Solution Manual for Chemistry: The Science in Context, 3rd Edition

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1CHAPTER 1 | Matter, Energy, and the Origins of the Universe1.1.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.1(a) we are shown “molecules” each consisting of one red sphere and one blue sphere and inFigure P1.1(b) we have separate blue spheres and red spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether thesubstance(s) depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements or compounds.AnalyzeA pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, not amixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom and a compound is composed oftwo or more types of atoms. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particlesare close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a) Because the particles each consist of one red sphere and one blue sphere, all the particles are the same—thisis a pure compound. The particles fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in the gas phase.(b) Because Figure P1.1(b) shows a mixture of red and blue spheres, this is depicting a mixture of blue elementatoms and red element atoms. The blue spheres fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in thegas phase. The red spheres have a definite volume and are slightly disordered, so these particles are in the liquidphase.Think about ItRemember that both elements and compounds may be either pure or present in a mixture.1.2.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.2(a) we are shown “atoms” of only red spheres and in Figure P1.2(b) we have “molecules”consisting of two red spheres or two blue spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substance(s)depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements or compounds.AnalyzeA pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, not amixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom and a compound is composed oftwo or more types of atoms. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particlesare close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a) Because all the atoms are of the same type, Figure P1.2(a) depicts a pure element. The particles take up adefinite volume and are ordered, so this element is in the solid phase.(b) Because there is a mixture of blue diatomic molecules and red diatomic molecules, Figure P1.2(b) depicts amixture of two elements. Both the blue and red diatomic particles fill the container’s volume and are highlydisordered; the mixture depicted is in the gas phase.Think about ItElements do not need to be present as single atoms. They may be diatomic as in H2or Br2, or even more highlyassociated as in S8or P4.1.3.Collect and OrganizeIn this question we are to consider whether the reactants as depicted undergo a chemical reaction and/or a phasechange.

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