Solution Manual for Chemistry For Changing Times, 14th Edition

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Solution Manual
to
Chemical Investigations
for Changing Times
Fourteenth Edition
Alton Hassell
Baylor University
Paula Marshall
Baylor University

ii
Table of Contents
General Comments iv
Coordination with Hill and Kolb Text v
Required Times for the Investigations vi
Common Safety Regulations viii
Laboratory Instructions xii
Equipment Suppliers xiii
Basic Equipment List xv
Notes for Individual Investigations
#1 Alchemy 2
#2 Density Layers 7
#3 Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes 12
#4 Separation of a Mixture 14
#5 Conservation of Mass 17
#6 Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 20
#7 Periodicity 24
#8 Atoms and Light 27
#9 Flame Tests and Analysis 30
#10 Ionic versus Covalent 33
#11 Iron(II) and Iron(III) Ions 36
#12 Chemical Reactions 39
#13 Double Replacement Reactions 43
#14 Mole Relationships 46
#15 Molar Volume of a Gas 48
#16 Hydrated Compounds 52
#17 Solubility 56
#18 Viscosity 59
#19 Gas Laws 64
#20 Diffusion and Graham’s Law 67
#21 Acid Neutralization by Antacid 70
#22 Nature’s Indicators 74
#23 pH and Flammability of Household Products 77
#24 Buffers 81
#25 Oxidation – Reduction 84
#26 Single Replacement Reactions 87
#27 Silver Tarnish Removal 91
#28 Organic Qual Scheme 93
#29 Synthesis of Esters 97
#30 Polymers 100
#31 Polymer Properties 103
#32 Nuclear Radiation 105
#33 Radioactive Half Life 108

iii
#34 Salt on Ice 111
#35 Copper Cycle 114
#36 O2 and CO2 in Breath and Air 118
#37 Solids in Smoke 121
#38 Clarification of Water 124
#39 Freezing Water 128
#40 Freezing Point Depression 131
#41 Heat Capacity 134
#42 Heat of Reaction 137
#43 Rates of Chemical Reactions 140
#44 Canned Fuel and Evaporation 143
#45 Batteries 147
#46 Test for Vitamin C 150
#47 Proteins 153
#48 Enzymes 157
#49 Forensic Chemistry 160
#50 Protein in Milk and Other Foods 163
#51 Production of Carbon Dioxide 166
#52 Paper Chromatography of Food Colors 170
#53 Testing for Opiates 173
#54 Testing for Caffeine 175
#55 Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test 178
#56 Fats and Iodine Number 181
#57 Carbohydrates 184
#58 Analysis of Fertilizer 187
#59 Soil Chemistry 190
#60 Saponification 193
#61 Soap in Hard Water 196
#62 Personal Products 199
#63 Hair Chemistry 202
#64 Testing Sunscreens 205
#65 Lead Detection 208
#66 Parts per Million 211
Appendix A – Reagent List (all investigations) 214
Appendix B – Common Materials (all investigations) 221
Appendix C – Laboratory Equipment (all investigations) 227

iv
General Comments
The safety rules and laboratory instructions can be modified, copied, and supplied to students on
the first day of lab.
Equipment listed in the “basic equipment list” will be listed again in the individual lab notes, as
will the extra lab equipment necessary to an investigation. An alphabetical list of equipment used in
each lab is included after the materials list.
Where 500-mL beakers are called for, 600-mL beakers will do.
It is assumed that lab will be equipped with distilled water and scales, or balances accurate to
+ 0.1 gm. Where more accurate measurements are necessary, more sophisticated equipment will be
noted.
Instructions for preparing specific reagents are given in the lab notes where needed.
The investigations are designed for students to work in pairs.
The notes for each lab give specific instructions about disposal methods for toxic substances. In
general, it should be noted that concentrated acids and bases can be harmful to plumbing if they are
not diluted or neutralized. In addition, it is not a good practice to put metal ions down the drain.
The investigations are planned to fit into either a two-hour or a three-hour lab period. The
instructor may need to adjust the timing with pre-lab lectures or solutions prepared ahead of time.
Some of the investigations may be combined into one lab period, especially for three-hour periods.
In the fourteenth edition, hot plates have replaced laboratory burners in all but a few
investigations where either very high temperatures or an open flame are necessary.
We encourage the use of field trips as integral parts of investigations. Chemistry is so much more
meaningful to the student who sees it first hand in a sewage treatment, water treatment, or industrial
plant. also In addition, computer simulation programs are useful to elucidate certain concepts. The
Seraphim Project and the ACS are good sources for computer programs.
A source of information for the disposal of chemicals is The Science Instructor’s Safer Source
from Flinn Scientific Inc., P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510.
We would be interested in hearing about any problems you find or about any improvements you
can suggest for the investigations presented in this manual.

