?
Answer: Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water, whereas soluble fiber does. Insoluble fiber holds water in the
stool and thereby helps with constipation, diverticulosis, certain cancers, heart disease, and obesity.
Soluble fiber binds bile salts and can help to lower cholesterol (and thus reduce the risk of heart disease)
as well as slow the digestion of carbohydrates, thereby lowering the risk of constipation and obesity and
helping to lower blood glucose levels after meals in people with diabetes.
83) Why is whole-grain bread a better choice than enriched bread?
Answer: Whole-grain bread has abundant vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fiber; enriched bread has
some vitamins and minerals but the fiber and phytochemicals have been removed.
84) List at least five ways you can improve your tolerance to lactose in dairy foods.
Answer: Choose dairy foods that are better tolerated, such as Swiss or cheddar cheese and yogurts that contain
active cultures. Try reduced-lactose milk and dairy products. Take lactase pills with dairy foods.
Consume smaller amounts of dairy foods throughout the day. Eat dairy foods with a meal or snack rather
than by themselves. Add dairy foods to the diet gradually.
85) Identify at least four ways you can increase the amount of fiber in your diet.
Answer: Eat whole grains instead of processed grains (whole-wheat bread instead of white bread, and brown rice
instead of white rice). Eat more whole fruits and vegetables. Snack on 100-percent whole-wheat crackers
or popcorn. Add beans and other legumes to your meals. Eat a high-fiber cereal every day, for breakfast
or as a snack. Note that increasing fiber intake too quickly can be harmful, so increase fiber consumption
gradually and drink more fluids.
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86) What are the four mechanisms that may account for fiber's role in fighting colorectal cancer?
Answer: 1) Fiber increases the bulk of stool, which can dilute cancer-promoting agents in the colon. 2) Fiber helps
move stool through the digestive tract, limiting the time cancer-promoting substances are in contact with
the intestinal lining. 3) Fiber promotes the growth of friendly bacteria and their fermentation
by-products, which may fight cancer. 4) Fiber binds with bile acids and reduces their concentration in the
colon, which may deter the development of colorectal cancer.
87) Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Construct a table to organize your ideas and include mention
of the causes, treatments, prevalence, and age of onset of each type.
Answer: Type 1 Type 2
Cause Immune system destroys
insulin-producing cells of the
pancreas
Insulin resistance in which
body cells are unresponsive to
insulin
Treatment Daily injections of insulin or an
insulin pump
Weight loss and/or
medications
Prevalence 5 to 10 percent 90 to 95 percent
Age of Onset Usually childhood or young
adult
Usually older person, but
increasingly seen in
overweight youngsters
88) Describe how fasting or being on a low-carbohydrate diet can lead to ketosis.
Answer: Once glycogen depletion has occurred (whether following low carbohydrate intake or fasting), the body's
stored fat is metabolized to provide glucose for energy. For fat to be used efficiently to provide energy,
carbohydrates must be present, so with a low-carbohydrate diet or fasting, fat metabolism becomes
inefficient. After a short while, the inefficient metabolism of fat leads to the formation of by-products
called ketone bodies, which subsequently build up in the blood, producing the state of ketosis.
89) Discuss the complete process of carbohydrate digestion, beginning in the mouth.
Answer: Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of amylase in the saliva on starch in the food.
The action of amylase continues until stomach acids deactivate this enzyme. The arrival of food in the
small intestine stimulates the release of another enzyme, pancreatic amylase, which further breaks down
starch molecules into the disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Then brush border enzymes
(maltase, lactase, and sucrose) in the microvilli break the disaccharides into the monosaccharides glucose,
galactose, and fructose. These monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the
liver, where the fructose and galactose are converted to glucose, which is either stored in the liver or
transported in the blood for delivery to your cells. The fiber continues down to the large intestine, where
some of it is metabolized by bacteria in your colon. The majority of the fiber is eliminated in stool.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which of the following statements about vitamins is incorrect?
A) They are organic compounds. B) They are needed for growth.
