Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues 12th Edition Test Bank

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank—V.12.1/Nov. 2014

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1CONTENTSPREFACE…3ERRATA…5PART ONE—A DEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE1Introduction to Demography…62Global Population Trends...103Demographic Perspectives...154Demographic Data…20PART TWO—POPULATION PROCESSES5The Health and Mortality Transition...256The Fertility Transition...307The Migration Transition...35PART THREE—POPULATION STRUCTURE ANDCHARACTERISTICS8The Age Transition...409The Urban Transition...4410The Family and Household Transition...48PART FOUR—USING THE DEMOGRAPHICPERSPECTIVE11Population and Sustainability...5312What Lies Ahead?...58TERM PROJECT TEMPLATES…63

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2PREFACEThisInstructor'sManual andTestBank is a companion to my book,POPULATION: AN INTRODUCTIONTOCONCEPTS AND ISSUES, TWELFTHEDITION(Boston, MA:Cengage Learning 2016). Most ofthe material presented here has been used successfully in my own classes, but I would appreciate feedback fromusers with respect to suggested revised wording ofquestions and answers, as well as student responsesto termprojects and supplemental material. I should note that over the years I have gradually withdrawn from reliance onthe multiple-choice and true-false questions in my own classes, so I will especially appreciate feedback on thequality of these questions. I am currently using these questions in Blackboard, requiring that students keepanswering questions until they get them right, rather than using them directly as a grading device. If you have ideasand suggestions please email me atjohn.weeks@sdsu.edu, and I will try to incorporate them into subsequent updatesof this manual.Please visit, comment on, and make useof my blog:http://weekspopulation.blogspot.com/Each item posted to the blog is identified according to the chapter(s) to which it most closely relates. Byclicking on the labels listed on the right-hand side of the page, you will bring up related posts, which can thenbe the basis of class discussion and/or essay assignments. You can also search for key words.The blog can be accessed directly throughmy iPhone app:WeeksPopulation(available on the iTunes store).

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3FEATURES OF THIS MANUALFor each of the 12 chapters in the text, I have provided the following:•Learning Objectivesfor the chapter;•Main Pointsfrom each chapter, as asummary of the chapter contents;•Examination questions, including 20 multiple-choice and 10 true-false questions per chapter;•Five essay/class discussion questions,which are drawn from the discussion questions at the end of eachchapter;and•A list of the websitessuggested at theend of each chapter of the text.In addition, I have provided at the end of the manual a set oftwoterm projecttemplates.There is also a set ofPowerPoint slidesthat I have prepared for each chapter that may be downloaded from thepublisher’s website, at the same location where you found this Instructor’s Manual. You mayalsocontact medirectly atjohn.weeks@sdsu.edufor a copy of the slides.

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4ERRATAPage 222—Figure 6.5. The correlation coefficient (r) should be a negative value:–.76.

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5PA R TO N EAD E M O G R A P H I CP E R S P E C T I V ECHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION TO DEMOGRAPHYLEARNING OBJECTIVES1.Understand what the field of demography is all about.2.Understand why demography is important to study—how it connects the dots.3.Heighten the awareness of the relationships between population andresources.4.Comprehend the relationships between population and global events.5.Understand how demographic information can be used.MAIN POINTS1.Demography is concerned with everything that influences or can be influenced by population size, growth ordecline, processes, spatial distribution, structure, and characteristics.2.Almost everything in your life has demographic underpinnings that you should understand.3.Demography is a force in the world that influences every improvement in human well-being that the world haswitnessed over the past few hundred years.4.The past was very different from the present in large part because of demographic changes taking place all overthe globe; and the future will be different for the same reasons.5.The cornerstones of population studies are the processes of mortality (a deadly subject), fertility (a well-conceived topic), and migration (a moving experience).6.Demographic change demands that societies adjust, thus forcing social change, but different societies willrespond differently to these challenges, sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse.7.Examples of global issues that have deep and important demographic components include the relationship ofpopulation to food, water, and energy resources, as well as housing and infrastructure, and environmentaldegradation.8.Population is also connected to social and political dynamics such as regional conflict, often exacerbated byyouth bulges, as well as globalization, the need for immigrants created by the phenomenon of “demographic fit”and then the backlash against those immigrants.9.Changes in the age structure are the most obvious ways in which demography forces societal change and, at thesame time, creates business opportunities—exemplified by the idea of “riding the age wave.”10.A key to all demographic trends in the world is the status of women.EXAMINATION QUESTIONSMultiple-Choice(Choose the single best answer—the page where the answer is found is indicated in parentheses)1.The modern concept of demography emphasizes the ______ and ______ of population change.a)causes; consequences(3)b)spatial distribution; population structure

