Solution Manual for Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers, 9th Edition
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Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank
for
Occupational Safety and Health
For Technologists, Engineers, and
Managers
Ninth Edition
David L. Goetsch
for
Occupational Safety and Health
For Technologists, Engineers, and
Managers
Ninth Edition
David L. Goetsch
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part Two: Answers to Review Questions 67
Chapter One 67
Chapter Two 69
Chapter Three 71
Chapter Four 74
Chapter Five 78
Chapter Six 80
Chapter Seven 86
Chapter Eight 89
Chapter Nine 91
Chapter Ten 95
Chapter Eleven 99
Chapter Twelve 102
Chapter Thirteen 106
Chapter Fourteen 108
Chapter Fifteen 111
Chapter Sixteen 116
Chapter Seventeen 120
Chapter Eighteen 122
Chapter Nineteen 126
Chapter Twenty 130
Chapter Twenty-One 137
Chapter Twenty-Two 139
Chapter Twenty-Three 142
Chapter Twenty-Four. 147
Chapter Twenty-Five 150
Chapter Twenty-Six 154
Chapter Twenty-Seven 156
Chapter Twenty-Eight 158
Chapter Twenty-Nine 160
Chapter Thirty 165
Chapter Thirty-One 167
Part Three: Transparency Masters 169
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Part Two: Answers to Review Questions 67
Chapter One 67
Chapter Two 69
Chapter Three 71
Chapter Four 74
Chapter Five 78
Chapter Six 80
Chapter Seven 86
Chapter Eight 89
Chapter Nine 91
Chapter Ten 95
Chapter Eleven 99
Chapter Twelve 102
Chapter Thirteen 106
Chapter Fourteen 108
Chapter Fifteen 111
Chapter Sixteen 116
Chapter Seventeen 120
Chapter Eighteen 122
Chapter Nineteen 126
Chapter Twenty 130
Chapter Twenty-One 137
Chapter Twenty-Two 139
Chapter Twenty-Three 142
Chapter Twenty-Four. 147
Chapter Twenty-Five 150
Chapter Twenty-Six 154
Chapter Twenty-Seven 156
Chapter Twenty-Eight 158
Chapter Twenty-Nine 160
Chapter Thirty 165
Chapter Thirty-One 167
Part Three: Transparency Masters 169
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part Two: Answers to Review Questions 67
Chapter One 67
Chapter Two 69
Chapter Three 71
Chapter Four 74
Chapter Five 78
Chapter Six 80
Chapter Seven 86
Chapter Eight 89
Chapter Nine 91
Chapter Ten 95
Chapter Eleven 99
Chapter Twelve 102
Chapter Thirteen 106
Chapter Fourteen 108
Chapter Fifteen 111
Chapter Sixteen 116
Chapter Seventeen 120
Chapter Eighteen 122
Chapter Nineteen 126
Chapter Twenty 130
Chapter Twenty-One 137
Chapter Twenty-Two 139
Chapter Twenty-Three 142
Chapter Twenty-Four. 147
Chapter Twenty-Five 150
Chapter Twenty-Six 154
Chapter Twenty-Seven 156
Chapter Twenty-Eight 158
Chapter Twenty-Nine 160
Chapter Thirty 165
Chapter Thirty-One 167
Part Three: Transparency Masters 169
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Part Two: Answers to Review Questions 67
Chapter One 67
Chapter Two 69
Chapter Three 71
Chapter Four 74
Chapter Five 78
Chapter Six 80
Chapter Seven 86
Chapter Eight 89
Chapter Nine 91
Chapter Ten 95
Chapter Eleven 99
Chapter Twelve 102
Chapter Thirteen 106
Chapter Fourteen 108
Chapter Fifteen 111
Chapter Sixteen 116
Chapter Seventeen 120
Chapter Eighteen 122
Chapter Nineteen 126
Chapter Twenty 130
Chapter Twenty-One 137
Chapter Twenty-Two 139
Chapter Twenty-Three 142
Chapter Twenty-Four. 147
Chapter Twenty-Five 150
Chapter Twenty-Six 154
Chapter Twenty-Seven 156
Chapter Twenty-Eight 158
Chapter Twenty-Nine 160
Chapter Thirty 165
Chapter Thirty-One 167
Part Three: Transparency Masters 169
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Chapter Ten
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Chapter Fourteen
Chapter Fifteen
Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Seventeen
Chapter Eighteen
Chapter Nineteen
Chapter Twenty
Chapter Twenty-One
Chapter Twenty-Two
Chapter Twenty-Three
Chapter Twenty-Four
Chapter Twenty-Five
Chapter Twenty-Six
Chapter Twenty-Seven
Chapter Twenty-Eight
Chapter Twenty-Nine
Chapter Thirty
Chapter Thirty-One
Chapter Eleven
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Chapter Fourteen
Chapter Fifteen
Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Seventeen
Chapter Eighteen
Chapter Nineteen
Chapter Twenty
Chapter Twenty-One
Chapter Twenty-Two
Chapter Twenty-Three
Chapter Twenty-Four
Chapter Twenty-Five
Chapter Twenty-Six
Chapter Twenty-Seven
Chapter Twenty-Eight
Chapter Twenty-Nine
Chapter Thirty
Chapter Thirty-One
1
PART TWO
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter One – Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
1. To what cause(s) can the improvements in workplace safety made to date be
attributed?