v
Coordination with Chemistry for Changing Times, 14th Ed.
Hill and Kolb
The investigations are arranged to show the principles of the chapters in Chemistry for
Changing Times, 14th Ed., Hill and Kolb. Some of the investigations will also illustrate the principles
of other chapters; these are listed in the last column.
TEXT APPLICABLE ALSO
CHAPTER INVESTIGATIONS APPLICABLE
1. Chemistry 1, 2, 3, 4 18
2. Atoms 5, 6, 7 14
3. Atomic Structure 8, 9 -
4. Chemical Bonds 10, 11, 12, 13 3, 6, 16, 26, 63
5. Chemical Accounting 14, 15, 16 5, 20, 35, 51
6. Gases, Liquids, Solids 17, 18, 19, 20 2, 15, 39
7. Acids and Bases 21, 22, 23, 24 62, 63
8. Oxidation and Reduction 25, 26, 27 45
9. Organic Chemistry 28, 29 53, 54, 55, 60
10. Polymers 30, 31 -
11. Nuclear Chemistry 32, 33 -
12. Chemistry of Earth 34, 35 38, 59
13. Air 36, 37 -
14. Water 38, 39, 40, 41 34
15. Energy 42, 43, 44, 45 3, 12, 41, 64
16. Biochemistry 46, 47, 48, 49 36, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 63
17. Food 50, 51, 52 29, 46, 47, 48, 50, 56, 57
18. Drugs 53, 54 55
19. Fitness and Health 55, 56, 57 37, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54
20. Chemistry Down on the Farm 58, 59 -
21. Household Chemicals 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 23, 31
22. Poisons 65, 66 -

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vi
Required Times for the Investigations
Note: The noted times are for a single person who is working in a lab as the sole user of balances and
all other equipment, and who is experienced in the laboratory setting. Allow extra time for students
in this course.
1 Alchemy 45 minutes
2 Density Layers 40 minutes
3 Energy in Physical and Chemical Changes 1 hour
4 Separation of a Mixture 1 hour
5 Conservation of Mass 45 minutes
6 Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 2 hours
7 Periodicity 45 minutes
8 Atoms and Light 1 hour
9 Flame Tests and Analysis 45 minutes
10 Ionic versus Covalent 1 hour
11 Iron(II) and Iron(III) 1 hour
12 Chemical Reactions 1 hour 5 minutes
13 Double Replacement Reactions 45 minutes
14 Mole Relationships 1 hour
15 Molar Volume of a Gas 1 hour
16 Hydrated Compounds 1 hour 30 minutes
17 Solubility 30 minutes
18 Viscosity 1 hour 45 minutes
19 Gas Laws 2 hours
20 Diffusion and Graham’s Law 1 hour 15 minutes
21 Acid Neutralization by Antacid 1 hour 40 minutes
22 Nature’s Indicators 1 hour
23 pH and Flammability of Household Products 55 minutes
24 Buffers 45 minutes
25 Oxidation and Reduction 30 minutes
26 Single Replacement Reactions 2 hours
27 Silver Tarnish Removal 35 minutes
28 Organic Qual Scheme 1 hour 30 minutes
29 Synthesis of Esters 45 minutes
30 Polymers 1 hour 30 minutes
31 Polymer Properties 2 hours
32 Nuclear Radiation 3 hours
33 Radioactive Half-life 45 minutes
34 Salt on Ice 1 hour 30 minutes
35 A Copper Cycle 3 hours
36 O2 and CO2 in Breath and Air 1 hour 30 minutes
37 Solids in Smoke 1 hour 30 minutes
38 Clarification of Water 45 minutes
39 Freezing Water 45 minutes
40 Freezing Point Depression 1 hour 30 minutes
41 Heat Capacity 1 hour 15 minutes

