Test Bank for Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7th Edition

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1Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e(Cottrell et al.)Chapter 1A Background for the Profession1) Which of the following phrases best describes the authors' view of the status of healtheducation? Health education isA) a calling.B) a profession.C) an applied discipline.D) an emerging specialty.Answer: B2) The body of knowledge, principles, and concepts used in health education/promotion comefrom a variety of disciplines. Which one of the following isnotone the major disciplinessupporting health education/promotion?A) PhysicsB) BiologyC) SociologyD) Medical sciencesAnswer: A3) The "health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are beyondthe control of individual nations, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions" isthe definition ofA) public health.B) global health.C) population health.D) disease prevention.Answer: B4) An individual trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate thedevelopment of policies, procedures, interventions and systems conducive to the health ofindividuals, groups, and communities is known as aA) community planner.B) promotion specialist.C) health education specialist.D) professional.Answer: C5) During the 1850s to 1950s, the primary focus of the public health effort in the United Stateswas toA) reduce health care costs.B) control chronic diseases.C) control infectious diseases.D) develop national health care coverage.Answer: C

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26) The greatest potential for reducing morbidity, saving lives, and reducing health care costs inthe United States through health promotion and disease prevention was realized by theA) early 1900s.B) late 1950s.C) mid 1970s.D) early 2000s.Answer: C7) Which one of the following isnotrecognized as a dimension of health?A) PhysicalB) EmotionalC) SpiritualD) PoliticalAnswer: D8) An approach to health that focuses on balancing the dimensions of a person's life through theadoption of health enhancing behaviors is known asA) public health.B) wellness.C) community health.D) health promotion.Answer: B9) Which of the following surveys collects health data about college students?A) The National Health and Nutrition Examination SurveyB) The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SurveyC) The National College Health AssessmentD) The National Health Interview SurveyAnswer: C10) The federal government's 1980 document that provided a blueprint of the health promotionand disease prevention strategy is known asA) Code Blue.B) Healthy People 2020.C) Quality of Life in the United States.D) Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for a Nation.Answer: D11) The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known asA) crude rate.B) a specific rate.C) the mortality rate.D) the morbidity rate.Answer: C

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312) A rate for a specific population subgroup (e.g. death rate for 40—50 year olds) is referred toasA) crude rate.B) a specific rate.C) the mortality rate.D) the morbidity rate.Answer: B13) The average number of years of life remaining is known as theA) death rate.B) mortality rate.C) life expectancy.D) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY).Answer: C14) Which rate is the measure of premature mortality?A) Mortality rateB) Infant mortality rateC) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)D) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)Answer: C15) The primary difference between the health education/promotion profession and other helpingprofessions isA) the establishment of written objectives by health education specialists.B) that other professions donothave stated goals and objectives.C) the use of the teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession.D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions.Answer: C16) The social determinants of health include which of the following areas?A) GeneticsB) Environmental conditionsC) Health behaviorD) Social and community contextAnswer: D17) Which of the following steps is generally found in most planning models?A) Learning activitiesB) Needs assessmentC) Policy commitmentD) Review of self-help materialsAnswer: B

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418) The determinants of health include which of the following domains?A) Health servicesB) DiseaseC) Economic stabilityD) Enrollment in higher educationAnswer: A19) According to the best available estimates, behavioral patterns impact what portion of thepopulation's early death?A) 70%B) 40%C) 30%D) 15%Answer: B20) According to the best available estimates, social circumstances impact what portion of thepopulation's early death?A) 70%B) 40%C) 30%D) 15%Answer: D21) The use of vaccines is an example of which level of prevention?A) Primary preventionB) Secondary preventionC) Tertiary preventionD) Community preventionAnswer: A22) Wearing a safety belt is an example of which level of prevention?A) Primary preventionB) Secondary preventionC) Tertiary preventionD) Community preventionAnswer: A23) Providing education to a diabetic on how to use his/her insulin is an example of which levelof prevention?A) Primary preventionB) Secondary preventionC) Tertiary preventionD) Community preventionAnswer: C