Improvements in safety up to now have been the result of pressure for legislation
to promote safety and health, the steadily increasing costs associated with
accidents and injuries, and the professionalization of safety as an occupation.
2. Explain the significance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safety
movement.
What is significant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is that
it contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and
monetary damages assessed against those who injured others.
3. Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the first organized
safety program.
In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant the first recorded safety program was
established in response to a scare caused when a flywheel exploded. Following
the explosion a committee of managers was formed to investigate and make
recommendations.
4. What is Frederick Taylor’s connection to the safety movement?
Although safety was not a major focus of his work, Taylor did draw a connection
between lost personnel time and management policies and procedures. This
connection between safety and management represented a major step toward
broad-based safety consciousness.
5. Explain the development of the National Safety Council.
The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in the
early 1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result of the
AlSEE’s efforts, the first meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress took place
in Milwaukee in 1912. A year after the initial meeting of the Cooperative Safety
Congress, the National Council of Industrial Safety was established in Chicago,
Illinois. In 1915, this organization changed its name to the National Safety
Council.
6. What impact did labor shortages in World War II have on the safety
movement?
The loss of a skilled worker due to an injury or for any other reason created an
excessive hardship.
PART TWO
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
Chapter One – Safety and Health Movement, Then and Now
1. To what cause(s) can the improvements in workplace safety made to date be
attributed?
Improvements in safety up to now have been the result of pressure for legislation
to promote safety and health, the steadily increasing costs associated with
accidents and injuries, and the professionalization of safety as an occupation.
2. Explain the significance of the Code of Hammurabi in terms of the safety
movement.
What is significant about the code from the perspective of safety and health is that
it contained clauses dealing with injuries, allowable fees for physicians, and
monetary damages assessed against those who injured others.
3. Describe the circumstances that led to the development of the first organized
safety program.
In 1892 in a Joliet, Illinois, steel plant the first recorded safety program was
established in response to a scare caused when a flywheel exploded. Following
the explosion a committee of managers was formed to investigate and make
recommendations.
4. What is Frederick Taylor’s connection to the safety movement?
Although safety was not a major focus of his work, Taylor did draw a connection
between lost personnel time and management policies and procedures. This
connection between safety and management represented a major step toward
broad-based safety consciousness.
5. Explain the development of the National Safety Council.
The Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers (AISEE), formed in the
early 1900s, pressed for a national conference on safety. As a result of the
AlSEE’s efforts, the first meeting of the Cooperative Safety Congress took place
in Milwaukee in 1912. A year after the initial meeting of the Cooperative Safety
Congress, the National Council of Industrial Safety was established in Chicago,
Illinois. In 1915, this organization changed its name to the National Safety
Council.
6. What impact did labor shortages in World War II have on the safety
movement?
The loss of a skilled worker due to an injury or for any other reason created an
excessive hardship.
2
7. Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement. Give
examples.
Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace of
the safety movement. Three of the most significant events in the history of the
safety and health movement were the Hawk’s Nest, asbestos menace, and Bhopal
tragedies.
8. Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.
Generally, the state legislated safety requirements only in specific industries, had
inadequate safety and health standards, and had inadequate budgets for
enforcement. The injury and death toll due to industrial mishaps was still too
high. In the late 1960s, more than 14,000 employees were killed annually in
connection with their jobs. Work injury rates were taking an upward swing.
9. Summarize briefly the role organized labor has played in the advancement
of the safety movement.
Organized labor has fought for safer working conditions and appropriate
compensation for workers injured on the job.
10. Define the following terms: fellow servant rule; contributory negligence;
assumption of risk.
The most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement was
their work to overturn anti-labor laws relating to safety in the workplace. The
fellow servant rule held that employees were not liable for workplace injuries that
resulted from the negligence of other employees. If the actions of employees
contributed to their own injuries, the employer was absolved of any liability. This
was the doctrine of contributory negligence. Assumption of risk was based on the
theory that people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.
11. Explain the Three E’s of Safety.
Three E’s of Safety: Engineering – involves making design improvements to
both product and process; Education – ensures that employees know how to work
safely; and Enforcement – involves making sure that employees abide by safety
policies, rules, regulations, practices, and procedures.
12. Explain the term integration as it relates to modern safety and health.
By working together and drawing on their own respective areas of expertise,
safety and health professionals are better able to identify, predict, control, and
correct safety and health problems.
7. Explain how workplace tragedies have affected the safety movement. Give
examples.
Safety and health tragedies in the workplace have greatly accelerated the pace of
the safety movement. Three of the most significant events in the history of the
safety and health movement were the Hawk’s Nest, asbestos menace, and Bhopal
tragedies.
8. Explain the primary reasons behind the passage of OSHA.
Generally, the state legislated safety requirements only in specific industries, had
inadequate safety and health standards, and had inadequate budgets for
enforcement. The injury and death toll due to industrial mishaps was still too
high. In the late 1960s, more than 14,000 employees were killed annually in
connection with their jobs. Work injury rates were taking an upward swing.
9. Summarize briefly the role organized labor has played in the advancement
of the safety movement.
Organized labor has fought for safer working conditions and appropriate
compensation for workers injured on the job.
10. Define the following terms: fellow servant rule; contributory negligence;
assumption of risk.
The most important contributions of organized labor to the safety movement was
their work to overturn anti-labor laws relating to safety in the workplace. The
fellow servant rule held that employees were not liable for workplace injuries that
resulted from the negligence of other employees. If the actions of employees
contributed to their own injuries, the employer was absolved of any liability. This
was the doctrine of contributory negligence. Assumption of risk was based on the
theory that people who accept a job assume the risks that go with it.
