Solution Manual for Orientation to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, Ethics, and Essential Professional Foundations, 3rd Edition

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1
Instructor’s Manual for
Orientation to the Counseling
Profession: Advocacy, Ethics
and Essential Professional
Foundations (3rd Edition)
by Bradley T. Erford, Ph.D., Editor

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Table of Contents
Page
Chapter 1. Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical, Historical and Future
Considerations……………………………………………………....................... …5
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………… 5
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...14
Website Links……………………………………………………………….……...14
Chapter 2. Professional Counseling Organizations, Licensure, Certification, and
Accreditation ………………………………….…………………………………...15
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………15
Extended Response Questions…………………….………………………………..24
Website Links………………………………………………………………………25
Chapter 3. Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling…………………………………..……..26
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………26
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………..………..35
Website Links………………………………………………………………….……36
Chapter 4. Theories of Counseling...……………………………………………….……….37
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……37
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…...47
Website Links………………………………………………………………….……48
Chapter 5. The Counseling Process………………………………………….……………...51
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………………….....51
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………….……..60
Website Links………………………………………………………………………60
Chapter 6. Counseling Microskills…………………..…………….………………….…….61
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……61
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..70
Website Links………………………………………………………………………71
Chapter 7. Crisis Prevention and Intervention……………………………..……………….72
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……72
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..81
Website Links………………………………………………………………………82
Chapter 8. Mental Health and Rehabilitation Counseling………………………………….83
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………83
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..92
Website Links………………………………………………………………………93

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Page
Chapter 9. School, College, and Career Counseling………………………………………...95
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………….…………….95
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………....104
Website Links…………………………………………………………………….…105
Chapter 10. Human Development throughout the Life Span……………...…………..…....106
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………...…………..106
Extended Response Questions…………………………………………….……..….114
Website Links……………………………………………………………..………...115
Chapter 11. Multicultural Counseling…………....……………………………………...….116
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………...………..116
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……125
Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..127
Chapter 12. Assessment, Case Conceptualization, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning…..129
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………..……..129
Extended Response Questions…………………………………………………..….139
Website Links………………………………………………………………….…...140
Chapter 13. Supervision and Consultation…………………………………………..….….142
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………..………..142
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………..…….152
Website Links…………………………………………………………..…………..153
Chapter 14. Advocating for the Counseling Profession………………………………..…..154
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………....154
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……163
Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..164
Chapter 15. Advocacy Counseling: Being an Effective Agent of Change for Clients……165
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………..…………..165
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……174
Website Links…………………………………………………………………..…..174
Chapter 16. Accountability in Counseling……………………………………………….…176
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………176
Extended Response Questions………………………………………….……..…....187
Website Links…………………………………………………………….……..….187
Chapter 17. Outcome Research in Counseling …………………….....................................189
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………...…….189
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...198
Website Links……………………………………………………………...……….198

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Chapter 1. Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical, Historical and Future
Considerations
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A thorough understanding of a profession’s origination and historical progression provides a
framework within which a counseling student can
a. increase identification with the profession.
b. gain a sense of pride in the profession.
c. be armed with knowledge necessary to advocate for the profession.
d. All of the above.
2. Psychotherapy
a. is the basis of counseling.
b. assumes a medical model.
c. encompasses all types of counseling.
d. refers to counseling involving choices about lifestyle, education, or vocation.
3. Depending on the nature of the client’s situation, the counseling process can be
a. facilitative.
b. preventive.
c. remedial.
d. All of the above.
4. Empowerment refers to the
a. client’s independence from the helping relationship.
b. counselor’s ability to facilitate change.
c. collaborative aspect of the client-counselor relationship.
d. None of the above.
5. From 1900 to the 1920s,
a. societal views of mental health were changing.
b. society rejected the idea of mental illness.
c. counseling became extremely popular.
d. only males sought counseling.
6. The mental hygiene movement was influenced by
a. the mentally ill.
b. Whittingham Beer’s A Mind That Found Itself.
c. mental health counselors.
d. None of the above.

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7. The Father of the American guidance movement was
a. Whittingham Beer.
b. William James.
c. Jesse B. Davis.
d. Frank Parsons.
8. The first to focus on measuring mental abilities and intelligence was
a. James Cattell.
b. Wilhelm Wundt.
c. William James.
d. Max Wertheimer.
9. The original name for the Stanford-Binet was
a. Binet-Stanford Scale.
b. Stanford Intelligence Scale.
c. Binet-Simon Scale.
d. None of the above.
10. Psychometrics is
a. research-based.
b. the study of psychological instruments.
c. individual psychological testing.
d. used to determine vocational paths.
11. From 1920 to 1940,
a. the guidance movement continued to gain acceptance.
b. the guidance movement was scrutinized for its narrow focus.
c. vocational guidance became important for career replacement.
d. All of the above.
12. As a result of an increased interest in the mental health of children,
a. child guidance demonstration clinics were created.
b. parental discipline became a popular topic in counseling.
c. assessment changed to accommodate all ages.
d. there was a decrease in the focus on mental health of adults.
13. In 1935, __________ was established as a self-help approach to alcohol addiction.
a. the Alcohol Counseling Center
b. the Theater of Spontaneity
c. Alcoholics Anonymous
d. None of the above.