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524) Encouraging individuals to take a daily dose of aspirin to reduce the chance of a heart attackis an example of which level of prevention?A) Primary preventionB) Secondary preventionC) Tertiary preventionD) Community preventionAnswer: B25) Brushing one's teeth is an example of which level of prevention?A) Primary preventionB) Secondary preventionC) Tertiary preventionD) Community preventionAnswer: A26) Which one of the following disciplines and professions wasnotidentified by the authors ascontributing to the principles and concepts of health education/promotion?A) MedicineB) EducationC) EpidemiologyD) AnthropologyAnswer: D27) The Health Field Concept divides the health field into four elements. The four elements areA) education, epidemiology, medicine, and sociology.B) development, planning, implementation, and evaluation.C) human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization.D) human biology, education, social work, and behavioral psychology.Answer: C28) The greatest importance of the Health Field Concept has been theA) focus of health care reform legislation.B) focus on health promotion and disease prevention.C) institution of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.D) identification of health risks related to morbidity and mortality.Answer: B29) The focus of health promotion and disease prevention efforts should be directed towardA) biological limitations.B) the Chain of Infection.C) modifiable risk factors.D) non-modifiable risk factors.Answer: C

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630) What percentage of death could be prevented by controlling modifiable risk factors?A) 10%B) 20%C) 30%D) 40%Answer: D31) The interruption of the sequence of events to prevent an infection is descriptive of which ofthe following?A) The Socio-ecological ApproachB) The Chain of InfectionC) Multicausation Design ModelD) Communicable Disease ModelAnswer: B32) The major components of this model include agent, host, and environment.A) EpidemiologyB) The Chain of InfectionC) Multicausation Design ModelD) Communicable Disease ModelAnswer: D33) Which of the following disease models is most applicable to the prevention of chronicdiseases?A) The Chain of InfectionB) The Health Field ConceptC) Multicausation Design ModelD) Communicable Disease ModelAnswer: C34) Epidemiology isA) a method of applying primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in a community setting.B) concerned primarily with the empowerment of individuals in the of care their own health.C) the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in a specific population.D) concerned only with life expectancy of humans.Answer: C35) The level of prevention that includes strategies designed to reduce the incidence of disease iscalled ________ prevention.A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) communityAnswer: A

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736) Screenings are used by which level of prevention?A) PrimaryB) SecondaryC) TertiaryD) CommunityAnswer: B37) Providing training or instructing patients on how to modify their diets and take theirmedications to prevent a second heart attack is an example of ________ prevention.A) primaryB) secondaryC) tertiaryD) communityAnswer: C38) Which of the following is the best descriptor of the socio-ecological approach?A) Behaviors are influenced by interdependent domainsB) Social circumstances are the prominent domain that influences health behaviorsC) Genetics and the environment are the only variables of interest when developing interventionsD) Family influences are the most important determinant of healthAnswer: A39) The first national document that presented a comprehensive national agenda for preventionpresented objectives in three main areas. The areas includeA) preventive services, health protection, and health promotion.B) increase quality of life, increase years of life, and the elimination of health disparities.C) improve child mortality rates, decrease teen pregnancy rates, and reduce tobacco use.D) improve the number of years of independent living, reduce mortality rates of cardiovasculardiseases, and increase high school graduation rates.Answer: A40) Which of the following isnotconsidered a population-based approach?A) Community developmentB) Economic supportsC) Organizational changeD) Individual conversation with a physicianAnswer: D41) According to the best available estimates, environmental exposures impact what portion ofthe population's early death?A) 5%B) 10%C) 25%D) 40%Answer: A

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842) Having the ability to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and more that differacross cultures is a description of aA) health education specialist.B) culturally competent person.C) professional.D) epidemiologist.Answer: B43) The difference in health between populations is known asA) crude rate.B) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL).C) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL).D) health disparity.Answer: D44) The two primary causes of health disparities are lack of access to care and the lack of qualitycare.Answer: TRUE45) A crude rate is expressed in numbers per 100,000 population.Answer: TRUE46) To help change behavior, health education specialists must do more than just educate.Answer: TRUE47) The greatest potential for reducing the cost of health care in America is believed to beaccomplished through the use of advanced technology.Answer: FALSE48) The first set of health Objectives for the Nation (Healthy People) provided a blueprint forhealth promotion and disease prevention strategies.Answer: TRUE49) According to McGinnis, modifiable behaviors are the single most prominent domain ofinfluence of health.Answer: TRUE50) According to the World Health Organization, health is merely an absence of disease.Answer: FALSE51) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) is often described as the most comprehensive indicatorof health and disease in a society.Answer: FALSE52) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) is a measure of premature mortality.Answer: TRUE