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6c)processes; characteristicsd)size; growth2.“Hatching, matching, and dispatching” is shorthand for the description ofa)population processes.(3)b)population distribution.c)population characteristics.d)none of the above.3.Population structure is defined asa)how many people there are in a given place.b)where people are located and why.c)how many males and females there are of each age.(3)d)what people are like in a given place.4.The concept of the past as a foreign country is based on the ideathata)there used to be fewer foreigners in the United States than there are now.b)the boundaries of the country havechanged over the past two hundred years.c)the population structure and characteristics have changed over time.(3)d)immigrants have dramatically changed the demographics of the United States.5.Between 1910 and 2010, life expectancy in the United States increased from about ____ to more than80.a)40b)50 (4)c)60d)706.Between 1910 and 2010, the average number of children born to women in the UnitedStates declinedfrom____ to 1.9.a)5.0b)4.5c)4.0d)3.5 (4)7.Population growth is closely associated withwater availability becausea)people prefer to live near water.b)water is required to grow more food .(6)c)waterways provide a key source of transportation for people.d)awarming planet will reduce the amount of ground water available per person.8.Population growth alone would not have had such a huge impact on the environment were it not for theaccompanying fact thata)people have been living longer.b)there has been an intensive increase in the use of resources. (7)c)the atmospheric conditions have been shifting.d)humans have settled in increasingly vulnerable parts of the planet.9.One of the major demographic forces that is incendiary in the Middle East isa)the high maternal mortality rate.b)high mortality from violent causes.c)refugees leaving the area.d)the impact of the youth bulge.(8)10.The demographic roots of violence in sub-Saharan Africa are related especially toa)the high maternal mortality rate.b)high mortality from violent causes.c)refugees leaving the area.d)the impact of the youth bulge. (9)11.The predominant underlying demographic roots of social unrest in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA) region of the world areespeciallyrelated toa)religious differences within the region that force women to have children.b)the debilitating impact ofdictatorships that raise the death rate.c)population stress on the environment. (10)d)increasing numbers of internally displaced persons.

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712.As a region, the population of MENA was approximately____times greater in 2015 than in 1950.a)twob)threec)fourd)five(11)13.Globalization is rooted in demography most clearly as a result ofa)migration from developing to richer nations.b)low-wage labor in rapidly growing developing nations.(6)c)the spread of transportation and communication technology.d)the globalincrease in educational levels.14.The United States accepts more immigrants than any other country in the world, but the country with thehighest number of immigrants per person isa)Canada.(10)b)Australia.c)theUnited Kingdom.d)France.15.BesidesMexico’sproximity to theUnited States, the migration from Mexico to the United States can beexplained best bya)the “demographic fit” between the two countries. (14)b)the deep poverty in Mexico.c)the pervasiveness of drug use in the United States.d)insufficient border control.16.With reference to Europe, the “demographic time bomb” usually refers toa)the rapid growth of the Muslim population.b)the impact of undocumented immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa.c)low fertility leading to the demise of the nuclear family.d)the rapid aging of the population.(15)17.Unlike in the United States, the aging of the population in Japan is not accompanied bya(n)a)rise in life expectancy.b)drop in fertility.c)emptying out of rural villages.d)increase in immigration. (15)18.Population growth andchange is most immediately experienced as changes inthe ratio ofa)successive age groups to each other. (16)b)immigrants to the native-born.c)births to deaths.d)women to men.19.The rise and fall of consumer product sales is closely associated withthe ratio ofa)successive age groups to each other. (18)b)immigrants to the native-born.c)births to deaths.d)women to men.20.Economic data suggest thata______ is good for economic growth.a)very youthful populationb)rapidly aging populationc)population with adisproportionate share of people of working age (20)d)population with a disproportionate share of immigrantsTrue-False1.The termdemographyhas Greek linguistic roots meaning “people” and“study of.”T (3)2.Between 1910 and 2010 the world’s population increased from 2 to 7 billion. T (3).3.At the beginning of the twentieth century, the percent of the U.S. population that was foreign born wasconsiderably less than it was at the beginning of the twenty-first century. F (4)

