Psychological Science Fifth Edition Test Bank

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CHAPTER 01: The Science of Psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science?
A. the study of the brain and its function
B. the study of the mind, the brain, and thought processes
C. the study of the mind, the brain, and behavior
D. the study of the mind, the psyche, and behavior
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
2. Psychological science is the study of:
A. the mind. C. behavior.
B. the brain. D. all of the above.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
3. Trying to understand the relationship between the actions of neurons and a thought is an example
of the connection between:
A. the brain and the mind. C. genes and the mind.
B. nature and nurture. D. the brain and emotion.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Applying
4. Based on your textbook’s definition of psychology, which statement best reflects the relationship
between the mind and the brain?
A. The brain is the same thing as the mind.
B. The brain influences the mind.
C. The brain is unrelated to the mind.
D. The brain reflects the mind.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Applying
5. Barry and Candace are disagreeing. Barry states that psychology is the study of the mind. Candace
believes that psychology is the science of behavior. Given your knowledge of psychology, how
would you resolve this argument?
A. Barry is correct. Psychology only studies the mind.
B. Candace is correct. Psychology only studies behavior.
C. Both are correct. Psychology studies both the mind and behavior.
D. Both are incorrect. Psychology only studies emotions.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Understanding

6. Allanah is a psychology major. Which of the following best describes what Allanah will learn
about?
A. the structure and function of the brain
B. mental disorders and their treatments
C. feelings and other subjective states
D. the mind, the brain, and behavior
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Understanding
7. For much of its history, psychologists focused mostly on:
A. the brain. C. behaviors.
B. disorders. D. the mind.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
8. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the mind?
A. Dr. Chu, who studies how weather influences children’s actions on the playground
B. Dr. Well, who studies neural activity during sleep cycles of elderly adults
C. Dr. Mann, who studies the accuracy of traumatic memories over time
D. Dr. East, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development
MSC: Applying
9. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the brain?
A. Dr. Fields, who studies the purchasing habits of impulsive individuals
B. Dr. Joe, who studies how neural activity changes as newborn babies develop
C. Dr. Perez, who studies how our feelings can influence our thought processes
D. Dr. Ladd, who studies the training activities of professional athletes
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development
MSC: Applying
10. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying behavior?
A. Dr. Wick, who studies how certain smells can trigger certain feelings
B. Dr. Woods, who studies patterns of neural activity related to drug use
C. Dr. Paul, who studies the thought processes involved in decision making
D. Dr. Hull, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?
OBJ: 1.1A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional Development
MSC: Applying
11. According to your text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called:
A. scholarly inquiry. C. analytic argumentation.
B. nay-sayerism. D. critical thinking.

ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good consumer of scientific research?
A. open to new ideas C. wary of scientific findings
B. carefully considers the facts D. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
13. Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that:
A. is systematic and reasonable.
B. is open-minded and creative.
C. criticizes others’ opinions.
D. uses inferences but does not solve problems.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
14. Which of the following is an example of using critical thinking and scientific reasoning?
A. believing that sugar causes ADHD because you feel hyper after eating a candy bar
B. concluding that listening to Mozart improves learning in children after reading an article
about this topic in a popular magazine
C. using a personal example to show how a psychological principle must be wrong
D. conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of left brain/right brain games in
improving memory
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
15. Why is critical thinking important in evaluating psychological research?
A. Researchers deliberately lie about their research findings.
B. There might be significant limitations to the research findings.
C. Research findings are rarely influenced by political and personal agendas.
D. There is always a single clear explanation and the researchers may not have found it.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
16. Which of the following is an important goal of your psychology textbook?
A. to teach you how to be a therapist by using methods of psychology
B. to provide you with an education about the methods of psychological science
C. to help you define normal versus abnormal behavior so you can recognize mental illness
D. to help you predict how people will interact in novel situations

ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
17. The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for
psychological phenomena is that:
A. critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions.
B. everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions.
C. critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making
conclusions.
D. everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making
conclusions.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
18. Taj is writing a paper on global warming. He only includes research findings that support his own
beliefs about global warming because he thinks that all the contradictory findings must be the
result of flawed research. This is an example of:
A. misunderstanding or not using statistics.
B. hindsight bias.
C. a failure to accurately judge source credibility.
D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
19. You are asked to write a newspaper article on a controversial political topic and you want to make
sure you are not influenced by the confirmation bias. Which of the following should you do in
order to avoid the confirmation bias?
A. focus mainly on evidence that you find on your favorite news website
B. place equal importance on evidence that supports and contradicts your own beliefs
C. focus mainly on evidence that supports your own beliefs, since it is the most accurate
research
D. place equal importance on evidence you find online and in textbooks
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
20. Which of the following is one factor that contributes to the confirmation bias?
A. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is
negative
B. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is
positive
C. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that supports our
existing beliefs
D. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that goes against

our existing beliefs
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Understanding
21. A drug company wants to create an advertisement for a new antidepressant drug. Using your
knowledge of source credibility, which of the following advertisements would be most persuasive?
A. an ad that features a celebrity on the set of his or her new pirate movie
B. an ad that features an actor portraying a doctor
C. an ad that features the CEO of the drug company
D. an ad that features a famous person who has struggled with depression
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
22. A drug company is creating a commercial for a new heart medication. Since the evidence for this
drug is weak, they focus on the expertise of the drug company instead of the research findings.
This strategy is known as:
A. taking mental shortcuts. C. appeals to authority.
B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Understanding
23. Which of the following is NOT a reason why errors and biases occur in our thinking processes?
A. People are motivated to use their intelligence.
B. People want to make sense of events that happen around them.
C. The human brain is highly efficient at finding patterns between things.
D. The human brain is highly efficient at processing multiple streams of information.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
24. Which of the following is NOT one of the major biases in thinking described in your text?
A. misunderstanding or not using statistics
B. seeing relationships that do not exist
C. failing to accurately judge source credibility
D. ignoring other people’s perspectives
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical

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Thinking MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following is an example of the “seeing relationships that do not exist” bias in
thinking described in your text?
A. Abby thinks she is an above-average dancer, an above-average singer, and an
above-average student, even though everyone else thinks she is just average.
B. Tony underestimates the likelihood of bicycle accidents because he cannot easily recall
one that happened recently.
C. Tim thinks that he must eat pizza right before class if he wants to do well on his exam.
D. Ziva believes that she is more likely to make her next shot, because she has made the last
three in a row.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
26. Which of the following is an example of the “misunderstanding or not using statistics” bias in
thinking described in your text?
A. Matt thinks he did well in psychology because he is intelligent, but failed chemistry
because his teacher was incompetent.
B. Meredith overestimates the likelihood of airplane accidents because she can easily recall
one that happened recently.
C. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game.
D. John believes that a coin that has landed on heads three times in a row is more likely to be
heads the next time it is flipped.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
27. Which of the following is an example of the “taking mental shortcuts” bias in thinking described in
your text?
A. Jack thinks he got an A on his essay because he is a great writer, but got a D on his
communications project because the instructions were too confusing.
B. Rose overestimates how often cruise ships sink because she can vividly remember the
sinking of the Titanic.
C. Wade believes that he will be funnier on stage if he eats fried chicken before he goes on
stage to perform.
D. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
28. Which of the following is a correct explanation for why the hindsight bias exists?
A. Once we know the outcome, we pretend we knew it was going to happen to make
ourselves feel better.
B. Once we know the outcome, we reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome.
C. Before we know the outcome, we ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe.

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D. Before we know the outcome, we have too much evidence to consider to make an accurate
prediction.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Understanding
29. On his way to the basketball game, Tom says he cannot predict who will win. After his team wins
the game, Tom says he knew they were going to win because their defense always plays well
together. This is an example of:
A. taking mental shortcuts. C. the self-serving bias.
B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
30. Which of the following is a benefit of using heuristics and mental shortcuts?
A. They can lead to reasonably good decisions without too much effort.
B. They can lead to better decisions compared to effortful decision-making strategies.
C. They can lead to poor decisions but are very easy to use.
D. They can lead to poor decisions, but we outgrow them as we get older.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Understanding
31. Isaac is trying to decide how often shark attacks happen. He quickly remembers all the shark attack
shows he saw on television last week, so he decides that they must be common. Isaac’s
overestimation of the rate of shark attacks is an example of:
A. the hindsight bias.
B. taking mental shortcuts.
C. the self-serving bias.
D. failing to accurately judge source credibility.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
32. A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above
average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent can be above average on
any dimension, this is an example of the ________ bias.
A. hindsight C. confirmation
B. self-serving D. egocentric
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think