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953) A rate used to express the impact of injury or disease is known as the Disability-AdjustedLife Years (DALY).Answer: TRUE54) Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) is a measure developed by the World HealthOrganization and the World Bank.Answer: TRUE55) Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) is based upon mortality rates.Answer: FALSE56) The ultimate goal of the health education/promotion profession is to prolong life.Answer: TRUE57) The terms of public health, health promotion, and wellness are all defined in terms ofpreventing diseases.Answer: FALSE58) The primary role of all health education specialists is to evaluate behavior change in theirclients.Answer: FALSE59) Crude rates and adjusted rates are both expressed in terms of the total population.Answer: TRUE60) Epidemiology is the study of how states prevent disease outbreaks.Answer: FALSE61) The term pandemic refers to an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area.Answer: TRUE62) The term endemic refers to the regular occurrence of a disease in a given population.Answer: TRUE63) The Health Field Concept focuses only on the health care system.Answer: FALSE64) Keeping a child's immunizations up-to-date would be an example of primary prevention.Answer: TRUE65) The use of antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection would be an example of secondaryprevention.Answer: FALSE66) A person's age is considered a modifiable risk factor for disease.Answer: FALSE

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1067) The basic premise of the Chain of Infection Model is that modifying events that lead toinfections can prevent infections.Answer: TRUE68) There are several different models that have proven useful in the prevention of disease.Answer: TRUE69) Health surveys can be used to measure health or health status.Answer: TRUE70) Epidemiology can be used in health education/promotion to identify the needs of a givenpopulation.Answer: TRUE71) Empowerment at one level can influence empowerment at another level.Answer: TRUE72) Empowerment refers to people gaining mastery over their lives.Answer: TRUE73) Advocacy is a skill needed by health education specialists.Answer: TRUE74) Identify the four limitations of prevention and explain each.75) Compare and contrast the Multicausation Disease Model and the Communicable DiseaseModel.76) Identify four professions/disciplines that support health education/promotion. Provide anexample of how each profession/discipline is supportive of the health education profession.77) Identify the three levels of prevention and provide an example for each level.78) Describe the role advocacy plays in health education/promotion.79) You have been asked to provide evidence of the health status of a given population (state orcountry); which rates and measurements would you use? Why?80) Identify a health issue in which you have utilized advocacy skills and describe two activitiesyou used in your advocacy effort.81) Discuss the importance of participation in addressing health problems of a prioritypopulation.82) Define the levels of influence in the socio-ecological approach.

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1Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e(Cottrell et al.)Chapter 2The History of Health and Health Education/Promotion1) The history of health education as an emerging profession is just over ________ years old.A) 100B) 500C) 1,000D) 5,000Answer: A2) It is assumed that the earliest humans initially learned to distinguish between things that werehealthful and those that were harmful byA) divine intervention.B) instinct.C) inherited knowledge.D) trial and error.Answer: D3) Excavated sites, dating back 4000 years, indicate that bathrooms and drains were common inA) Rome.B) Mycenae.C) India.D) Syria.Answer: C4) The ________ is the oldest written document related to health care dating from around 1600BC.A) Biblical transcriptB) Smith PapyriC) Egyptian Health ManifestoD) Code of HammurabiAnswer: B5) The ________ is the earliest written record concerning public health.A) Biblical transcriptB) Smith PapyriC) Egyptian Health ManifestoD) Code of HammurabiAnswer: D6) Which book of the Bible is considered to be the world's first written hygienic code?A) ObadiahB) ZephaniahC) LeviticusD) LamentationsAnswer: C

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27) The Egyptians were considered to beA) far more advanced in public health matters than the Greeks.B) the writers of the earliest health care documents.C) the founders of modern surgery.D) the healthiest people of their time.Answer: D8) The first people to put as much emphasis on prevention of disease as on the treatment ofdisease conditions were theA) Egyptians.B) Hebrews.C) Greeks.D) Romans.Answer: C9) By the beginning of the 8th century BC, Greek mythology had endowed ________ as the godof medicine.A) AsclepiusB) HygeiaC) MercuryD) ZeusAnswer: A10) The Greek physician credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modernmedicine wasA) Hippocrates.B) Asclepius.C) Panacea.D) Plato.Answer: A11) The staff and serpent symbol, which also marked early Greek temples of healing, is knownasA) Hippocrates.B) Caduceus.C) Panacea.D) Plato.Answer: B12) Which period resulted in the production of realistic anatomical drawings?A) Roman EmpireB) Middle AgesC) RenaissanceD) Age of EnlightenmentAnswer: C