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84.The fact that demography is connected to nearly everything means that demography determines nearlyeverything. F (5)5.All of the future growth in the world is expected to show up in cities. T (7)6.A youth bulge inevitably leads to conflict in human populations. F (9)7.Globalization has been spurred on by the global decline in death rates after World War II. T (9)8.The crime rate is associated with the age structure because young men are most apt to commit crimes. T(18)9.Life insurance companies and pension funds both make more money the longer that their customers live. F(19)10.The oppression of women inasociety will likely be associated with an unfavorable demographic profileforthat country. T (21)ESSAY/CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.When did you first become aware of demography orpopulation issues more broadly, and what were the thingsthat initially seemed to be important to you?2.Why is the idea that nearly everything is connected to demography, or the companion idea that demography isdestiny, not the same as demographicdeterminism?3.How do you think the politics of the Middle East and North Africa(MENA)will be influenced in the long termby the changing demographics of the region?4.Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of a youth bulge for a society to deal with.5.Because globalization has an underlying demographic component, how might thataffect the investing patternsof someone who uses demography as one of their investment criteria?WEBSITES SUGGESTED FOR THIS CHAPTERhttp://www.census.govThe website of the U.S. Census Bureau has many useful features, including U.S. and worldpopulation information and U.S. and world population clocks (where you can check the latest estimate of the totalU.S. and world populations).http://www.prb.orgThe Population Reference Bureau (PRB) in Washington, D.C., is a world leader in developingand distributing population information. The site includes regularly updated information about PRB’s own activities,as well as links to a wide range of other population-related websites all over the world.http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/The Population Division of the United Nations is the singlemost important producer of global demographic information, which can be accessed at this site. Closely relatedUnited Nations data can be accessed through http://data.un.org.http://www.poodwaddle.com/clocks/worldclock/This website keeps track of a wide range of demographic data fromvarious official sources and then produces estimates that are constantly being updated (thus, they are called“clocks”) by extrapolation models.And, of course, check for the latest items related to this chapter on my blog:http://weekspopulation.blogspot.com/search/label/Introduction to DemographyOTHER RESOURCESTo follow up on the theme of “the past is aforeign country,” you might assign some or all of Claude S. Fischerand Michael Hout,Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years(NewYork: Russell Sage Foundation), 2006.

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9CHAPTER TWOGLOBAL POPULATION TRENDSLEARNING OBJECTIVES1.Become familiar with the basic historical facts of world population growth.2.Understand how and why the world’s population is distributed as it is around the globe.3.Understand the current regional patterns of population size and growth in all parts of the world.4.Comprehend the major regional demographic contrasts that exist today.MAIN POINTS1.During the first 90 percent of human existence, the population of the world had grown only to the size oftoday’s New York City.2.Between 1750 and 1950, the world’s population mushroomed from 800 million to 2.5 billion, and since 1950 ithas expanded to more than 7 billion.3.Despite the fact that humans have been around for tens of thousands of years, more than1in10people everborn is currently alive.4.Early population growth was slow not because birth rates were low but because death rates were high; on theother hand, continuing population increases are due to dramatic declines in mortality without a matching declinein fertility.5.World population growth has been accompanied by migration from rapidly growing areas into less rapidlygrowing regions. Initially, that meant an outward expansion of the European population, but more recently ithas meant migration from less developed to more developed nations.6.Migration has also involved the shift of people from rural to urban areas, and urban regions on average arecurrently growing more rapidly than ever before in history.7.Although migration is crucial to the demographic history of the United States and Canada, both countries havegrown largely as a result of natural increase—the excess of births over deaths—after the migrants arrived.8.At the time of the American Revolution, fertility levels in North America were among the highest in the world.Now they are low, although not as low as in Europe.9.The world’s 10 most populous countries are the People’s Republic of China, India, the United States, Indonesia,Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, and Japan. Together they account for 59 percent of the world’spopulation.10.Almost all of the population growth in the world today is occurring in the less developed nations, leading to anincrease in the global demographic contrasts among countries.EXAMINATION QUESTIONSMultiple-Choice(Choose the single best answer—the page where the answer is found is indicated in parentheses)1.The world’s population at the time of the Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution was approximatelya.4 million. (26)b.40 million.c.400 million.d.4 billion.

