Solution Manual For Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach, 4th Edition

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1-1Answer Guide forMedical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach4thed.Case 1–Pediatric Weight ManagementI.Understanding the Disease and Pathophysiology1.Current research indicates the cause of childhood obesity is multifactorial. Briefly outline the roles ofgenetics, environment, and nutritional intake in development of obesity in children.Biological (genetics and pathophysiology):•30%-75% of adiposity in children is related to genetics•In children < 3 years of age, the strongest predictor of adulthood obesity is parental obesity•Both prenatal undernutrition and overnutrition appear to increase lifelong risk for obesity•Genetic/hormonal: Some of the most common are:oPrader-Willi syndromeoCushing’s syndromeoHypo-/hyperthyroidismEnvironmental (sedentary behaviors, SES, modernization, culture, dietary intake):•Video and computer games and cable and satellite television have made sedentary activities more appealingo98% of children in the U.S. live in homes with at least one televisiono80% of children live in homes with at least one DVD playeroHalf of the children who live in the U.S. have at least one video game system in their homesoOn average, children spend 3 hours per day watching television•African American and Hispanic children participate in fewer vigorous activities and/or more sedentaryactivities than Whites•Girls are less physically active than boys•Dietary factorsoLow intake of vegetables and fruitsoHigh intake of fast foods and sweetsoIncreased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinksoSkipping breakfastoIncreased consumption of refined carbohydrates (ready-to-eat cereals, potatoes, cakes, biscuits, softdrinks)Global (society, community, organization, interpersonal, individual):•Community design focused on cars has discouraged walking and bike riding•Increased concerns about safety limit timesand areas in which children play outside•Time in physical education classes in schools has decreased•Limited number of parks and recreation areas in communities2.Describe health consequences of overweight and obesity for children.•OrthopedicoAbnormalities affecting feet, legs, hipsoSlipped capital femoral epiphysisoBlount’s disease (bowing of lower legs & tibial tortion)•NeurologicaloPseudotumor cerebri (increased pressure in skull)oRecurrent headaches•PulmonaryoAsthmaoSleep disordersoSleep apnea•GastrointestinaloCholecystitisoHepatic steatosis

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