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vii
42 Heat of Reaction 1 hour
43 Rates of Chemical Reactions 1 hour
44 Canned Fuel and Evaporation 45 minutes
45 Batteries 45 minutes
46 Test for Vitamin C 1 hour 15 minutes
47 Proteins 1 hour 15 minutes
48 Enzymes 1 hour 30 minutes
49 Forensic Chemistry 45 minutes
50 Protein in Milk and Other Foods 1 hour 15 minutes
51 Production of Carbon Dioxide 1 hour 30 minutes
52 Paper Chromatography of Food Colors 2 hours
53 Testing for Opiates 45 minutes
54 Testing for Caffeine 1 hour 40 minutes
55 Aspirin Preparation and Purity Test 1 hour 30 minutes
56 Fats and Iodine Number 55 minutes
57 Carbohydrates 1 hour without disposal
58 Analysis of Fertilizer 1 hour 50 minutes
59 Soil Chemistry 1 hour 30 minutes
60 Saponification 50 minutes
61 Soap in Hard Water 1 hour 45 minutes
62 Personal Products 40 minutes
63 Hair Chemistry 1 hour 45 minutes
64 Testing of Sunscreens 30 minutes
65 Lead Detection 1 hour 45 minutes without disposal
66 Parts Per Million 35 minutes

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viii
Common Safety Regulations
Under OSHA Hazard Communication regulations, a specific set of safety rules must be developed
and communicated clearly to all employees. The Department of Chemistry has developed safety
regulations that comply with the University’s Hazard Communication Program. Although
nonemployee students are not covered by these regulations, each student should attest by
signature that he or she has read and understands the safety rules. These rules must be
rigorously and impartially enforced. Willful noncompliance should result in dismissal or suspension
from the laboratory.
Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, published by the American Chemical Society, is an
excellent reference book. It can be obtained by calling the American Chemical Society Referral
Service at 1-800-227-5558, option 6. Another source of information is the Chemical Manufacturers
Association Referral Center at 1-800-262-8200 (24 hours).
General Safety Regulations
The Chemistry Department strives to provide safe working conditions in all of its laboratories.
The responsibility for safe working conditions rests with everyone, including students, faculty,
teaching assistants, and staff. In order to do your part in maintaining safe working conditions, you
must obey the General Safety Regulations listed below and report any violations of these regulations
that you observe. Such reports should be made to the teaching assistant or to the professor in charge
of the laboratory.
1. Eye protection is required at all times in the laboratory and where chemicals are stored and
handled. For most laboratory workers, safety glasses with clear side shields are adequate as long as
safety showers or eye-wash fountains are near at hand.
2. Long hair and loose clothing must be contained while in the laboratory. Sturdy closed-toe
shoes that cover the entire foot and clothing that covers the body constitute proper laboratory attire.
You will not be permitted to work in the laboratory if you are barefoot or wearing flip-flops or
sandals, including sandals with socks. You will not be permitted in the laboratory if you are wearing
shorts, short skirts (mini-shorts), halter tops, spaghetti strap blouses, or tank tops. Lab coats or aprons
are suggested.
3. Work only with materials after you know their flammability, reactivity, corrosiveness, and
toxicity. This information is readily available through your laboratory instructor and Material Safety
Data Sheets. Read your laboratory instructions carefully before beginning any laboratory
experiment. When in doubt about any part of the procedure, consult your laboratory instructor before
initiating the experiment.
4. Unauthorized experiments, including unapproved variations in experiments and changes in
quantities of reagents, are forbidden.
5. Mouth suction should never be used to fill pipettes, to start siphons, or for any other purpose.
6. Don’t force glass tubing through rubber stoppers. (Protect your hands with a towel when
inserting tubing into stoppers and use water or glycerin as a lubricant.)