C) They provide energy. D) They are tasteless.
Answer: C
2) Which of the following vitamins is transported in a micelle along with bile and fatty acids?
A) niacin B) riboflavin C) vitamin C D) vitamin A
Answer: D
3) Which of the following conditions will not destroy the vitamin content of foods?
A) cold B) air C) heat D) water
Answer: A
4) Which of the following statements about xerophthalmia is correct?
A) It mainly affects the gallbladder.
B) It often results from an overdose of vitamin A.
C) It can result from the consumption of too many carrots.
D) It is defined as permanent damage to the cornea resulting from a vitamin A deficiency.
Answer: D
5) Which of the following substances is a form of naturally occurring vitamin E?
A) beta-carotene B) riboflavin C) pantothenic acid D) alpha-tocopherol
Answer: D
6) Which of the following vitamins is light sensitive and abundant in milk?
A) alpha-tocopherol B) thiamin C) riboflavin D) vitamin C
Answer: C
7) Which of the following vitamins is essential for blood clotting?
A) vitamin D B) vitamin K C) vitamin A D) vitamin C
Answer: B
8) Which of the following vitamins is important in a woman's diet before she conceives a baby?
A) pantothenic acid B) riboflavin C) vitamin D D) folate
Answer: D
9) Which of the following vitamins has been shown to reduce the risk of certain cancers, especially colon cancer?
A) thiamin B) vitamin C C) alpha-tocopherol D) folate
Answer: D
10) Vitamin C is necessary for which of the following processes?
A) vitamin B12 synthesis B) blood clotting
C) bone growth D) collagen production
Answer: D
11) Pellagra is a condition associated with a deficiency of which vitamin?
A) vitamin D B) vitamin B3 C) vitamin C D) vitamin B2
Answer: B
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12) Which of the following conditions is a vitamin D deficiency disease in children?
A) osteoporosis B) beriberi C) rickets D) osteomalacia
Answer: C
13) Which of the following conditions is not caused by a vitamin D deficiency?
A) scurvy B) rickets C) osteoporosis D) osteomalacia
Answer: A
14) Which of the following factors is not responsible for the increase in cases of rickets in the United States?
A) increased use of sunscreens B) consumption of low-fat milk
C) air pollution D) scarcity of outdoor activities
Answer: B
15) Which of the following vitamins cannot be synthesized by your body?
A) biotin B) vitamin C C) vitamin D D) vitamin K
Answer: B
16) Thiamin deficiency results in which of the following conditions?
A) pellagra B) rickets C) scurvy D) beriberi
Answer: D
17) The phytochemical anthocyanin is found in
A) barley. B) bananas. C) broccoli. D) beets.
Answer: D
18) Which of the following vitamins has been shown to beneficially alter the serum levels of triglycerides?
A) thiamin B) vitamin B C) niacin D) vitamin C
Answer: C
19) Which of the following actions is the best way to reduce your chances of catching a cold?
A) frequent hand-washing with soap and water B) taking vitamin C supplements
C) avoiding outside activities on very cold days D) consuming the herb Echinacea
Answer: A
20) Which of the following vitamins is involved in breaking down homocysteine in the blood?
A) thiamin B) folate C) vitamin D D) niacin
Answer: B
21) Which of the following substances is not an antioxidant?
A) biotin B) beta-carotene C) vitamin E D) vitamin C
Answer: A
22) Folate can be found in the highest levels in which of the following foods?
A) beans B) oranges C) meat D) asparagus
Answer: D
23) Naturally occurring vitamin B12 is found in which of the following foods?
A) oranges B) peanuts C) eggs D) cantaloupe
Answer: C
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24) Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is false?
A) The body's ability to absorb this vitamin increases with age.
B) When it is deficient in the diet, pernicious anemia may result.
C) Its naturally occurring form is found only in foods from animal sources.
D) For its absorption to occur, intrinsic factor is required.
Answer: A
25) Pernicious anemia occurs when there is a deficiency of which vitamin?