11. Explain the Three E’s of Safety.
Three E’s of Safety: Engineering – involves making design improvements to
both product and process; Education – ensures that employees know how to work
safely; and Enforcement – involves making sure that employees abide by safety
policies, rules, regulations, practices, and procedures.
12. Explain the term integration as it relates to modern safety and health.
By working together and drawing on their own respective areas of expertise,
safety and health professionals are better able to identify, predict, control, and
correct safety and health problems.
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3
Chapter Two – Accidents and Their Effects
1. What are the leading causes of death in the United States?
Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in this country behind heart
disease, cancer, and strokes.
2. When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up
the cost?
These costs include such factors as lost wages, medical expenses, insurance
administration, fire-related losses, motor vehicle property damage, and indirect
costs.
3. What are the five leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?
Motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, and fire-related
4. What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people between
the ages of 25 and 44?
Accidents, motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, fire-related,
cancer, and heart disease
5. Explain how todays’s rate of accidental work deaths now compares with the
rate of the early 1900s.
Between 1912 and 1989, accidental work deaths per 100,000 population were
reduced 81 percent, from 21 to 4.
6. What are the five leading causes of work deaths?
Motor vehicle related, falls, electric current, drowning, and fire-related
7. What are the five leading causes of work injuries by type of accident?
Overexertion, impact accidents, falls, bodily reaction, and compression.
8. When death rates are classified by industry type, what are the three leading
industry types?
Mining/quarrying, agriculture, construction
9. Rank the following body parts according to frequency of injury from highest
to lowest: neck, fingers, trunk, back, and eyes.
Back, fingers, trunk, eyes, and neck
10. Explain the reasons for high accident rates in developing countries.
Rapid development and the pressure of global competition
Missing safety and health infrastructure
Chapter Two – Accidents and Their Effects
1. What are the leading causes of death in the United States?
Accidents are the fourth leading cause of death in this country behind heart
disease, cancer, and strokes.
2. When the overall cost of an accident is calculated, what elements make up
the cost?
These costs include such factors as lost wages, medical expenses, insurance
administration, fire-related losses, motor vehicle property damage, and indirect
costs.
3. What are the five leading causes of accidental deaths in the United States?
Motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, and fire-related
4. What are the leading causes of death in the United States of people between
the ages of 25 and 44?
Accidents, motor vehicle, poison (solid, liquid), drowning, falls, fire-related,
cancer, and heart disease
5. Explain how todays’s rate of accidental work deaths now compares with the
rate of the early 1900s.
Between 1912 and 1989, accidental work deaths per 100,000 population were
reduced 81 percent, from 21 to 4.
6. What are the five leading causes of work deaths?
Motor vehicle related, falls, electric current, drowning, and fire-related
7. What are the five leading causes of work injuries by type of accident?
Overexertion, impact accidents, falls, bodily reaction, and compression.
8. When death rates are classified by industry type, what are the three leading
industry types?
Mining/quarrying, agriculture, construction
9. Rank the following body parts according to frequency of injury from highest
to lowest: neck, fingers, trunk, back, and eyes.
Back, fingers, trunk, eyes, and neck
10. Explain the reasons for high accident rates in developing countries.
Rapid development and the pressure of global competition
Missing safety and health infrastructure
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4
Chapter Three – Theories of Accident Causation
1. Explain the domino theory of accident causation, including its origin and its
impact on more modern theories.
There are five factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident: 1)
ancestry and social environment, 2) fault of person, 3) unsafe actimechanical or
physical hazard, 4) accident, and 5) injury.
2. What were the findings of Herbert W.Heinrich’s 1920s study of the causes of
industrial accidents?
88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts committed by fellow
workers.10 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions. 2
percent of industrial accidents are unavoidable.
3. List five of Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.
Accidents result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident
itself.
An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or a
physical or mechanical hazard.
Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior by people.
An unsafe act by a person or an unsafe condition does not always immediately
result in an accident/injury.
The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpful guides in
selecting corrective actions.
The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the accident that caused it
is largely preventable.
The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality
and productivity techniques.
Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best
position to get results.
The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrial accidents.
In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e., compensation, liability
claims, medical costs, and hospital expenses) there are also hidden or indirect
costs.
4. Explain the following concepts in the domino theory: preceding factor;
central factor.
Heinrich’s theory has two central points: 1) injuries are caused by the action of
preceding factors; and 2) removal of the central factor (unsafe act/hazardous
condition) negates the action of the preceding factor and, in so doing, prevents
accidents and injuries.
5. What are the three broad factors that lead to human error in the human
factor theory? Briefly explain each.
Overload – Overload amounts to an imbalance between a person’s capacity at
any given time and the load that person is carrying in a given state.
Chapter Three – Theories of Accident Causation
1. Explain the domino theory of accident causation, including its origin and its
impact on more modern theories.
There are five factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident: 1)
ancestry and social environment, 2) fault of person, 3) unsafe actimechanical or
physical hazard, 4) accident, and 5) injury.
2. What were the findings of Herbert W.Heinrich’s 1920s study of the causes of
industrial accidents?
88 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts committed by fellow
workers.10 percent of industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions. 2
percent of industrial accidents are unavoidable.
3. List five of Heinrich’s Axioms of Industrial Safety.
Accidents result from a completed series of factors, one of which is the accident
itself.