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OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
33. When Brent wins his track race, he says he won because of his athletic skills and hard work. When
Brent loses his next race, he says he lost because the track was slippery and he lost his balance.
This is an example of the ________ bias.
A. confirmation C. egocentric
B. hindsight D. self-serving
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
34. Kaley has a big presentation at work. Afterward, her boss tells her she did a terrible job and fires
her immediately. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, how will Kaley explain this
situation?
A. I did poorly on this presentation because I am stupid.
B. I did poorly on this presentation because the topic was confusing and my boss did not give
me enough time to complete it.
C. I did well on this presentation because I am a good public speaker and I am smart.
D. I did well on this presentation because it was easy and my boss did most of the work.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically Think
OBJ: 1.1C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
35. According to your text, the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius emphasized each of the
following psychological topics EXCEPT:
A. human development. C. intelligence.
B. interpersonal relations. D. education.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
36. Yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. Based on
your text’s discussion, Yuko’s interests echo the:
A. emphases of Confucius. C. thoughts of Greek scholars.
B. writings of da Vinci. D. writings of early Muslim thinkers.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
37. Psychology developed into a discipline in:
A. ancient China.
B. nineteenth-century Europe.
C. classical Greece.
D. colonial America, in the eighteenth century.

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ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2A
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
38. Your text traces the nature/nurture debate back to:
A. the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
B. the ancient Egyptians.
C. Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle.
D. the Renaissance philosopher Descartes.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
39. The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to either ________ factors affecting human
psychological development.
A. biological or behavioral C. biological or environmental
B. behavioral or environmental D. formal or natural
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
40. According to the nature/nurture debate, nature states that individual psychological characteristics
are a result of:
A. education. C. experiences.
B. biological influences. D. culture.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
41. With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that:
A. nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.
B. the mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture.
C. both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.
D. the issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Remembering
42. A little boy is running around a grocery store, screaming, yelling, and throwing cans. His parents
cannot control him. A strict nurture-only theorist might say:
A. “His parents must have been really active when they were children.”
B. “He cannot help that he was born wild.”
C. “Even if he was born wild, his parents should be able to control him.”
D. “Boys evolved to act this way when they are young.”
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying

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43. Your friend gets in a traumatic car accident and the doctors are worried that she may develop
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, your friend seems to be coping well and is not
showing any PTSD symptoms. How would a strict nature-only theorist explain this situation?
A. Your friend inherited a genetic resilience against stressors that can lead to PTSD.
B. Your friend must have a good support network that prevented her from developing PTSD.
C. Your friend inherited a genetic predisposition to PTSD.
D. Your friend needs a better support network if she wants to avoid developing PTSD.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical
Thinking MSC: Applying
44. Over history, people have viewed the mind as being located in each of the following parts of the
body EXCEPT the:
A. brain. C. heart.
B. liver. D. sexual organs.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
45. Dualism is the idea that:
A. the mind and the brain are separate entities.
B. the mind and the brain are the same entity.
C. the mind and the brain are opposing forces.
D. there is no mind, just the brain.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
46. Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the
mind/body problem?
A. René Descartes C. Hippocrates
B. Leonardo da Vinci D. Sigmund Freud
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
47. The idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of:
A. dualism. C. introspection.
B. structuralism. D. none of the above.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
48. For most of human history, Western scholars believed that the mind and body were separate and
that humans were unique among the animals because humans:
A. possessed a soul.
B. controlled other animals.
C. were mortal.
D. had a mind and body that interacted for a divine purpose.

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ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
49. With respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view
of dualism held by contemporary psychological scientists?
A. Most psychological scientists reject dualism.
B. Most psychological scientists accept dualism.
C. While many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return
to dualism.
D. While many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2B
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
50. Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in
order to discover the laws of the mind?
A. René Descartes C. John Stuart Mill
B. John Locke D. Hermann von Helmholtz
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
51. Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology?
A. to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body
B. to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind
C. to move from speculation to observation and experimentation
D. to move from experimentation and observation to speculation
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
52. In which city did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological laboratory?
A. Vienna, Austria C. Oxford, England
B. Leipzig, Germany D. Krakow, Poland
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
53. A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a mental experience in as much
detail as possible is called:
A. introspection. C. introjection.
B. internal perception. D. internal sensation.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
54. Dave walks into his dorm and finds his roommate Pete concentrating and staring at an apple. When
he questions what he is doing, Pete tells Dave he is trying to describe the apple’s quality and
intensity. Pete is using what technique?