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ix
7. Wash hands with soap or detergent upon leaving the laboratory.
8. Smoking in any part of the laboratory is absolutely forbidden.
9. Experiments in progress are not to be left unattended without consent of the laboratory
instructor.
10. Horseplay, pranks, or other acts of mischief are especially dangerous in the laboratories and
are absolutely forbidden. Sitting on bench tops is not allowed.
11. No eating or drinking is permitted in the laboratory.
12. Students are not permitted to work in the laboratory unless a teaching assistant or
instructor is present.
13. All accidents, no matter how trivial, must be reported. If you have an accident or see an
accident, it must be reported to the teaching assistant immediately. Never allow an injured person to
leave the laboratory for assistance without notifying the teaching assistant. A formal written report
must be made of all accidents to the Department Safety Officer. The report will include any injuries
or damage incurred, the cause, the effect, and any recommendations for prevention of recurrence.
14. In case of an accident, treat all open wounds as potential sources of bloodborne pathogens.
15. If an accident appears to be beyond your control (i.e., a large chemical spill or fire), actuate
the fire alarm and vacate the area. If possible, call the University Department of Public Safety and
give them the details of the problem, (i.e., location, chemicals involved).
16. Visitors to the laboratories must obey the same safety regulations as the laboratory workers.
This includes the wearing of safety glasses.
17. Chemical laboratories and storage areas constitute a special hazard for small children. For
this reason, the Department does not permit the presence of small children in these areas under
any circumstances. Children are not to be allowed elsewhere in the Chemistry Department except
under close adult supervision. The responsibility for the safety of such children must be assumed by
the supervising adult. Under no circumstances should children be left unattended, even for short
periods of time, nor should they be brought into areas of risk.
Chemical Labeling
1. All chemical labels must contain the following information:
• chemical identity
• appropriate hazard warnings
• responsible company and address
2. OSHA standard labels must be used. These labels are available in the stockroom.
3. Proper labels must be on or attached to each hazardous material container.

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x
4. Immediate-use, small-transfer containers are exempted from these regulations.
5. No labels may be removed or defaced without replacements.
6. Labels must be legible, prominent, and in English.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) hazard identification coding system is used in
the Chemistry Department to readily identify chemical hazards. A copy of this labeling system
follows.
NFPA Hazard Code Ratings
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ratings provide information relating to the
severity of health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) under emergency conditions such
as spills, leaks, and fires. Each section displays a numerical severity rating from 4 (most severe) to 0
(least severe). The fourth section, as stipulated by NFPA, is left blank (white) and is reserved for
indicating any unusual reactivity with water or oxidizing properties. The numerical ratings and their
associated descriptions are given on the next page.

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xi
HEALTH REACTIVITY
(Blue) (Yellow)
4 Material that on very short exposure could 4 Material that in itself is readily capable of
cause death or major residual injury. detonation, or of explosive decomposition,
or reaction at normal temperatures and
3 Material that on short exposure could cause pressures.
serious temporary or residual injury.
3 Material that in itself is capable of
2 Material that on intense or continued, but detonation or explosive reaction but does not
chronic, exposure could cause temporary require a strong initiating source; or
incapacitation or possible residual injury. that must be heated under confinement
before initiation; or may react
1 Material that on exposure would cause explosively with water.
irritation but only minor residual injury.
2 Material that is unstable and readily
0 Material that on exposure under fire undergoes violent chemical change at
conditions would offer no hazard beyond elevated temperatures and pressures, or
that of ordinary combustible material. that reacts violently with water
or may form explosive mixtures with
FLAMMABILITY water.
(Red)
1 Material that in itself is normally stable
4 Material that will rapidly or completely but can become unstable at elevated vaporize at
atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures and pressures.
temperature, or is readily dispersed in air
and will burn readily. 0 Material that in itself is normally stable,
even under fire exposure conditions,
3 A liquid or solid that can be ignited under and is not reactive with water.
almost all ambient temperature conditions.
SPECIAL WARNINGS
2 Material that must be moderately heated or (White)
exposed to relatively high ambient
temperatures before ignition can occur. OX Oxidizing material.
1 Material that must be preheated before W Material that is hazardous when in
ignition can occur. contact with moisture or water.
0 Material that will not burn.

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xii
Laboratory Instructions
1. Avoid wasting gas, water (both tap and deionized), filter paper, and materials of any kind. Do not
return excess quantities to reagent bottles. Do not remove reagent bottles from their proper place.
2. Do not use your medicine dropper to take reagents from the classroom stock bottles. Instead, pour
out a small quantity into your own clean beaker and use your medicine dropper in that beaker. If a
dropper bottle is provided with the reagent, hold that dropper near the top of your test tube or other
container when dispensing that reagent.
3. Do not remove acids or alkalis from their metal trays; take what you need at the tray. If acids or
alkalis are spilled on the desk or floor, notify the instructor. The clean-up procedure is to wash the
desk or floor at once with plenty of water, then wash the desk with sufficient boric acid solution in
the case of spilled acids. This procedure will serve to neutralize the acids or alkalis that have
penetrated into the wood. Then wash the desk once more with plenty of water. Commercial
sorbents and neutralizers are also available and should be used if provided.
4. When leaving the laboratory, make certain that the gas and water are turned off and that your desk
is clean and neat.
5. Maintain an orderly arrangement of the apparatus and materials in your desk.