A) B12 B) B2 C) B5 D) B6
Answer: A
26) Which of the following people might not benefit from a vitamin supplement?
A) strict vegetarians
B) individuals who don't drink milk or go out in the sun
C) women of childbearing age
D) individuals who regularly eat fortified foods
Answer: D
27) According to a study conducted by the National Eye Institute, which of the following lists of supplements may
lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration?
A) vitamin D, vitamin K, and niacin B) choline, carnitine, and inositol
C) pantothenic acid, biotin, and thiamin D) vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene
Answer: D
28) At which sites is the inactive form of vitamin D converted to the active form?
A) in the stomach and then in the small intestine B) in the liver and then in the kidneys
C) in the blood and then in the skin D) in the liver and then in the gallbladder
Answer: B
29) Which of the following vitamins helps bone health by regulating calcium and phosphorus?
A) vitamin E B) vitamin D C) vitamin K D) choline
Answer: B
30) Vitamin K has a role
A) as an anticoagulant.
B) in the production of the proteins rhodopsin and iodopsin.
C) in enabling osteocalcin to bind with calcium in bones.
D) in the synthesis of collagen.
Answer: C
31) When the B vitamins help numerous enzymes produce reactions within cells, they are acting as
A) anticoagulants. B) coenzymes. C) hormones. D) antioxidants.
Answer: B
32) Vitamin C is also known as ________ acid.
A) nicotinic B) folic C) pantothenic D) ascorbic
Answer: D
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33) Foods that have had nutrients added to them are designated as ________ foods.
A) adulterated B) refined C) fortified D) supplemented
Answer: C
34) Which of the following organizations sets purity and reliability standards for dietary supplements?
A) ADA B) USDA C) FDA D) USP
Answer: D
35) ________ and vitamin B12 are B vitamins needed for keeping red blood cells healthy.
A) Vitamin B6 B) Niacin C) Thiamin D) Folate
Answer: D
36) ________ is a vitamin-like substance that is abundant in foods from animal sources and is needed to properly
utilize fat.
A) Inositol B) Lipoic acid C) Choline D) Carnitine
Answer: D
37) Oxygen-containing molecules that can damage cells and possibly contribute to the increased risk of certain
chronic diseases are called
A) antioxidants. B) free radicals. C) supplements. D) phytochemicals.
Answer: B
38) Excessive amounts of water-soluble vitamins are often excreted in
A) mucus. B) the feces. C) urine. D) the blood.
Answer: C
39) ________ plays a role in breaking down alcohol in the body.
A) Riboflavin B) Folate C) Thiamin D) Niacin
Answer: C
40) The signs and symptoms of ________ include dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea.
A) rickets B) beriberi C) anemia D) pellagra
Answer: D
41) The body can synthesize ________ from the amino acid tryptophan.
A) riboflavin B) niacin C) folate D) thiamin
Answer: B
42) Vitamin B6 is a collective name for several related compounds, including
A) cobalamin. B) folic acid. C) choline. D) pyridoxine.
Answer: D
43) ________ boosts the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin K C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin C
Answer: D
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44) Vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene act as ________, which may reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer,
arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease.
A) antioxidants B) provitamins C) anticoagulants D) free radicals
Answer: A
45) Vitamin C helps the body absorb ________ from plant foods such as grains and cereals.
A) calories B) protein C) calcium D) iron
Answer: D
46) Ascorbic acid acts as a coenzyme and is needed for the production of
A) hemoglobin. B) glycogen. C) osteocalcin. D) collagen.
Answer: D
47) The disease resulting from vitamin C deficiency is called
A) hemochromatosis. B) rickets. C) scurvy. D) beriberi.
Answer: C
48) The condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy is called
A) a cataract. B) glaucoma.
C) marasmus. D) age-related macular degeneration.
Answer: A
49) ________ are naturally occurring plant compounds that act as antioxidants and give fruits and vegetables their
vibrant colors.