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313) Which contribution to the history of medicine isnotattributed to Hippocrates?A) The distinction between 'endemic' diseases and 'epidemic' diseasesB) The belief that health was the result of balance and disease the result of imbalanceC) The Code of HammurabiD) The Hippocratic OathAnswer: C14) The early society most famous for building sewage systems, water supply systems, baths,and other health facilities was theA) Egyptians.B) Greeks.C) Romans.D) Saxons.Answer: C15) During what era were criminals dissected alive to improve medical knowledge?A) EgyptianB) GreekC) RomanD) Middle AgesAnswer: C16) Which of the following groups built the most extensive aqueduct system to bring fresh waterto its subjects?A) EgyptiansB) GreeksC) RomansD) SaxonsAnswer: C17) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful duringtheA) Egyptian era.B) Renaissance.C) Roman era.D) Middle Ages.Answer: D18) Which great epidemic during the Middle Ages resulted in the most discrimination andisolation of its victims?A) SyphilisB) Bubonic plagueC) LeprosyD) SmallpoxAnswer: C

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419) During the Middle Ages, which of the following was considered one potential cause of thebubonic plague?A) SyphilisB) Unnatural hot and humid windsC) LeprosyD) SmallpoxAnswer: B20) "Water casting" was aA) means of diagnosing a patient's condition by examining the urine for changes in color.B) means of casting out demons by throwing water on the inflicted individual.C) method for diagnosing syphilis during the Roman era.D) condition in which water was retained by the body when infected with leprosy.Answer: A21) During the Renaissance period, much surgery and dentistry was performed byA) physicians and dentists.B) nurse midwives.C) surgeons trained only by apprenticeship.D) barbers.Answer: D22) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a timeA) of health advances.B) when many health advancements were lost.C) focused on disease prevention efforts.D) emphasizing naturalistic and holistic approaches.Answer: B23) During which period did the concept of disease contagion become more universallyaccepted?A) Roman EmpireB) Middle AgesC) RenaissanceD) Age of EnlightenmentAnswer: B24) During the 1700s the "miasmas theory" held thatA) disease was caused when vapors rising from rotting refuse were inhaled.B) an imbalance of the mind, body, and spirit caused disease.C) disease was caused by four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.D) parasites in the water caused most disease.Answer: A

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525) The smallpox vaccine was discovered during which period?A) 1500sB) 1600sC) 1700sD) 1800sAnswer: C26) Who wrote the Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the LabouringPopulation of Great Britain?A) John SnowB) James LindC) Edwin ChadwickD) Thomas MusterAnswer: C27) John Snow was able to interrupt a cholera epidemic in London byA) placing those infected in quarantine.B) removing a pump handle.C) promoting daily bathing.D) developing a new antibiotic.Answer: B28) Who proposed the germ theory of disease?A) Robert KochB) Louis PasteurC) Joseph ListerD) Edwin ChadwickAnswer: B29) To address the many health problems facing U.S. cities in the late 1700s, some citiesdeveloped healthA) laws.B) rules.C) boards.D) regulations.Answer: C30) Public health reform in the United States was stimulated by the landmark Report on theSanitary Commission of Massachusetts written byA) Edwin Chadwick.B) Thomas Dewy.C) Horace Mann.D) Lemuel Shattuck.Answer: D

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631) Which of the following isnota result of the landmark Report on the Sanitary Commission ofMassachusetts?A) The first full-time county health departments were formed.B) State boards of health were formed.C) The National Tuberculosis Study was conducted.D) The collection and analysis of vital statistics became practice.Answer: C32) Stephen Smith's effort to initiate a national sanitary association eventually evolved into theA) American Association for Health Education (AAHE).B) American Public Health Association (APHA).C) Society of Public Health Educators (SOPHE).D) Association for Worksite Health Promotion (AWHP).Answer: B33) The first national voluntary health agency established in 1902 was theA) American Cancer Society.B) American Heart Association.C) Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts.D) National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis.Answer: D34) Passage of the 1798 Marine Hospital Services Act established a structure that eventuallyevolved into today'sA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.B) U.S. Public Health Service.C) National Institutes of Health.D) U.S. Marine Corps.Answer: B35) Which act provided support for state health departments and their programs, including thedevelopment of sanitary facilities and improvements in maternal and child health?A) Ransdell ActB) Social Security ActC) Hill-Burton ActD) Congressional Health Services ActAnswer: B36) The federal government's involvement in social issues including health began with passageof theA) Medicare Act.B) Medicaid Act.C) Ransdell Act.D) Social Security Act.Answer: D