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14. As a result of the Great Depression,
a. counseling became available to children.
b. counseling settings expanded.
c. counselors worked with the unemployed in non-traditional ways.
d. All of the above.
15. Psychiatric evaluations and mental hygiene clinics were used in recruitment before
a. World War I.
b. World War II.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
16. World War II increased the need for
a. mental health counseling.
b. vocational guidance.
c. knowledge about mental health prevention and treatment.
d. All of the above.
17. In the 1940s, counseling
a. became more client-centered.
b. was influenced by Jesse B. Davis.
c. focused on self-help groups.
d. was more popular for children than adults.
18. During __________ there became such a high demand for school counselors that colleges
and universities could not keep up the pace.
a. 1900-1920
b. 1940-1960
c. 1960-1980
d. 1980-2000
19. The 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling committee
a. was composed of 31 counseling organizations.
b. achieved consensus on the definition of counseling and guiding principles.
c. attempted to standardize licensure laws to gain reciprocity.
d. All of the above.
20. The scientist-practitioner is one who is
a. interested in the effects of genetics and the family on the client.
b. adept at integrating scientific research and counseling practice to form a more exact
science.
c. most likely to base decisions on qualitative research.
d. interested in nature vs. nurture research.

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21. Managed care was originally developed to
a. provide mental health and medical care to the elderly.
b. protect the elderly from being taken advantage of by insurance companies.
c. protect clients from unnecessary services and fees.
d. All of the above.
22. __________ is also called the “fourth force” in counseling.
a. Humanism
b. Multiculturalism
c. Cognitive-behavioral
d. Psychoanalysis
23. Which of the following are steps professional counselors can take to ensure ethical
multicultural practice?
a. Awareness and self-evaluation.
b. Increase knowledge of the populations and clients.
c. Translate appropriately and adapt the skills and techniques used in counseling.
d. All of the above.
24. An advantage of Internet counseling is that
a. underserved populations have an opportunity to access counseling resources.
b. it is less anxiety provoking for clients.
c. members of the armed services stationed abroad can participate in family or conjoint
counseling sessions.
d. All of the above.
25. Gatekeeping involves
a. screening, remediation, and dismissal of counseling students.
b. keeping the client on the pertinent topic.
c. tracking appropriately with the client.
d. understanding for clients who are severely mentally impaired.
26. Potentially problematic issues among counseling students include
a. emotional impairment.
b. inappropriate relationship skills.
c. unethical behavior.
d. All of the above.
27. Gateslippers
a. are most likely to lose track of the client’s train of thought.
b. receive no intervention and graduate.
c. are counselor educators who have not pinpointed students who are inappropriate for
the counseling program.
d. are students who barely meet the requirements for admittance into a counseling
program.

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28. Counseling
a. is equivalent to psychotherapy.
b. is based on the wellness model.
c. is long-term.
d. focuses on the past.
29. One philosophical underpinning of counseling includes
a. the wellness model.
b. a developmental perspective.
c. empowerment.
d. All of the above.
30. Prior to the 1900s most guidance took the form of
a. vocational assessment.
b. the client’s self-directed search.
c. giving advice.
d. None of the above.
31. Which of the following people changed the meaning and making of mental health and
guidance, resulting in the development of the counseling profession?
a. Frank Parsons
b. Jesse B. Davis
c. Clifford W. Beers
d. All of the above.
32. As World War I began,
a. the need for measuring the emotional and intellectual abilities and deficiencies of
large groups of people became most obvious.
b. mental illness became more prevalent.
c. uproars in society occurred due to the belief that mental illness did not exist.
d. counseling became less popular because men were at war.
33. Collective counseling
a. focused on all aspects of the client.
b. was created by Alfred Adler.
c. determined a global assessment of the client’s functioning.
d. All of the above.
34. During the 1940s, Rogers called for more emphasis on
a. training and education of counselors.
b. counseling techniques.
c. research.
d. All of the above.