An accident can occur only as the result of an unsafe act by a person and/or a
physical or mechanical hazard.
Most accidents are the result of unsafe behavior by people.
An unsafe act by a person or an unsafe condition does not always immediately
result in an accident/injury.
The reasons why people commit unsafe acts can serve as helpful guides in
selecting corrective actions.
The severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the accident that caused it
is largely preventable.
The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality
and productivity techniques.
Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best
position to get results.
The supervisor is the key person in the prevention of industrial accidents.
In addition to the direct costs of an accident (i.e., compensation, liability
claims, medical costs, and hospital expenses) there are also hidden or indirect
costs.
4. Explain the following concepts in the domino theory: preceding factor;
central factor.
Heinrich’s theory has two central points: 1) injuries are caused by the action of
preceding factors; and 2) removal of the central factor (unsafe act/hazardous
condition) negates the action of the preceding factor and, in so doing, prevents
accidents and injuries.
5. What are the three broad factors that lead to human error in the human
factor theory? Briefly explain each.
Overload – Overload amounts to an imbalance between a person’s capacity at
any given time and the load that person is carrying in a given state.
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5
Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility – How a person responds in a given
situation can cause or prevent an accident. If a person detects a hazardous
condition but does nothing to correct it, he or she has responded inappropriately.
Inappropriate Activities – Human error can be the result of inappropriate
activities. An example of an inappropriate activity would be a person undertaking
a task he or she doesn’t know how to do.
6. Explain the systems failure component of the accident/incident theory.
First, it shows the potential for a causal relationship between management
decisions/management behavior and safety. Second, it establishes management’s
role in accident prevention as well as the broader concepts of safety and health in
the workplace.
7. What are the key components of the epidemiological theory and how does
their interaction affect accident causation?
The key components are predisposition characteristics and situational
characteristics. These characteristics, taken together, can either result in or
prevent conditions that might result in an accident.
8. Explain the systems theory of accident causation.
This theory views a situation in which an accident might occur as a system
comprised of the following components: person (host), machine (agency), and
environment. The likelihood of an accident occurring is determined by how these
components interact. Changes in the patterns of interaction can increase or reduce
the probability of an accident occurring.
9. What impact do stressors have in the systems theory?
When stressors are introduced between points 1 and 2 the likelihood of an
accident increases.
10. List five factors to consider before making workplace decisions that involve
risk.
1) Job requirements, 2) the worker’s abilities and limitations, 3) what is gained if
the task is successfully accomplished, 4) what is lost if the task is attempted but
fails, and 5) what is lost if the task is not attempted.
11. Explain the principles of behavior-based safety.
There are seven basic principles of BBS:
Intervention that is focused on employee behavior
Identification of external factors that will help understand and improve
employee behavior
Direct behavior with activators or events antecedent to the desired behavior,
and motivation of the employee to behave as desired with incentives and
rewards that will follow the desired behavior
Focus on the positive consequences that will result from the desired behavior
as a way to motivate employees
Application of the scientific method to improve attempts at behavioral
interventions
Use of theory to integrate information rather than to limit possibilities
Inappropriate Response/Incompatibility – How a person responds in a given
situation can cause or prevent an accident. If a person detects a hazardous
condition but does nothing to correct it, he or she has responded inappropriately.
Inappropriate Activities – Human error can be the result of inappropriate
activities. An example of an inappropriate activity would be a person undertaking
a task he or she doesn’t know how to do.
6. Explain the systems failure component of the accident/incident theory.
First, it shows the potential for a causal relationship between management
decisions/management behavior and safety. Second, it establishes management’s
role in accident prevention as well as the broader concepts of safety and health in
the workplace.
7. What are the key components of the epidemiological theory and how does
their interaction affect accident causation?
The key components are predisposition characteristics and situational
characteristics. These characteristics, taken together, can either result in or
prevent conditions that might result in an accident.
8. Explain the systems theory of accident causation.
This theory views a situation in which an accident might occur as a system
comprised of the following components: person (host), machine (agency), and
environment. The likelihood of an accident occurring is determined by how these
components interact. Changes in the patterns of interaction can increase or reduce
the probability of an accident occurring.
9. What impact do stressors have in the systems theory?
When stressors are introduced between points 1 and 2 the likelihood of an
accident increases.
10. List five factors to consider before making workplace decisions that involve
risk.
1) Job requirements, 2) the worker’s abilities and limitations, 3) what is gained if
the task is successfully accomplished, 4) what is lost if the task is attempted but
fails, and 5) what is lost if the task is not attempted.
11. Explain the principles of behavior-based safety.
There are seven basic principles of BBS:
Intervention that is focused on employee behavior
Identification of external factors that will help understand and improve
employee behavior
Direct behavior with activators or events antecedent to the desired behavior,
and motivation of the employee to behave as desired with incentives and
rewards that will follow the desired behavior
Focus on the positive consequences that will result from the desired behavior
as a way to motivate employees
Application of the scientific method to improve attempts at behavioral
interventions
Use of theory to integrate information rather than to limit possibilities
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6
Planned interventions with the feelings and attitudes of the individual
employee in mind
12. What is the role of the safety and health professional with regard to handling
employees who might be drug or alcohol abusers?
Safety and health professionals should be aware of the workplace problems that
can be caused by alcohol and drug abuse.Should also be a member of the cross-
functional team of representatives who develop a drug-free workplace program.