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737) Dr. Mayhew Derryberry is credited withA) predicting how the shift from contagious to chronic diseases would impact health education.B) establishing Medicare and Medicaid.C) presenting Canadians with epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyleand environmental factors to health and sickness.D) establishing what is now known as the National Institute of Health.Answer: A38) ________ was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly.A) MedicareB) MedicaidC) Social SecurityD) Health insuranceAnswer: A39) The first national effort to promote the health of citizens through a more preventativeapproach took place in what country?A) United StatesB) EnglandC) GermanyD) CanadaAnswer: D40) What famous Canadian report presented epidemiological evidence supporting the importanceof lifestyle and environmental factors on health and sickness, and called for numerous nationalhealth promotion strategies?A) A New Perspective on the Health of CanadiansB) A Report Card on Canadian Health Promotion EffortsC) Canadian Healthy DiaryD) National Health Objectives for Canada CareAnswer: A41) In the United States the first major recognition of the importance of lifestyle in promotinghealth and well-being came in the form of a governmental publication titledA) Healthy People.B) Surgeon General's Report on the Health of Americans.C) A Report Card on U.S. Health Indicators.D) National Health Objectives for the year 1990.Answer: A42) Which of the following isnotan overarching goal of Healthy People 2020?A) Living longer livesB) Creating healthy environmentsC) Eliminating disparitiesD) Conducting critical researchAnswer: D

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843) The most recent set of national health objectives for the United States is titledA) Healthy People 2000.B) Healthy People 2010.C) Healthy People 2020.D) Healthy People 2030.Answer: C44) The Standard Occupational Classification Policy Review Committee approved the creationof a new, distinct classification for the occupation of health educator inA) the mid-1800s.B) the late 1800s.C) the mid-1900s.D) the late 1900s.Answer: D45) Massachusetts passed the first mandatory education law in 1647 toA) ensure children were prepared to become public servants in their community.B) provide basic skills for female children.C) combat plagues and other contagious diseases that were spreading throughout the community.D) help promote the reading of the Bible.Answer: D46) Who was the secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education in 1837 and repeatedlycalled for mandatory programs of hygiene education for students?A) Horace MannB) Lemuel ShattuckC) Thomas DewyD) Charles DarwinAnswer: A47) Founded in 1927, the American Association of School Physicians evolved into theA) American Association for Health Education.B) American College Health Association.C) School Health Section of the American Public Health Association.D) American School Health Association.Answer: D48) The first national effort to promote the teaching of health related curriculum in the schoolswas directed by theA) Women's Christian Temperance Union.B) American Cancer Society.C) American Lung Association.D) National March of Dimes.Answer: A

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949) Among her many accomplishments, Miss Sally Lucas Jean was ultimately responsible forA) writing the first health objectives for the United States.B) changing the name from hygiene education to health education.C) chairing a presidential commission on health education.D) developing the first health education curriculum.Answer: B50) What happened during World War I that provided the impetus for widespread acceptance ofschool health education as a field in its own right?A) The incidence of tuberculosis increased rapidlyB) School health was required of all children for the first timeC) Too many young men were unfit for serviceD) The first college program for health education was establishedAnswer: C51) Which of the following best represents the results of the School Health Education Studyconducted by Dr. Elena Sliepcevich?A) Health attitudes and behaviors among the students surveyed were excellentB) Content knowledge among students surveyed was highC) The results were appalling with numerous misconceptions about health at all levelsD) The results indicated good fitness and tobacco behaviors, but poor nutrition behaviorsAnswer: C52) One of the more important health education studies that was conducted in the Los AngelesArea and was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of school health work in selected schoolsand colleges of the area was theA) School Health Education Evaluation Study.B) School Health Effectiveness Project.C) National School Health Assessment.D) Regional Health Promotion and Education Survey.Answer: A53) Eight interactive components working together to enhance the health and well-being of thestudents, faculty, staff, and community within a school district are known asA) Comprehensive School Health Education.B) a Coordinated School Health Program.C) a Complete School Health Integration Program.D) a Regulated School Health Plan.Answer: B54) The most recent school health publication focused on improving educational achievement forall students and improved health for the United States is theA) Standards for Health Literacy.B) School Health Advisory Council Handbook.C) Coordinated School Health Program Guidebook.D) National Health Education Standards.Answer: D