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A. stream of consciousness C. introspection
B. functionalism D. internal review
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Applying
55. Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings
connected to the teddy bear. In this example, you are engaging in:
A. psychoanalysis. C. introspection.
B. functionalism. D. free association.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
56. Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations,
which is similar to how the ________ school investigated psychology.
A. structuralist C. psychodynamic
B. functionalist D. behaviorist
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Applying
57. Which early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences?
A. functionalism C. cognitive
B. behavioral D. structuralism
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
58. If you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question,
the technique used would be:
A. inspection. C. abstraction.
B. conscription. D. introspection.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
59. Lassandra takes a sip of cola. “Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter,” she reports.
Lassandra is engaging in:
A. functionalism. C. psychoanalysis.
B. free association. D. introspection.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
60. The early school of structuralism was introduced by:
A. Edward Titchener. C. Wilhelm Wundt.

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B. William James. D. Mary Whiton Calkins.
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
61. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of structuralism?
A. Sigmund Freud C. Edward Titchener
B. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
62. According to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to:
A. uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior.
B. focus on observable behavior itself.
C. identify the elements of conscious experience.
D. identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
63. Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to isolate the fundamental attributes of mental
experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ school of thought in
psychology.
A. structuralist C. functionalist
B. behaviorist D. Gestalt
ANS: A DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Understanding
64. Mary and Brian see a machine on the television program American Inventor. Mary wants to know
what parts make up the machine, but Brian wants to know its purpose. Mary’s approach is most
similar to the ________ school of psychology, while Brian’s approach is most similar to the
________ school of psychology.
A. structuralist; functionalist C. Gestalt; psychoanalytic
B. functionalist; structuralist D. psychoanalytic; Gestalt
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
65. The fact that a variety of thoughts come to mind even as you are engaged in the activity of taking
this exam exemplifies psychologist William James’s concept of:
A. sea of ideas. C. river of thoughts.
B. ports of call. D. stream of consciousness.
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C

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NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
66. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism?
A. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt
B. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
67. With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in:
A. the contribution of unconscious memories to one’s emotional experience.
B. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
C. how emotions aid one’s adaptation to the environment.
D. one’s subjective interpretation of one’s emotions.
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
68. Functionalism has been criticized because it:
A. does not include elements of the nature/nurture debate.
B. sometimes lacks scientific rigor.
C. focuses on narrow parts of problems rather than on the whole.
D. does not take into account the way children process information.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
69. Functionalism has influenced each of the following pursuits EXCEPT:
A. determining the function of religion.
B. developing better ways of applying divergent thinking and creativity in the classroom.
C. determining teaching methods based on how children’s minds process information.
D. developing reward and punishment programs and token economies.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
70. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species had its strongest influence on the ________ school of
thought in psychology.
A. functionalist C. structuralist
B. humanistic D. psychoanalytic
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
71. According to the concept of survival of the fittest:
A. random mutations are always adaptive.
B. only the biggest animals will survive.
C. organisms that are most adaptive to their environments are most likely to survive.
D. organisms that can spontaneously mutate their genes in response to the environment are
most likely to survive.

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ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
72. Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise
children. Paul uses a(n) ________ approach in his research.
A. structuralist C. evolutionary
B. functionalist D. cognitive
ANS: C DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
73. Lucinda is afraid of dogs. Her psychologist, Dr. Lee, believes her fear is part of an adaptive
response that has helped our species survive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Lee follow?
A. psycholanalysis C. social
B. behaviorism D. evolutionary
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
74. Will believes that most modern men prefer young and healthy female partners because this
preference increases the likelihood of the survival of our genetic ancestors. Which psychological
approach does Will believe?
A. social C. functionalist
B. evolutionary D. cognitive
ANS: B DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
75. The idea that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution is the viewpoint of:
A. structuralism. C. behaviorism.
B. functionalism. D. none of the above.
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2C
NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
76. Gestalt psychology is best seen as a reaction against the ________ approach.
A. functionalist C. psychoanalytic
B. humanistic D. structuralist
ANS: D DIF: Moderate
REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in Learning
OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology
MSC: Remembering
77. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the Gestalt school of
thought?
A. Sigmund Freud C. Wolfgang Köhler
B. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in Learning

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