13. List the warning signs of clinical depression.
Persistent dreary moods
Signs of too little sleep
Sleeping on the job or persistent drowsiness
Sudden weight loss or gain
General loss of interest, especially in areas of previous interest
Restlessness, inability to concentrate, or irritability
Chronic physical problems
Forgetfulness or an inability to make simple decisions
Persistent feeling of guilt
Feeling of low self-worth
Focus on death or talk of suicide
14. What must management do if it is serous about providing a safe and healthy
work environment for employees?
Management must establish expectations, provide training, evaluate employee
performance with safety in mind, and reinforce safe and healthy behavior.
15. Explain the connections between obesity and injuries.
The most common causes of injuries to obese people were the result of
overexertion and falls. Efforts to promote optimal body weight may reduce not
only the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of unintentional injuries.
16. Explain the Swiss Cheese Model from the perspective of accident prevention.
The Swiss Cheese Model bases accident prevention on providing multiple
defensive layers between hazards and the harm they might cause.
Planned interventions with the feelings and attitudes of the individual
employee in mind
12. What is the role of the safety and health professional with regard to handling
employees who might be drug or alcohol abusers?
Safety and health professionals should be aware of the workplace problems that
can be caused by alcohol and drug abuse.Should also be a member of the cross-
functional team of representatives who develop a drug-free workplace program.
13. List the warning signs of clinical depression.
Persistent dreary moods
Signs of too little sleep
Sleeping on the job or persistent drowsiness
Sudden weight loss or gain
General loss of interest, especially in areas of previous interest
Restlessness, inability to concentrate, or irritability
Chronic physical problems
Forgetfulness or an inability to make simple decisions
Persistent feeling of guilt
Feeling of low self-worth
Focus on death or talk of suicide
14. What must management do if it is serous about providing a safe and healthy
work environment for employees?
Management must establish expectations, provide training, evaluate employee
performance with safety in mind, and reinforce safe and healthy behavior.
15. Explain the connections between obesity and injuries.
The most common causes of injuries to obese people were the result of
overexertion and falls. Efforts to promote optimal body weight may reduce not
only the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of unintentional injuries.
16. Explain the Swiss Cheese Model from the perspective of accident prevention.
The Swiss Cheese Model bases accident prevention on providing multiple
defensive layers between hazards and the harm they might cause.
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7
Chapter Four – Roles and Professional Certifications for
Safety and Health Professionals
1. What types of positions might be included in a modern safety and health
team?
Engineers, physicists, industrial hygienists, occupational physicians, and
occupational health nurses.
2. Briefly explain the impact such issues as workers’ compensation and the
environment have had on the commitment of corporate management to
safety and health.
OSHA Standards, on-site inspections, and penalties have encouraged a greater
commitment to safety and health than was evident in the past as has the growing
awareness that providing a safe and healthy workplace is the fight thing to do
from both an ethical and a business perspective.
3. What is the difference between a staff and a line position?
Line authority means the safety and health manager has authority over and
supervises certain employees. Staff authority means the safety and health
manager is the staff person responsible for a certain function, but he or she has no
line authority over others involved with that function.
4. Explain the types of problems modern safety and health managers can
expect to confront in attempting to implement their programs.
Lack of commitment
Top management may go along with having a company-wide safety and health
program because they see it as a necessary evil.
Production versus Safety
Industrial firms are in business to make a profit.Anything that interferes with
production or processing is likely to be looked on unfavorably.
5. Briefly explain what a company must do in order to succeed in today’s
competitive global marketplace.
The most productive company is the one that generates the most output
with the least input.
6. How can safety and health managers use the competitiveness issue to gain a
commitment to their programs?
Resources invested in safety and health can actually improve a company’s
competitiveness. Productivity, quality, cost, image, and response time can go a
long way in helping to gain management commitment to safety and health.
7. List five different college majors that can lead to a career as a safety and
health manager.
Industrial safety, occupational safety, environmental technology, safety and
health management, and industrial hygiene.
8. Explain the importance of ongoing in-service training for modern safety and
health managers and how to get it.
Chapter Four – Roles and Professional Certifications for
Safety and Health Professionals
1. What types of positions might be included in a modern safety and health
team?
Engineers, physicists, industrial hygienists, occupational physicians, and
occupational health nurses.
2. Briefly explain the impact such issues as workers’ compensation and the
environment have had on the commitment of corporate management to
safety and health.
OSHA Standards, on-site inspections, and penalties have encouraged a greater
commitment to safety and health than was evident in the past as has the growing
awareness that providing a safe and healthy workplace is the fight thing to do
from both an ethical and a business perspective.
3. What is the difference between a staff and a line position?
Line authority means the safety and health manager has authority over and
supervises certain employees. Staff authority means the safety and health
manager is the staff person responsible for a certain function, but he or she has no
line authority over others involved with that function.
4. Explain the types of problems modern safety and health managers can
expect to confront in attempting to implement their programs.
Lack of commitment
Top management may go along with having a company-wide safety and health
program because they see it as a necessary evil.
Production versus Safety
Industrial firms are in business to make a profit.Anything that interferes with
production or processing is likely to be looked on unfavorably.
5. Briefly explain what a company must do in order to succeed in today’s
competitive global marketplace.
The most productive company is the one that generates the most output
with the least input.
6. How can safety and health managers use the competitiveness issue to gain a
commitment to their programs?
