Solution Manual For Chemistry: The Science in Context, 5th Edition

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1CHAPTER 1 | Particles of Matter: Measurement and the Tools of Science1.1.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.1(a) we are shown “molecules” each consisting of one red sphere and one blue sphere, and inFigure P1.1(b) we haveseparate blue spheres and red spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether thesubstance depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneousmixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures.AnalyzeA pure substance is composed of all the same type of element or compound, not a mixture of two kinds.An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composed of two or more types ofatoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, giving auniformappearancetotheeye.Aheterogeneousmixturecontainsdistinct,observable,individualcomponents. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are closetogether, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a)Because the particles each consist of one red sphere and one blue sphere, all the particles are the same—this is a pure compound. The particles fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in thegas phase.(b)Because Figure P1.1(b) shows a mixture of red and blue spheres, this is depicting a mixture ofblue-element atoms and red-element atoms. The blue spheres fill the container and are disordered, sothese particles are in the gas phase. The red spheres have a definite volume and are slightly disordered,so these particles are in the liquid phase. These two phases are distinct, and we would observe thedifference in composition, so this mixture is heterogeneous.Think About ItRemember that both elements and compounds may be either pure or present in a mixture.1.2.Collect and OrganizeIn Figure P1.2(a) we are shown “atoms” of only red spheres, and in Figure P1.2(b) we have “molecules”consisting of two red spheres or two blue spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substancedepicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures,or heterogeneous mixtures.AnalyzeA pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, nota mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom, and a compound is composedof two or more types of atoms. In a homogeneous mixture the components are evenly distributed throughoutthe mixture, giving a uniform appearance to the eye. A heterogeneous mixture contains distinct, observable,individual components. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particlesare close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that areclose together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart fromeach other.Solve(a)Because all the atoms are of the same type, Figure P1.2(a) depicts a pure element. The particles take up adefinite volume and are ordered, so this element is in the solid phase.

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