Solution Manual for Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers, 9th Edition

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Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank
for
Occupational Safety and Health
For Technologists, Engineers, and
Managers
Ninth Edition
David L. Goetsch

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part Two: Answers to Review Questions 67
Chapter One 67
Chapter Two 69
Chapter Three 71
Chapter Four 74
Chapter Five 78
Chapter Six 80
Chapter Seven 86
Chapter Eight 89
Chapter Nine 91
Chapter Ten 95
Chapter Eleven 99
Chapter Twelve 102
Chapter Thirteen 106
Chapter Fourteen 108
Chapter Fifteen 111
Chapter Sixteen 116
Chapter Seventeen 120
Chapter Eighteen 122
Chapter Nineteen 126
Chapter Twenty 130
Chapter Twenty-One 137
Chapter Twenty-Two 139
Chapter Twenty-Three 142
Chapter Twenty-Four. 147
Chapter Twenty-Five 150
Chapter Twenty-Six 154
Chapter Twenty-Seven 156
Chapter Twenty-Eight 158
Chapter Twenty-Nine 160
Chapter Thirty 165
Chapter Thirty-One 167
Part Three: Transparency Masters 169
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine

1
PART TWO
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter One – Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
1. To what cause(s) can the improvements in workplace safety made to date be
attributed?
Improvements in safety up to now have been the result of pressure for legislation
to promote safety and health, the steadily increasing costs associated with
accidents and injuries, and the professionalization of safety as an occupation.
2. Explain the significance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safety
movement.
What is significant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is that
it contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and
monetary damages assessed against those who injured others.
3. Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the first organized
safety program.
In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant the first recorded safety program was
established in response to a scare caused when a flywheel exploded. Following
the explosion a committee of managers was formed to investigate and make
recommendations.
4. What is Frederick Taylor’s connection to the safety movement?
Although safety was not a major focus of his work, Taylor did draw a connection
between lost personnel time and management policies and procedures. This
connection between safety and management represented a major step toward
broad-based safety consciousness.
5. Explain the development of the National Safety Council.
The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in the
early 1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result of the
AlSEE’s efforts, the first meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress took place
in Milwaukee in 1912. A year after the initial meeting of the Cooperative Safety
Congress, the National Council of Industrial Safety was established in Chicago,
Illinois. In 1915, this organization changed its name to the National Safety
Council.
6. What impact did labor shortages in World War II have on the safety
movement?
The loss of a skilled worker due to an injury or for any other reason created an
excessive hardship.

2
7. Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement. Give
examples.
Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace of
the safety movement. Three of the most significant events in the history of the
safety and health movement were the Hawk’s Nest, asbestos menace, and Bhopal
tragedies.
8. Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.
Generally, the state legislated safety requirements only in specific industries, had
inadequate safety and health standards, and had inadequate budgets for
enforcement. The injury and death toll due to industrial mishaps was still too
high. In the late 1960s, more than 14,000 employees were killed annually in
connection with their jobs. Work injury rates were taking an upward swing.
9. Summarize briefly the role organized labor has played in the advancement
of the safety movement.
Organized labor has fought for safer working conditions and appropriate
compensation for workers injured on the job.
10. Define the following terms: fellow servant rule; contributory negligence;
assumption of risk.
The most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement was
their work to overturn anti-labor laws relating to safety in the workplace

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3
Chapter Two – Accidents and Their Effects
1. What are the leading causes of death in the United States?
Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in this country behind heart
disease, cancer, and strokes.
2. When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up
the cost?
These costs include such factors as lost wages, medical expenses, insurance
administration, fire-related losses, motor vehicle property damage, and indirect
costs.
3. What are the five leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?
Motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, and fire-related
4. What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people between
the ages of 25 and 44?
Accidents, motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, fire-related,
cancer, and heart disease
5. Explain how todays’s rate of accidental work deaths now compares with the
rate of the early 1900s.
Between 1912 and 1989, accidental work deaths per 100,000 population were
reduced 81 percent, from 21 to 4.
6. What are the five leading causes of work deaths?
Motor vehicle related, falls, electric current, drowning, and fire-related
7.

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4
Chapter Three – Theories of Accident Causation
1. Explain the domino theory of accident causation, including its origin and its
impact on more modern theories.
There are five factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident: 1)
ancestry and social environment, 2) fault of person, 3) unsafe actimechanical or
physical hazard, 4) accident, and 5) injury.
2. What were the findings of Herbert W.Heinrich’s 1920s study of the causes of
industrial accidents?
88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts committed by fellow
workers.10 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions. 2
percent of industrial accidents are unavoidable.
3. List five of Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.
Accidents result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident
itself.
 An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or a
physical or mechanical hazard.
 Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior by people.
 An unsafe act by a person or an unsafe condition does not always immediately
result in an accident/injury.
 The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpful