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1055) When developing school health curriculum, the CDC recommends emphasizing six key riskbehaviors because the behaviorsA) are the leading causes of death and disability among youth and adults.B) are the most controllable by young people.C) typically begin in early adulthood.D) have been proven to be most easily changed through education.Answer: A56) The coordinated school health concept has dominated the school health arena but has failedto reach its full potential in most schools becauseA) the recess before lunch concept has been a priority.B) the leadership to promote and coordinate school health programs is lacking.C) the program is too prescriptive for most administrators to implement.D) it lacks federal support.Answer: B57) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActA) expands healthcare to millions of uninsured Americans.B) will limit opportunities for health education specialists to promote health.C) focuses on providing affordable health education for high risk teens.D) will protect patients from physicians who fail to employ high standards of care.Answer: A58) The formal classification for the occupation of health education was significant because itA) allowed health educators to be eligible to sit for a certification exam.B) made it possible to determine the number of health education specialists employed.C) allowed health education specialists to serve as government consultants.D) guided undergraduate health education program admission rates.Answer: B59) Health literacy is defined as an individual's ability to read health information.Answer: FALSE60) The need for professional health educators emerged as human beings' knowledge of healthand health care increased.Answer: TRUE61) Earliest man believed that disease and infirmity were caused by the influence of magic ormalevolent spirits that inhabited streams, trees, animals, the earth, and the air.Answer: TRUE62) The earliest written record concerning public health was the Smith Papyri.Answer: FALSE

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1163) Egyptian medicine never advanced far beyond primitive medicine, relying on faith in magicspells.Answer: TRUE64) The Egyptians possessed a strong sense of personal cleanliness and were considered to be thehealthiest people of their time.Answer: TRUE65) The Egyptians utilized numerous pharmaceutical preparations and constructed earth priviesfor sewage as well as public drainage pipes.Answer: TRUE66) During the Greek era, the role of physician began to take shape and a more scientific view ofmedicine emerged.Answer: TRUE67) In Greek mythology Hygeia was given the power to prevent disease.Answer: TRUE68) Hippocrates taught that health was the result of prayer.Answer: FALSE69) The balance of mind, body, and spirit was a focus of the Romans.Answer: FALSE70) The Greeks emphasized instruction related to philosophy, athletics, and theology in order forindividuals to maintain balance.Answer: TRUE71) The Hippocratic Oath continues to be used today as the basis for medical ethics.Answer: TRUE72) Asclepius has been credited as being the first epidemiologist and the father of modernmedicine.Answer: FALSE73) As engineers, builders, and administrators, the Greeks had no equal among earlycivilizations.Answer: FALSE74) The Romans had a great appreciation for hygiene and developed an extensive system ofprivate and public baths.Answer: TRUE75) The Romans can be credited with making many health advancements.Answer: TRUE

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1276) The Middle Ages can be characterized as a time of health advancements.Answer: FALSE77) The Egyptians were the first to build hospitals.Answer: FALSE78) The years from 1875 to 1900 are known as the bacteriological period of public health.Answer: TRUE79) Entire libraries were burned and knowledge about the human body was seen as sinful duringthe Middle Ages.Answer: TRUE80) The contagion concept associated with leprosy and bubonic plague severely weakened theargument of those promoting the sin-disease theory.Answer: TRUE81) In order to join the Brotherhood of the Flagellants, group members had to pledge toritualistically torment themselves three times daily for 33 days and eight hours.Answer: TRUE82) The plague caused widespread fear and superstition regarding the cause of disease.Answer: TRUE83) Religious leaders and physicians often were the first victims of the plague thus increasingfear and superstition as to the cause of disease.Answer: TRUE84) While disagreement existed as to the cause of the plague, many believed the disease wascontagious.Answer: TRUE85) There was widespread agreement that the plague was caused by sin.Answer: FALSE86) If professional health educators had existed during the Middle Ages, millions of lives couldhave been saved.Answer: FALSE87) During the Renaissance period science again emerged as a legitimate field of inquiry, andnumerous scientific advancements were made.Answer: TRUE88) Health status improved significantly in the first half of the 19th century.Answer: FALSE