A) Fat-soluble vitamins B) Phytochemicals
C) Antioxidants D) Free radicals
Answer: B
50) Individuals who cannot produce intrinsic factor and thus cannot absorb vitamin B12 may develop ________
anemia.
A) sickle cell B) pernicious C) macrocytic D) aplastic
Answer: B
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
51) Excessive amounts of vitamin E in the body increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Answer: True False
52) To produce vitamin D from sunlight, individuals with dark skin require a shorter period of sun exposure than
people with lighter skin.
Answer: True False
53) The disease that occurs in humans who have a thiamin deficiency is called beriberi.
Answer: True False
54) Protein-rich foods are good sources of tryptophan and thus of thiamin.
Answer: True False
55) Consuming too much niacin can cause flushing of the skin.
Answer: True False
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56) Prolonged heat from cooking will destroy water-soluble vitamins.
Answer: True False
57) Cutting vegetables and fruits hours before eating them will have no effect on their vitamin content.
Answer: True False
58) Overconsumption of fat-soluble vitamins is more likely to be toxic than overconsumption of water-soluble
vitamins.
Answer: True False
59) Nerve damage caused by pernicious anemia, if diagnosed early enough, can be reversed with treatments of
vitamin B12.
Answer: True False
60) The most usable form of vitamin A is retinoic acid.
Answer: True False
61) Using retinoids during pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Answer: True False
62) Carotenodermia is a life-threatening toxic reaction to the overconsumption of vitamin A.
Answer: True False
63) The water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin E.
Answer: True False
64) Vitamin K is a component of two light-sensitive proteins that are essential for vision.
Answer: True False
65) A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness and xerophthalmia.
Answer: True False
66) One of the easiest ways to get vitamin D is by drinking fortified milk.
Answer: True False
67) The adult equivalent of rickets is called osteomalacia.
Answer: True False
68) One of the best ways to reduce your chances of catching a cold is to take vitamin C supplements.
Answer: True False
69) Vitamins do not provide energy.
Answer: True False
70) Large amounts of vitamin B6 taken through supplements may be associated with nerve damage.
Answer: True False
71) A diet deficient in vitamin C can result in macrocytic anemia.
Answer: True False
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72) A diet deficient in vitamin B6 can result in pernicious anemia.
Answer: True False
73) A diet that contains too much niacin may result in pellagra.
Answer: True False
74) A diet deficient in vitamin C can result in rickets.
Answer: True False
75) A diet deficient in vitamin D can result in osteomalacia.
Answer: True False
76) Vitamin D helps maintain calcium balance in the blood.
Answer: True False
77) Vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme with more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of proteins.
Answer: True False
78) Vitamin C is needed to make hemoglobin, the most abundant protein in the human body.
Answer: True False
79) Vitamin K is an important anticoagulant.
Answer: True False
80) Biotin plays a part in DNA formation.
Answer: True False
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
81) What are coenzymes, and which vitamins play this role in the body?
Answer: Coenzymes are substances needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body.
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin are all
coenzymes. All are B vitamins.
82) What is an antioxidant and which vitamins play this role in the body?
Answer: Antioxidants are substances that neutralize harmful oxygen-containing free radicals that can cause cell
damage. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene are antioxidants.
83) Vegans are particularly at risk for deficiencies of which vitamins?
Answer: B 12 is only found in animal foods, and the best source of vitamin D is dairy, which vegans would not
consume.
84) What are the first physical signs of riboflavin deficiency? What is one of the best food sources for riboflavin?
Answer: The throat, mouth, and tongue will become red and inflamed (glossitis), and the lips will become dry and
scaly. Milk is an excellent source of riboflavin.
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85) Name four diseases that free radicals are thought to promote.
Answer: Free radicals may promote oxidative stress, which can contribute to heart disease, cancer, aging, diabetes
mellitus, arthritis, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's
disease.
86) What is "intrinsic factor" and what is its relationship to vitamin B12? What happens if a person no longer makes
intrinsic factor?