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xiii
Equipment Suppliers
ACE Glass Inc., P.O. Box 688, 1430 Northwest Boulevard, Vineland, NJ 08361-0688
800-223-4524, www.aceglass.com, sales@aceglass.com.
Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., 1001 West St. Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233
800-325-3010, sigma-aldrich.com/order
Allied Electronics, 800-433-5700, www.alliedelec.com
Atomeric Chemetals Corp., 222 Sherwood Avenue, Farmingdale, NY 11235-1718
516-694-9000, www.nuclearstreet.com, BABL28A@prodigy.com
Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Road, Burlington, NC 27215-3398
800-334-5551, www.carolina.com
Central Scientific Co., 3300 CENCO Parkway, Franklin Park, IL 60131-1364
708-451-0150
Edmund Scientific Co., 60 Pearce Avenue, Tonawanda, NY 14150
800-728-6999, www.scientificsonline.com
Fisher Science Education, 4500 Turnberry Drive, Hanover Park, IL 60133
info@fisheredu.com
Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-9919
800-766-7000, www.fishersci.com
Flinn Scientific, P.O. Box 219, Batavia, IL 60510
800-452-1261, www.flinnsci.com, flinn@flinnsci.com
Frey Scientific Co., 905 Hickory Lane, P.O. Box 8101, Mansfield, OH 44901-8101
Toll Free: 800-225-FREY, www.freyscientific.com
Hach Chemical Co., P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 80539-0389
800-227-4224, www.hach.com
Hilton Davis Company, 2235 Langdon Farm Road, Cincinnatti, OH 45237-4712
513-841-4000
J.T. Baker Chemical Co., 800-JTBAKER,,www.jtbaker.com
Lab Safety Supply, P.O. Box 1368, Janesville, WI 53547-1368
800-356-0783, www.labsafety.com

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xiv
LaMotte Chemical Products Co., Box 329, Chesterton, MD 21620
Toll Free: 800-344-3100
NCI Chemical Carcinogen Reference Standard Repository, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO
64110-2289, 816-753-7600, Fax: 816-753-3664
Pfaltz and Bauer, Inc., 800-CALL-1-PB, www.pfaltzandbauer.com
Sargent-Welch, 800-727-4368, www.sargent-welch.com
Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., 800-325-3010, www.sigma-aldrich.com
Spectrum Chemical and Laboratory Products, 800-772-8786, www.spectrumchemical.com
TCI America Inc., 800-423-8616, www.tciamerica.com
Thomas Scientific, 800-345-2100, www.thomassci.com
VWR Scientific, 800-932-5000, www.vwr.com
Wako Chemicals USA, Inc., 1600 Bellwood Road, Richmond, VA 23237-1326
877-714-1920, www.wakousa.com
Warner Jenkinson Co., 2526 Baldwin Street, St. Louis, MO 63178-053806
Toll Free: 800-325-8110, 314-889-7600
A good source of information on companies that supply specific chemicals (listed by chemical name) is
CSU: Chem Sources U.S.A, a publication available at many library reference desks.

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xv
Basic Equipment List
(per pair of students)
evaporating dish ringstand
2 watch glasses ring
glass-stirring rod with policeman wire and “asbestos” pad
1 suction apparatus (Buchner funnel and filter flask) Bunsen burner
2 glass funnels flint striker or matches
beakers: 2 50-mL 2 clamp holders
2 150-mL 2 clamps
1 250-mL assorted rubber hoses
1 600-mL glass tubes for holed stoppers
1 1000-mL forceps
graduated cylinders: 1 10-mL tongs
1 100-mL test-tube holder
Erlenmeyer flasks: 1 125-mL test-tube brush
2 250-mL 2 squeeze (wash) bottles
1 500-mL powdered cleanser
test tubes: 6 small (about 10 cm long) hot plate
4 large (about 15 cm long)
2 extra large (about 25 mm x 200 mm)
stoppers: 1 hole to fit x-large test tube
1 hole to fit large test tube
solid to fit small test tube
solid to fit large test tube
2 hole to fit 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask
1 hole to fit 10-mL graduated cylinder
1 hole to fit 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask
1 hole to fit 100-mL graduated cylinder
spatula
eyedropper
thermometer

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