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1389) The practice of dentistry by professionally trained practitioners was a significant contributionof the Renaissance period.Answer: FALSE90) Due to their high standard of living, the English royalty experienced very few healthproblems.Answer: FALSE91) Disposal of human waste was still a major problem during the Renaissance period.Answer: TRUE92) Health boards were instituted to fight the plague during the 16th century.Answer: TRUE93) Health boards first began to provide oversight on the sewage system, cemeteries, andprofessional activity of physicians during the 18th century.Answer: FALSE94) By removing the handle from the Broad Street water pump, John Snow demonstrated thatdisease could be transmitted by water and not just through the air.Answer: TRUE95) The first life expectancy tables were developed in the United States in 1789 by Dr. EdwardWigglesworth.Answer: TRUE96) Life expectancy tables are used to project the average number of years a person from aspecific cohort will live from a given point.Answer: TRUE97) In 2006, life expectancy at birth in the United States reached the highest level ever at 77.7years.Answer: TRUE98) The history of the U.S. Public Health Service dates back to 1798 when Congress passed theMarine Hospital Service Act.Answer: TRUE99) The Marine Hospital Service Act provided funding for the first floating hospital that rotatedamong U.S. port cities.Answer: FALSE100) In the early part of the 20th century, nostrums and quackery were major problems facinghealth educators.Answer: TRUE

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14101) The National Hospital Survey and Construction Act, also known as the Hill-Burton Act,was crafted to improve the distribution and enhance the quality of hospitals.Answer: TRUE102) Medicaid was created to assist in the payment of medical bills for the elderly.Answer: FALSE103) The coordinated school health program model has been expanded and revised, and isknown as the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model (WSCC).Answer: TRUE104) The Healthy People initiative has evolved into an important strategic planning tool forfederal, state, and local public health professionals.Answer: TRUE105) Healthy People 2020 was developed to improve the effectiveness of public healthdepartments.Answer: FALSE106) The U.S. Department of Health approved the creation of a new, distinct classification forthe occupation of health educator.Answer: TRUE107) As a result of health education becoming a recognized profession, it is possible to determinethe number of health education specialists employed and the outlook for future health educationpositions.Answer: TRUE108) Health education becoming a recognized profession means the salary of health educationspecialists will increase.Answer: FALSE109) The teaching of health was part of the earliest education curricula in the United States.Answer: FALSE110) Only girls attended the earliest schools, as boys were too valuable to spare from the farms.Answer: FALSE111) Religious leaders initiated the push for formal education in the mid-1600s.Answer: TRUE112) Horace Mann, whose writings and speeches helped to promote the importance of educationin general, was believed to be the first spokesperson for teaching health in schools.Answer: TRUE

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15113) was critical in the development of public health and provided strong support for schoolhealth as well.Answer: TRUE114) The demonstration projects of the 1920s and 1930s showed that habits could be changedand health improved through health education.Answer: TRUE115) Results of The School Health Education Study, conducted by Dr. Elena M. Sliepcevich,were very positive and demonstrated that health education could change health behaviors.Answer: FALSE116) Comprehensive school health education refers to the development and delivery of aplanned, sequential, effective school health instruction program.Answer: TRUE117) Comprehensive school health education is the curricular component of the coordinatedschool health program.Answer: TRUE118) There is currently a process for school health education teachers to become nationallycertified teachers.Answer: TRUE119) It is anticipated that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will create expandedopportunities for health education specialists to promote health.Answer: TRUE120) Discuss specific examples of how health beliefs and practices have changed from earliesthumans to present day.121) Describe two examples of the earliest efforts at health education.122) Discuss the contributions of Hippocrates to health education and epidemiology.123) What contributions did the Romans make to the field of public health?124) Compare and contrast what it might have been like to live through a plague epidemic of theMiddle Ages and the HIV/AIDS epidemic of today.125) Why did the profession of health education finally begin to emerge in the mid-1800s andwhy did it not emerge prior to that time?126) Identify and describe three governmental documents that have been important to the field ofhealth promotion and education.127) was important to the history of both school health and public health.

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16128) Identify four events that were important to the development of school health education inthe United States and explain their specific contributions.129) Explain the concept of a coordinated school health program.130) Discuss what it means to health promotion and education professionals to have the StandardOccupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approve the creation of a new,distinct classification for the occupation of health educator.131) Describe the initiatives that have shaped school health education programs over the past tenyears.132) Explain two key benefits anticipated by the passing of the Patient Protection and AffordableCare Act for consumers.133) Discuss the role of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on prevention and howthat will impact the work of health education specialists.