Answer: Intrinsic factor is a protein produced in your stomach that helps promote vitamin B12 absorption. It binds
with B12 in the small intestine, where the vitamin is absorbed. Individuals who cannot make intrinsic
factor are diagnosed with pernicious anemia and must be given injections of B12 directly into the blood,
bypassing the intestine.
87) What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? Which vitamins and minerals were shown in a study by the
National Eye Institute to reduce the risk of this disease?
Answer: AMD is a disease that affects the macula of the retina, causing blurry vision in the center of the eye and
eventually blindness. Free radical accumulation contributes to AMD. A study by the NEI discovered that
supplements containing large amounts of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene) along
with the minerals zinc and copper, were effective in reducing the risk of AMD as well as the loss of vision
in people with advanced stages of AMD.
88) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of a severe deficiency of which vitamin? Why is this disease caused by
chronic alcohol abuse? What are the common symptoms of this syndrome?
Answer: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of a severe deficiency of thiamine. Chronic alcohol
consumption/abuse interferes with the absorption of dietary thiamin, thus accelerating its excretion from
the body. The common symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include memory loss, difficulty
seeing, mental confusion, low blood pressure, uncontrolled movement of the arms and legs, and even
coma.
89) Discuss the role folate plays during pregnancy.
Answer: Folate is very important, especially in the first few weeks after conception. A deficiency during
pregnancy may cause birth defects called neural tube defects. One result is anencephaly, where the brain
doesn't completely form and the baby dies soon after birth. Another result is spina bifida where the
neural tube doesn't form correctly and the baby is born with its spinal cord exposed. Folic acid reduces
the risk of these birth defects by 50 to 70 percent if consumed at least the month prior to conception and
during the early part of pregnancy.
90) What is rickets, and why is its incidence increasing in the United States?
Answer: Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency in children. The bones of children with rickets do not adequately
mineralize with calcium and phosphorus, and this causes them to weaken. Due to these "soft bones,"
these children develop bowed legs. The disease is on the rise, in spite of milk being fortified with vitamin
D, probably due to changes in the lifestyles and diets of children in America. One reason may be the
increase in the consumption of soft drinks instead of milk. Another reason may be concern over skin
cancer; childhood exposure to sunlight appears to increase the risk of skin cancer, but exposure to
sunlight is also a way self-synthesis of vitamin D can occur. A last factor may be that air pollution
reduces ultraviolet rays of the sun by as much as 60 percent.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Moderate alcohol consumption is no more than ________ alcoholic drink(s) daily for adult women and up to
________ drink(s) daily for adult men.
A) 2; 3 B) 1; 2 C) 1; 3 D) 1; 1
Answer: B
2) Which of the following statements about resveratrol is incorrect?
A) It is responsible for hangovers. B) It is a flavonoid.
C) It is found in red wine. D) It is a type of phytochemical.
Answer: A
3) Which of the following factors does not affect how quickly the body absorbs and metabolizes alcohol?
A) whether you are male or female B) the time of day you drink
C) the amount of food in your stomach D) the amount of alcohol you drink
Answer: B
4) Alcohol is metabolized primarily in the
A) stomach. B) liver. C) small intestine. D) pancreas.
Answer: B
5) The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is located in the
A) mouth and throat. B) gallbladder and kidneys.
C) intestines and colon. D) stomach and liver.
Answer: D
6) A blood alcohol concentration above ________ will often result in death.
A) 0.31 B) 0.21 C) 0.11 D) 0.41
Answer: D
7) Which of the following areas of the brain is affected first by alcohol?
A) cerebral cortex B) brain stem
C) cerebellum D) All of these areas are affected at the same time.
Answer: A
8) Compounds in alcoholic beverages that enhance flavor and appearance but may contribute to hangover
symptoms are called
A) congeners. B) alcohol-based toxins.
C) acetaldehydes. D) resveratrols.
Answer: A
9) Which of the following statements concerning a hangover is correct?
A) Consuming a raw egg can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms.
B) Time is the only true remedy for hangover symptoms.