Resources invested in safety and health can actually improve a company’s
competitiveness. Productivity, quality, cost, image, and response time can go a
long way in helping to gain management commitment to safety and health.
7. List five different college majors that can lead to a career as a safety and
health manager.
Industrial safety, occupational safety, environmental technology, safety and
health management, and industrial hygiene.
8. Explain the importance of ongoing in-service training for modern safety and
health managers and how to get it.
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In-service training, ongoing interaction with professional colleagues, and
continued reading of professional literature are effective ways to stay current.This
means joining the appropriate professional organizations, becoming familiar with
related government agencies, and establishing links with relevant standards
organizations.
9. How can safety and health managers become certified in their profession?
In order to qualify to sit for a certification examination, safety and health
managers must have the required education and experience and submit letters of
recommendation as specified by the certification board.
10. Name three professional societies a safety and health manager may join.
American Academy of Industrial Hygiene
American Industrial Hygiene Association
American Occupational Medical Association
American Society of Safety Engineers
National Safety Council
Society of Toxicology
11. What is meant by the statement “If a physician makes an error he might
harm one person, but an engineer who errs might harm one hundred”?
Engineers can make a significant contribution to safety. Correspondingly, they
can cause, inadvertently or through incompetence, accidents that result in serious
injury and property damage.
12. Explain how the design process can affect safety.
With a poorly designed seat belt installed in 10,000 automobiles, the engineer has
inadvertently endangered the lives of as many as 40,000
people (estimating a maximum of four passengers per car).
13. What typed of engineers are most likely to work as design engineers?
Those that are most likely to be designers are aerospace, electrical, mechanical,
and nuclear engineers.
14. Why is the title safety engineer sometimes a misnomer?
It implies that the person filling the position is a degreed engineer with formal
education and/or special training in workplace safety.Typically, the title is given
to the person who has overall responsibility for the company’s safety program or
to a member of the company’s safety team who is responsible for the traditional
aspects of the safety program.
15. What specific strengths might industrial engineers bring to bear as safety
engineers?
Their knowledge of industrial systems, both manual and automated, can make
them valuable members of a design team, particularly one that designs industrial
systems and technologies.
16. What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and
health team?
In-service training, ongoing interaction with professional colleagues, and
continued reading of professional literature are effective ways to stay current.This
means joining the appropriate professional organizations, becoming familiar with
related government agencies, and establishing links with relevant standards
organizations.
9. How can safety and health managers become certified in their profession?
In order to qualify to sit for a certification examination, safety and health
managers must have the required education and experience and submit letters of
recommendation as specified by the certification board.
10. Name three professional societies a safety and health manager may join.
American Academy of Industrial Hygiene
American Industrial Hygiene Association
American Occupational Medical Association
American Society of Safety Engineers
National Safety Council
Society of Toxicology
11. What is meant by the statement “If a physician makes an error he might
harm one person, but an engineer who errs might harm one hundred”?
Engineers can make a significant contribution to safety. Correspondingly, they
can cause, inadvertently or through incompetence, accidents that result in serious
injury and property damage.
12. Explain how the design process can affect safety.
With a poorly designed seat belt installed in 10,000 automobiles, the engineer has
inadvertently endangered the lives of as many as 40,000
people (estimating a maximum of four passengers per car).
13. What typed of engineers are most likely to work as design engineers?
Those that are most likely to be designers are aerospace, electrical, mechanical,
and nuclear engineers.
14. Why is the title safety engineer sometimes a misnomer?
It implies that the person filling the position is a degreed engineer with formal
education and/or special training in workplace safety.Typically, the title is given
to the person who has overall responsibility for the company’s safety program or
to a member of the company’s safety team who is responsible for the traditional
aspects of the safety program.
15. What specific strengths might industrial engineers bring to bear as safety
engineers?
Their knowledge of industrial systems, both manual and automated, can make
them valuable members of a design team, particularly one that designs industrial
systems and technologies.
16. What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and
health team?
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The coursework they take is particularly relevant since all of it relates either
directly or indirectly to health.
17. What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and
health team?
A broad background has made the chemical engineer extremely versatile and
capable of working in a wide variety of industries: chemical, petroleum,
aerospace, nuclear, materials, microelectronics, sanitation, food processing, and
computer technology.
18. Describe the job of the industrial hygienist.
To recognize environmental factors and to understand their effect on humans
and their well-being.
To evaluate on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative
measurement techniques, the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability to
impair human health and well-being, and
To prescribe methods to eliminate control, or reduce such stresses when
necessary to alleviate their effects.
19. What is a health physicist?
Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace. Their
duties include monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility, measuring the
radioactivity levels of biological samples, developing the radiation components of
the company’s emergency action plan, and supervising the decontamination of
workers and the workplace when necessary.
20. Describe the job of the occupational physician.
Appraisal, maintenance, restoration, and improvement of the workers’ health
through application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergency
medical care, rehabilitation, and environmental medicine.
Promotion of a productive and fulfilling interaction of the worker and the job,
via application of principles of human behavior.
Active appreciation of the social, economic, and administrative needs and
sibilities of both the worker and work community.
Team approach to safety and health, involving cooperation of the physician
with occupational or industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, safety
personnel, and other specialists.
21. Describe the job of the occupational health nurse.
To adopt the nursing program to meet the specific needs of the individual
company.
To give competent nursing care for all employees.
To ensure that adequate resources are available to support the nursing
program.
To seek out competent medical direction if it is not available on-site.