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1Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion and Education, 7e(Cottrell et al.)Chapter 3Philosophical Foundations1) The development of a well-considered philosophy provides the underpinnings that support thebridge betweenA) education and work.B) esoteric and practice.C) theory and practice.D) practice and patience.Answer: C2) Which one of the following isnotincluded in the topics studied by a philosopher in anacademic setting?A) AestheticsB) MetaphysicsC) Ethics and logicD) AstrologyAnswer: D3) Convictions, ideas, learning, values, experiences, and attitudes in the areas applicable to lifeare the building blocks that make up aA) viewpoint.B) philosophy.C) probability.D) notion.Answer: B4) Which of the following is the literal meaning of the term philosophy?A) The love of wisdomB) The nature of the worldC) The love of opinionD) One who seeks realityAnswer: A5) Using slogans to identify products is analogous to knowing a person’s philosophy byanalyzing the person’sA) sayings (quotes).B) hearing and voice quality.C) ability to read.D) occupation.Answer: A

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26) Loren Bensley describes a philosophy asA) a synthesis of all learning that makes you who you are.B) an abstract statement of one’s actions.C) a beacon that provides guidance for a career choice.D) a continuous state of experiences.Answer: A7) Select the phrase that doesnotdescribe philosophy.A) A wisdom of the nature of thingsB) A comprehension of nature and of realityC) A body of knowledge that defines the parameters for the living and the deadD) An integration of the past, present, and future into a coherent whole that is a guide throughlifeAnswer: C8) A philosophy that is synchronous means the philosophical viewpoint a person holds isapplicableA) in all aspects of life.B) only at work and at school.C) only at leisure.D) only at home, at school, and in the workplace.Answer: A9) The practice former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop used to demonstrate his belief thatHIV/AIDS was a health problem and not a moral issue was toA) deny education about infected body fluids.B) disseminate needles to inner city addicts.C) limit condom use for sexually active couples.D) deny education about high risk behaviors for the infection of HIV.Answer: B10) Tamayose et al. found that the two most cited reasons students chose a career in public healthwereA) enjoyment of the profession and the potential for high salaries.B) providing a service to other and the work conditions.C) enjoyment of the profession and providing a service to others.D) the opportunity for advancement and working conditions.Answer: C11) Which of the following factors wasnotfound to have a major influence on students to pursuea career in public health?A) Commitment to health improvementB) Income potentialC) Community service to othersD) Enjoyment of the professionAnswer: B

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312) The philosophy that health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components, andthat each is just as important as the others is termedA) holistic.B) humanism.C) wellness.D) symmetry.Answer: D13) The philosophy that the human is a unified integrated organism is termedA) holistic.B) humanism.C) eclectic.D) symmetry.Answer: A14) The philosophy that is visualized as the integration of the spiritual, intellectual, physical,emotional, environmental, and social dimensions of health is termedA) holistic.B) humanism.C) wellness.D) symmetry.Answer: C15) Which of the following health education specialists believes in mentorship?A) John AllegranteB) Becky SmithC) Marian HamburgD) Lorraine DavisAnswer: C16) Which of the following health education specialists believes that the expression of health is astarting point for professional interacting, education, and enhancement of health?A) John AllegranteB) Becky SmithC) Marian HamburgD) Lorraine DavisAnswer: B17) Who is the leading health education specialist who describes health education as that whichpromotes, maintains, and improves individual and community health through the educationalprocess?A) John AllegranteB) John SeffrinC) Marian HamburgD) Lorraine DavisAnswer: A

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418) Who is the leading health education specialist who believes health education programmingincludes inter-sectoral cooperation, coalition-building, and networking?A) Becky SmithB) John SeffrinC) Marian HamburgD) Lorraine DavisAnswer: C19) Who is the leading health education specialist who believes that the most fundamentaloutcome of health education is the enabling of individuals to achieve a level of freedom,avoiding unnecessary encumbrances to make enlightened choices?A) Becky SmithB) John SeffrinC) Marian HamburgD) John AllegranteAnswer: B20) One way that a philosophy isnotformed is byA) considering both the advantages and disadvantages of certain actions.B) learning from mentors and role models.C) learning about the experiences of friends and relatives.D) experiencing every aspect of life.Answer: D21) Which one of the following wasnota common theme of the individual philosophy of leadinghealth education specialists outlined in the text?A) Development of the individual’s potentialB) Free choiceC) Learning experiences that enhance decision makingD) Health is a constant.Answer: D22) Which of the following wasnotsuggested in the chapter as being useful in the developmentof a professional philosophy?A) Construct a list of your personal values and beliefsB) Define what health means to youC) Examine the attributions of people you admireD) Examine the mission statements of corporationsAnswer: D23) Which of the following questions isnotused to formulate a personal philosophy for a healtheducation specialist?A) What are my ideals?B) How do my values influence the way I act?C) What principles influence my friend’s decisions?D) What factors help shape reality for me?Answer: C

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