C) Drinking a mixture of congeners can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms.
D) Drinking more alcohol mixed with orange juice can be an effective remedy for hangover symptoms.
Answer: B
10) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with a deficiency of
A) niacin. B) vitamin C. C) vitamin E. D) thiamin.
Answer: D
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11) Drinking too much alcohol can interfere with the absorption and/or use of
A) fat-soluble vitamins. B) zinc.
C) protein. D) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
12) The effects of fatty liver can be reversed by
A) eating more dairy products. B) consuming more vitamin C in the diet.
C) stopping the consumption of alcohol. D) drinking more fluids.
Answer: C
13) Which of the following conditions is the second stage of alcoholic liver disease?
A) cirrhosis B) fatty liver C) alcohol hepatitis D) gastritis
Answer: C
14) In addition to chronically drinking too much alcohol, which of the following lifestyle behaviors heightens the
risk of esophageal cancer?
A) eating a high-fat diet B) inactivity
C) smoking cigarettes D) obesity
Answer: C
15) Endotoxin, released by bacteria in the intestines, can cause the liver to release damaging compounds called
A) congeners. B) acetaldehydes. C) free radicals. D) cytokines.
Answer: D
16) Which of the following statements regarding the third stage of alcoholic liver disease is incorrect?
A) It is reversible. B) Liver cells die.
C) It is also known as cirrhosis. D) Scar tissue is formed.
Answer: A
17) Which of the following substances is released by intestinal bacteria, travels to the liver, and initiates further liver
damage?
A) endotoxin B) MEOS C) free radicals D) acetaldehyde
Answer: A
18) Which of the following recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy is safe?
A) An occasional drink is perfectly fine during the third trimester.
B) An occasional drink is okay during the first trimester.
C) Drink only moderately during pregnancy.
D) Do not drink at all during pregnancy.
Answer: D
19) Binge drinking is the consumption of ________ or more alcoholic drinks by men or ________ or more drinks by
women, in a very short time.
A) 5; 4 B) 5; 2 C) 3; 3 D) 4; 3
Answer: A
20) Approximately how many college students die every year from binge drinking?
A) 800 B) 1,300 C) 700 D) 1,825
Answer: D
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21) For adults in the United States, the legal limit for driving is a blood alcohol content of
A) 0.10. B) 0.08. C) 0.04. D) 0.20.
Answer: B
22) Which of the following conditions is a symptom of alcohol use disorder?
A) craving alcohol B) withdrawal symptoms
C) an inability to limit alcohol intake D) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
23) The people who gain health benefits from moderate alcohol consumption are
A) women age 35 and older and men age 25 and older.
B) women and men of all ages.
C) women age 55 and older and men age 45 and older.
D) women age 21 and older and men age 18 and older.
Answer: C
24) Which of the following substances, when consumed during and after alcohol consumption, has been shown to
cause liver damage in some cases?
A) acetaminophen B) ibuprofen C) endotoxin D) caffeine
Answer: A
25) Which of the following statements about alcohol is incorrect?
A) It promotes a good night's sleep.
B) It is associated with sexual dysfunction in males and females.
C) It can increase estrogen levels in women.
D) It can damage heart tissue and increase the risk of hypertension.
Answer: A
26) Which of the following statements indicates what will occur if you consistently add extra calories from alcoholic
beverages to a diet that is already meeting your daily caloric needs?
A) You will gain weight because the extra calories are converted to fat.
B) It depends on whether the alcohol beverages consumed are wine or beer.
C) You will remain at the same weight because the calories in alcohol are negligible.
D) You will lose weight because alcohol raises your metabolism.
Answer: A
27) Which of the following body systems in the fetus is seriously damaged when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?
A) respiratory B) nervous C) reproductive D) gastrointestinal
Answer: B
28) Which of the following statements about binge drinking is incorrect?
A) It can increase the chance that unprotected sex will occur.
B) It can cause blackouts.
C) It is a normal part of the college experience.
D) It can be associated with heart attacks.
Answer: C
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