To establish and maintain an adequate system of records-relating to workplace
health care.
The coursework they take is particularly relevant since all of it relates either
directly or indirectly to health.
17. What specific strengths might chemical engineers bring to the safety and
health team?
A broad background has made the chemical engineer extremely versatile and
capable of working in a wide variety of industries: chemical, petroleum,
aerospace, nuclear, materials, microelectronics, sanitation, food processing, and
computer technology.
18. Describe the job of the industrial hygienist.
To recognize environmental factors and to understand their effect on humans
and their well-being.
To evaluate on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative
measurement techniques, the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability to
impair human health and well-being, and
To prescribe methods to eliminate control, or reduce such stresses when
necessary to alleviate their effects.
19. What is a health physicist?
Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace. Their
duties include monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility, measuring the
radioactivity levels of biological samples, developing the radiation components of
the company’s emergency action plan, and supervising the decontamination of
workers and the workplace when necessary.
20. Describe the job of the occupational physician.
Appraisal, maintenance, restoration, and improvement of the workers’ health
through application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergency
medical care, rehabilitation, and environmental medicine.
Promotion of a productive and fulfilling interaction of the worker and the job,
via application of principles of human behavior.
Active appreciation of the social, economic, and administrative needs and
sibilities of both the worker and work community.
Team approach to safety and health, involving cooperation of the physician
with occupational or industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, safety
personnel, and other specialists.
21. Describe the job of the occupational health nurse.
To adopt the nursing program to meet the specific needs of the individual
company.
To give competent nursing care for all employees.
To ensure that adequate resources are available to support the nursing
program.
To seek out competent medical direction if it is not available on-site.
To establish and maintain an adequate system of records-relating to workplace
health care.
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10
To plan, prepare, promote, present, and broker educational activities for
employees.
To establish and maintain positive working relationships with all departments
within the company.
To maintain positive working relationships with all components of the local
health care community.
To monitor and evaluate the nursing program on a continual basis and adjust
accordingly.
22. Explain the concept of risk management.
Risk management consists of the various activities and strategies in an
organization to protect itself from situations, circumstances, or events that might
undermine its security.
23. Explain the role of the ergonomist.
CPE must meet the following requirements:
Must have a master’s degree in one of the correlative fields of ergonomics,
such as biomechanics, human factor/ergonomics, industrial engineering,
industrial hygiene, kinesiology, psychology, or systems engineering.
Appropriateness of work experience and evidence of participation in projects
requiring ergonomic expertise.
A work sample that demonstrate a breadth of ergonomic knowledge and the
ability to use ergonomic methods successfully.
24. Explain the responsibilities of employees in safety and health.
Employees are responsible for complying with all safety rules and regulations,
safely and properly using tools and equipment, safely and properly following all
procedures and processes, properly wearing appropriate PPE, refusing to take
shortcuts, reporting unsafe conditions, encouraging fellow employees to work
safely, and participating in safety training.
25. Explain how to achieve each of the following certifications: Certified Safety
Professional, Certified Industrial Hygienist, and Certified Professional
Ergonomist.
Certified Safety Professional
o Apply to the Board of Certified Safety Professionals
o Meet an academic requirement
o Meet a professional safety experience requirement
o Pass the Safety Fundamentals Examination
o Pass the Comprehensive Practice Examination
o Certified Industrial Hygienist
o Technical Knowledge – Review courses; Professional reference questionnaire
o Pass Review and Exam given by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene
To plan, prepare, promote, present, and broker educational activities for
employees.
To establish and maintain positive working relationships with all departments
within the company.
To maintain positive working relationships with all components of the local
health care community.
To monitor and evaluate the nursing program on a continual basis and adjust
accordingly.
22. Explain the concept of risk management.
Risk management consists of the various activities and strategies in an
organization to protect itself from situations, circumstances, or events that might
undermine its security.
23. Explain the role of the ergonomist.
CPE must meet the following requirements:
Must have a master’s degree in one of the correlative fields of ergonomics,
such as biomechanics, human factor/ergonomics, industrial engineering,
industrial hygiene, kinesiology, psychology, or systems engineering.
Appropriateness of work experience and evidence of participation in projects
requiring ergonomic expertise.
A work sample that demonstrate a breadth of ergonomic knowledge and the
ability to use ergonomic methods successfully.
24. Explain the responsibilities of employees in safety and health.
Employees are responsible for complying with all safety rules and regulations,
safely and properly using tools and equipment, safely and properly following all
procedures and processes, properly wearing appropriate PPE, refusing to take
shortcuts, reporting unsafe conditions, encouraging fellow employees to work
safely, and participating in safety training.
25. Explain how to achieve each of the following certifications: Certified Safety
Professional, Certified Industrial Hygienist, and Certified Professional
Ergonomist.
Certified Safety Professional
o Apply to the Board of Certified Safety Professionals
o Meet an academic requirement
o Meet a professional safety experience requirement
o Pass the Safety Fundamentals Examination
o Pass the Comprehensive Practice Examination
o Certified Industrial Hygienist
o Technical Knowledge – Review courses; Professional reference questionnaire
o Pass Review and Exam given by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene
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11
26. Explain how to achieve the following certification: Certified Occupational
Health Nurse-Safety Manager.
Pass COHN-SM certification Exam
Meet Academic Requirements
Meet Work Experience
Pass Additional Subspecialty Testing
26. Explain how to achieve the following certification: Certified Occupational
Health Nurse-Safety Manager.