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5
Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility – How a person responds in a given
situation can cause or prevent an accident. If a person detects a hazardous
condition but does nothing to correct it, he or she has responded inappropriately.
Inappropriate Activities – Human error can be the result of inappropriate
activities. An example of an inappropriate activity would be a person undertaking
a task he or she doesn’t know how to do.
6. Explain the systems failure component of the accident/incident theory.
First, it shows the potential for a causal relationship between management
decisions/management behavior and safety. Second, it establishes management’s
role in accident prevention as well as the broader concepts of safety and health in
the workplace.
7. What are the key components of the epidemiological theory and how does
their interaction affect accident causation?
The key components are predisposition characteristics and situational
characteristics. These characteristics, taken together, can either result in or
prevent conditions that might result in an accident.
8. Explain the systems theory of accident causation.
This theory views a situation in which an accident might occur as a system
comprised of the following components: person (host), machine (agency), and
environment.

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6
 Planned interventions with the feelings and attitudes of the individual
employee in mind
12. What is the role of the safety and health professional with regard to handling
employees who might be drug or alcohol abusers?
Safety and health professionals should be aware of the workplace problems that
can be caused by alcohol and drug abuse.Should also be a member of the cross-
functional team of representatives who develop a drug-free workplace program.
13. List the warning signs of clinical depression.
 Persistent dreary moods
 Signs of too little sleep
 Sleeping on the job or persistent drowsiness
 Sudden weight loss or gain
 General loss of interest, especially in areas of previous interest
 Restlessness, inability to concentrate, or irritability
 Chronic physical problems
 Forgetfulness or an inability to make simple decisions

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Chapter Four – Roles and Professional Certifications for
Safety and Health Professionals
1. What types of positions might be included in a modern safety and health
team?
Engineers, physicists, industrial hygienists, occupational physicians, and
occupational health nurses.
2. Briefly explain the impact such issues as workers’ compensation and the
environment have had on the commitment of corporate management to
safety and health.
OSHA Standards, on-site inspections, and penalties have encouraged a greater
commitment to safety and health than was evident in the past as has the growing
awareness that providing a safe and healthy workplace is the fight thing to do
from both an ethical and a business perspective.
3. What is the difference between a staff and a line position?
Line authority means the safety and health manager has authority over and
supervises certain employees. Staff authority means the safety and health
manager is the staff person responsible for a certain function, but he or she has no
line authority over others involved with that function.
4. Explain the types of problems modern safety and health managers can
expect to confront in attempting to implement their programs.


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8
In-service training, ongoing interaction with professional colleagues, and
continued reading of professional literature are effective ways to stay current.This
means joining the appropriate professional organizations, becoming familiar with
related government agencies, and establishing links with relevant standards
organizations.
9. How can safety and health managers become certified in their profession?
In order to qualify to sit for a certification examination, safety and health
managers must have the required education and experience and submit letters of
recommendation as specified by the certification board.
10. Name three professional societies a safety and health manager may join.
 American Academy of Industrial Hygiene
 American Industrial Hygiene Association
 American Occupational Medical Association
 American Society of Safety Engineers
 National Safety Council
 Society of Toxicology
11. What is meant by the statement “If a physician makes an error he might
harm one person, but an engineer who errs might harm one hundred”?
Engineers can make a significant contribution to safety. Correspondingly, they
can cause, inadvertently or through incompetence, accidents that result in serious

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9
The coursework they take is particularly relevant since all of it relates either
directly or indirectly to health.
17. What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and
health team?
A broad background has made the chemical engineer extremely versatile and
capable of working in a wide variety of industries: chemical, petroleum,
aerospace, nuclear, materials, microelectronics, sanitation, food processing, and
computer technology.
18. Describe the job of the industrial hygienist.
 To recognize environmental factors and to understand their effect on humans
and their well-being.
 To evaluate on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative
measurement techniques, the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability to
impair human health and well-being, and
 To prescribe methods to eliminate control, or reduce such stresses when
necessary to alleviate their effects.
19. What is a health physicist?
Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace. Their
duties include monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility, measuring the
radioactivity levels of biological samples, developing the radiation components of
the company’s emergency action plan, and supervising the decontamination of
workers and the workplace when necessary.
20. Describe the job of the occupational physician.

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10
 To plan, prepare, promote, present, and broker educational activities for
employees.
 To establish and maintain positive working relationships with all departments
within the company.
 To maintain positive working relationships with all components of the local
health care community.
 To monitor and evaluate the nursing program on a continual basis and adjust
accordingly.
22. Explain the concept of risk management.
Risk management consists of the various activities and strategies in an
organization to protect itself from situations, circumstances, or events that might
undermine its security.
23. Explain the role of the ergonomist.
CPE must meet the following requirements:
 Must have a master’s degree in one of the correlative fields of ergonomics,
such as biomechanics, human factor/ergonomics, industrial engineering,
industrial hygiene, kinesiology, psychology, or systems engineering.
 Appropriateness of work experience and evidence of participation in projects
requiring ergonomic expertise.
 A work sample that demonstrate a breadth of ergonomic knowledge and the
ability to use ergonomic methods successfully.
24

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