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102.Carrying capacity is lower for hunter-gatherers than foragriculturists becausea.their death rates are higher.b.they use the land extensively rather than intensively. (26)c.they have fewer technological skills.d.birth rates regularly exceeded death rates.3.Between thethird and fifth centuries A.D.the world’s population declined somewhat, probably due toa.the impact of Indonesian volcanic eruptions.b.higher mortality brought on by the early days of the Little Ice Age.c.the collapse of the Roman Empireand famine and floods in China. (27)d.the Irish Potato Famine.4.Europe’s population began to grow between 1650 and 1850 because of allof the followingexcepta.the disappearance of the plague.b.an increase in the birth rate. (27)c.the introduction of the potato from the Americas.d.changes in agricultural practices.5.Two hundred years ago, the world’s population was approximatelya.100 million.b.200 million.c.1 billion. (28)d.2 billion.6.Current projections from the United Nations suggest that we could reach a population of 10 billion byapproximatelya.2020.b.2040.c.2060. (28)d.2080.7.The total population of the world is currently increasing by about _____ million people per year.a.20b.40c.60d.80 (29)8.The Persian chess board story illustratesthe concept ofa.the Queen as embodiment of femaleempowerment.b.the power of doubling.(31)c.logarithm growth.d.carrying capacity.9.Population growth was slow for most of human history becausea.death rates were very high. (32)b.abortion rates were very high.c.people preferred small families.d.low levels oftechnology always lead to low rates of growth.10.The most important reason for the massive increase in the human population over the past200years isa.the Green Revolution that increased agricultural productivity.b.the increase in the birth rate.c.technology that has made it possiblefor humansto liveinmore places.d.the decline in the death rate. (33)11.If a country is thought to be on the verge ofdepopulation, it is probably located ina.North America.b.Sub-Saharan Africa.c.South Asia.d.Europe. (34)12.The total number of people who have ever livedthroughout human history is probably abouta.10 billion.b.30 billion.c.60 billion. (34)

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11d.90 billion.13.At the peak of European migratory expansion in approximately 1930, people of European origin accountedfor almost ___ of theworld’s population, but it has since dropped to about ____ percent.a.35; 16 (35)b.35; 26c.20; 10d.20; 514.The five most populous countries in the world account for about ____ percent of the world’stotalpopulation.a.10b.25c.50 (37)d.7015.The United States is currently the third most populous nation, but UN projections suggest that by 2050 itwill be overtaken bya.Nigeria. (38)b.Indonesia.c.Pakistan.d.Bangladesh.16.At about the time of the American Revolution, the United States had a birthrate thatwasa.very similar to the birth rate in England at the time.b.already lower thanthat ofany currently developing nation.c.higher than birth rates even in Sub-Saharan Africa at that time.d.comparable to the highest national birth rates in the world today. (41)17.Population growth inMexico was very rapid until recently because of a substantial delay ina.its fertility decline. (43)b.its mortality decline.c.migration out of the country to the United States.d.improving agricultural productivity.18.An important demographic consequence ofbelow-replacement-level fertility in Europe is thata.European countries haveallbeen actively recruiting immigrants to fill in the younger ages.b.European countries are aging. (44, 46–48)c.the status of women has risen dramatically.d.taxes have risen sharply in order to pay benefits to the elderly.19.The most populous predominantly Muslim country in the world isa.Egypt.b.Saudi Arabia.c.Pakistan.d.Indonesia. (51)20.Although Europe is most often pointed to when the discussion turns to low fertility, the other major regionof the world with very low fertility isa.Latin America.b.East Asia. (53)c.North America.d.South Asia.True-False1.The Agricultural Revolution beginning 10,000 yearsagoled to a growth in population. T (26)2.TheUnited Nations projects that the population of the world will double again over the next 40 years. F(29)3.Declining mortality, not rising fertility, is the cause of the “population explosion.” T (33)4.The least developed countries in the world are growing faster than the less developed or more developednations. T (33)5.The majority of people ever born are alive at this moment. F (34)