Pass COHN-SM certification Exam
Meet Academic Requirements
Meet Work Experience
Pass Additional Subspecialty Testing
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12
Chapter Five – Safety, Health, and Competition in the Global
Marketplace
1. Explain why and how global competition can have a negative impact on
safety and health in the workplace.
It is not uncommon for this pressure to create a harried atmosphere that can
increase the likelihood of accidents. It can also lead to shortcuts that increase the
potential for health hazards.
2. Define the term competitiveness.
The Institute of Corporate Competitiveness defines competitiveness as “the
ability to consistently succeed and prosper in the marketplace whether it is local,
regional, national, or global.”
3. What are the common characteristics of the most competitive companies?
Those who consistently outperform their competitors in the key areas of
quality, productivity, response time, service, cost, and corporate image.
Those who continually improve in all of these areas.
4. Explain the importance of continual improvement as it relates to global
competitiveness.
The productivity record of today will be broken tomorrow. What is considered
world-class quality today will be considered mediocre tomorrow. What is
excellent service today will be unsatisfactory service tomorrow. The acceptable
costs of today will be considered too high tomorrow. Record response time today
will be too slow tomorrow. Finally, an excellent corporate image today can fade
quickly and be gone tomorrow.
5. Define the terms productivity and value added.Explain their relationship.
Output / Input = Productivity
Value added is the difference between what it costs to produce a product and
what it costs to purchase it. This difference represents the value that has been
added to the product by the production process. Value added is increased when
productivity is increased.
6. State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize declining
productivity.
Productivity is declining when 1) output declines and input is constant; or 2)
output is constant, but input increases.
7. State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize improving
productivity.
Productivity is improving when 1) output is constant, but input decreases; or 2)
output increases and input is constant.
8. Explain the relationship between productivity and quality as it relates to
competitiveness.
Quality goes hand-in-hand with productivity in the competitiveness equation.
Today’s industrial company must have both.
Chapter Five – Safety, Health, and Competition in the Global
Marketplace
1. Explain why and how global competition can have a negative impact on
safety and health in the workplace.
It is not uncommon for this pressure to create a harried atmosphere that can
increase the likelihood of accidents. It can also lead to shortcuts that increase the
potential for health hazards.
2. Define the term competitiveness.
The Institute of Corporate Competitiveness defines competitiveness as “the
ability to consistently succeed and prosper in the marketplace whether it is local,
regional, national, or global.”
3. What are the common characteristics of the most competitive companies?
Those who consistently outperform their competitors in the key areas of
quality, productivity, response time, service, cost, and corporate image.
Those who continually improve in all of these areas.
4. Explain the importance of continual improvement as it relates to global
competitiveness.
The productivity record of today will be broken tomorrow. What is considered
world-class quality today will be considered mediocre tomorrow. What is
excellent service today will be unsatisfactory service tomorrow. The acceptable
costs of today will be considered too high tomorrow. Record response time today
will be too slow tomorrow. Finally, an excellent corporate image today can fade
quickly and be gone tomorrow.
5. Define the terms productivity and value added.Explain their relationship.
Output / Input = Productivity
Value added is the difference between what it costs to produce a product and
what it costs to purchase it. This difference represents the value that has been
added to the product by the production process. Value added is increased when
productivity is increased.
6. State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize declining
productivity.
Productivity is declining when 1) output declines and input is constant; or 2)
output is constant, but input increases.
7. State two rules of thumb that explain how to recognize improving
productivity.
Productivity is improving when 1) output is constant, but input decreases; or 2)
output increases and input is constant.
8. Explain the relationship between productivity and quality as it relates to
competitiveness.
Quality goes hand-in-hand with productivity in the competitiveness equation.
Today’s industrial company must have both.
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13
in costs that are too high to be competitive. Productivity without quality results in
a shabby product that quickly tarnishes the corporate image.
9. Define the term quality.
Quality is a measure of the extent to which a product or service meets or exceeds
customer expectations.
10. Write a brief rebuttal to the following statement: “A safety and health
program is just a bunch of bureaucratic regulations that get in the way of
profits.”
Instructor/student opinion.
Chapter Six – The OSH Act, Standards, and Liability
1. Briefly explain the rationale for the OSH Act.
To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and
healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.
2. What is OSHA’s mission or purpose?
Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards
Implement new safety and health programs
Improve existing safety and health programs
Encourage research that will lead to innovative ways of dealing with
workplace safety and health problems
in costs that are too high to be competitive. Productivity without quality results in
a shabby product that quickly tarnishes the corporate image.
9. Define the term quality.
Quality is a measure of the extent to which a product or service meets or exceeds
customer expectations.
10. Write a brief rebuttal to the following statement: “A safety and health
program is just a bunch of bureaucratic regulations that get in the way of
profits.”
Instructor/student opinion.
Chapter Six – The OSH Act, Standards, and Liability
1. Briefly explain the rationale for the OSH Act.
To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and
healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.
2. What is OSHA’s mission or purpose?
Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards
Implement new safety and health programs
Improve existing safety and health programs
Encourage research that will lead to innovative ways of dealing with
workplace safety and health problems
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14
OSHA standards address specific hazards such as working in confined spaces,
handling hazardous waste, or working with dangerous chemicals. Regulations do
OSHA standards address specific hazards such as working in confined spaces,
handling hazardous waste, or working with dangerous chemicals. Regulations do
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