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126.Nearly4in10humans live eitherinChina oronthe Indian subcontinent. T (37)7.India’s demography is so diverse that some of its southern states actually have fertility levels that are belowreplacement. T (50)8.The drop in fertility in China is largely a result of its one-child policy. F (53)9.China may be the first country in demographic history to grow old before it grows rich. T (54)10.Fertility is so low in Japan that it seems to have its own “one-child policy.” T (62)ESSAY/CLASS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.Describe what you think might be the typical day in the life of a person living in a world where death rates andbirthrates are both very high. How might those demographic imperatives influence everyday life? How would“culture” be different from today as a result?2.The media in the United States and Europe regularly have stories about the impact of low fertility slowing downpopulation growth in these countries.If you were asked to be on a TV talk show commenting on such a story,how would you respond?3.Migration of people into other countries is a major part of the demography of the modern world. How do youthink the world of 2050 will look demographically as a consequence of the trends currently in place?4.Even without migration, the world will look very different in 2050 than it did in 1950. Analyze Table 2.2 interms of the idea that “the past is a foreign country.”5.How would you explain the regional patterns that are very observable with respect to global demography? AreEuropean countries more like each other than they are like Asian countries? Is Africa unique demographically?Are national boundaries therefore meaningless when it comes to population trends?WEBSITES SUGGESTED FOR THIS CHAPTERhttp://www.gapminder.org/videos/dont-panic-the-facts-about-population/Hans Rosling is a Swedish academic—Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institute in Sweden and co-founder and chairman of the GapminderFoundation (gapminder.org). In this program prepared for BBC in 2013 he talks about the current world populationsituation. Check out his other population-related talks because he does a nice job of explaining things visually.http://chinadatacenter.orgAlthough not an official government website, there is a great deal ofuseful demographicinformation about Chinaavailable at the University of Michigan’s China Data Center.http://censusindia.gov.inYou don’t have to take anybody else’s word for what’s happening demographically inIndia. This Indian census website is in English and has lots of data for the country and its regions.http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/gpw-v3The Gridded Population of the World is a database createdfrom censuses, surveys, satellite imagery, and other sources, producing a very realistic picture of population densityand other characteristics at the global level. Regional maps and data are also available at this website.http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/LandScan is another globally gridded set of population data, designed at the OakRidge National Laboratory for the U.S. government as a way of evaluating the population anywhere in the world atrisk of potential disasters.http://www.worldpop.org.ukThe WorldPop project was initiated in October 2013 to combine the AfriPop, AsiaPop,and AmeriPop population mapping projects. It aims to provide an open-access archive of spatial demographicdatasets for Central and South America, Africa,and Asia to support development and health applications. Themethods used are designed with full open access and operational application in mind, using transparent, fullydocumented and shareable methods to produce easily updatable maps with accompanying metadata.And, of course, look for the latest items related to this chapter posted on my blog:http://weekspopulation.blogspot.com/search/label/Global Population Trends

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13OTHER RESOURCESFor the past few years, I have routinely shown the video “World in the Balance—The Population Paradox” duringthe first or second week of class. It was produced in 2004 as part of the NOVA series on Public Television. Globaldemographics change slowly enough that the basic ideas are still very current, and students appreciate the visuals. Itis available athttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/.

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14CHAPTER THREEDEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES1.Become familiar with how population was viewed in the premodern era.2.Understand how the Enlightenment was the precursortothe Malthusian ideas on population.3.Comprehend the pros and cons of the Malthusian population perspective.4.Comprehend the pros and cons of the Marxian population perspective.5.Become familiar with late-nineteenthand early-twentieth-century demographic thinking.6.Understand the classic view of the demographic transition.7.Understand the concepts underlying an expanded view of the demographic transition as a suite of transitions thatform the basis for the structure of population studies and of this book.MAIN POINTS1.A demographic perspective is a way of relating basic population information to theories about how the worldoperates demographically.2.Population doctrines and theories prior to Malthus vacillated between pronatalist and antinatalist and were oftenutopian.3.According to Malthus, population growth is generated by the urge to reproduce, although growth is checkedultimately by the means of subsistence.4.The natural consequences of population growth according to Malthus are misery and poverty because of thetendency for populations to grow faster than the food supply. Nonetheless, he believed that misery could beavoided if people practiced moral restraint—a simple formula of chastity before marriage and a delay inmarriage until one can afford all the children that God might provide.5.Marx and Engels strenuously objected to the Malthusian population perspective because it blamed poverty onthe poor rather than on the evils of social organization.6.Mill argued that the standard of living is a major determinant of fertility levels, but he also felt that people couldinfluence their own demographic destinies.7.Dumont argued that personal ambition generated a process of social capillarity that induced people to limit theirnumber of children in order to get ahead socially and economically, while another French writer, Durkheim,built an entire theory of social structure on his conception of the consequences of population growth.8.The demographic transition theory is a perspective that emphasizes the importance of economic and socialdevelopment, which leads first to a decline in mortality and then, after some time lag, to a commensuratedecline in fertility. It is based on the experience of the developed nations, and is derived from the modernizationtheory.9.Davis’s theory of demographic change and response emphasizes that people must perceive a personal need tochange behavior before a decline in fertility will take place, and that the kind of response they make will dependon what means are available to them.10.The demographic transition is really a set of transitions, including the health and mortality, fertility, age,migration, urban, and family/household transitions.

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