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35. Managed care has
a. created a need for quick treatment.
b. given the opportunity for clients to receive as much mental health assistance as
needed.
c. cut costs of services for clients, while ensuring that they will receive the best services
possible.
d. contributed to the creation of more mental health settings.
36. A culturally encapsulated counselor is one who
a. perceives others through his own narrow cultural lens.
b. does not pay attention to the cultural values of a client.
c. does not pay attention to the experiences of a client.
d. All of the above.
37. Internet searches provide a way for professional counselors, counseling students, counselor
educators, and clients to
a. partake in online counseling sessions.
b. access information on counseling related topics.
c. complete their work with greater efficiency.
d. All of the above.
38. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between individual and environment?
a. Individuals do not operate independently from their environment.
b. Individuals operate independently from their environment.
c. The environment can only influence the individual if he or she allows it.
d. None of the above is true.
39. In 1974, Congress passed the __________ which directly affects a counselor’s ability to
advocate for clients/students.
a. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
b. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
c. Children’s Educational Rights Act
d. Educational Advocacy Act
40. A thorough understanding of the origin and historical progression of counseling provides a
framework for ALL of the following EXCEPT
a. an increased sense of pride in the profession.
b. a marked increase in salary and benefits.
c. a professional identity as a counselor.
d. the knowledge to advocate for the profession.

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41. __________ was a pioneer of guidance and counseling who proposed that ideal choices of
vocation result from an understanding of one’s capabilities and interests, matched with facts
about different vocational options to find a good fit between the two.
a. Carl Rogers
b. Alfred Adler
c. E.G. Williamson
d. Frank Parsons
42. In regard to timing (on-time, off-time), crises may result from
a. events that are expected.
b. abnormal reactions to events.
c. normal reactions to events.
d. unexpected timing of events.
43. Counseling often is proactive and preventative through
a. education and community resources.
b. community resources and pamphlets.
c. education and referrals.
d. community resources and referrals.
44. All of the following were consensus issues from the 20/20 Committee EXCEPT
a. focusing on students and prospective students.
b. promoting client welfare and advocacy.
c. expanding and promoting the research base of professional counseling.
d. combining counseling, social work, and psychotherapy into one profession.
45. A Mind That Found Itself provided the incentive for the
a. mental hygiene movement.
b. psychotherapeutic movement.
c. counseling movement.
d. mental health movement.
46. Alfred Adler coined the term __________, which he applied to his work with children and
prison populations.
a. collective counseling
b. consultative counseling
c. constructive counseling
d. clinical counseling
47. The screening, remediation, and dismissal of counselors in training poorly fit for the
counseling profession is known as
a. gatewatching.
b. gatekeeping.
c. gateslipping.
d. gateguarding.

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48. Counselors facilitate client changes to
a. behaviors.
b. cognitions.
c. emotions.
d. All of the above.
49. Maslow referred to the process of striving for optimal functioning and health in life as
a. self- deprecating.
b. self-appreciation.
c. self-actualizing.
d. All of the above.
50. A gateslipper is a student who received
a. no intervention and therefore did not graduate.
b. intervention but did not graduate.
c. intervention and graduated.
d. no intervention but still graduated.
51. __________ is a form of therapy known for role playing and dramatic self-expression.
a. Psycholinguistics
b. Psychodrama
c. Psychosomatics
d. Psychopathology
52. _____ is the unified association that advocates for all counselors regardless of specialty.
a. APA
b. ACA
c. NASW
d. ASCA
53. Culturally encapsulated counselors are those who perceive
a. themselves as culturally aware and value the experiences of others.
b. others as being close-minded to other cultures and experiences.
c. others in such a way that allows a vast knowledge of many cultures.
d. others through their own narrow cultural lens.
54. Professional counselors, as opposed to other helping professionals, view problems as
a. abnormal responses to abnormal events.
b. normal responses to abnormal events.
c. transitory issues in response to others opinions.
d. normal responses to normal events.

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55. Counseling involves approaches that emphasize
a. wellness, normal development, empowerment, and prevention.
b. wellness, psychiatric evaluation, hospitalization, and prevention.
c. normal development, psychiatric evaluation, research, and wellness.
d. research, prevention, psychological symptoms, and wellness.
56. Empowerment begins within the therapeutic relationship as the counselor alters the power
differential
a. to make the client more powerful than the counselor.
b. to make the counselor more powerful than the client.
c. to make the counselor and client equal partners.
d. when the client tells the counselor he or she is ready.
57. Frank Parsons, the father of the American Guidance Movement, became the founder of the
__________ in 1908.
a. Guidance Agency of Boston
b. Vocational Guidance Department of Boston
c. Vocational Bureau of Boston
d. Guidance Bureau of Boston
58. James Cattell was the first to use the term __________ in reference to mental abilities and
intelligence.
a. mental measurement
b. mental test
c. mental instrumentation
d. mental intelligence
59. __________ is a specialty area of counseling.
a. School counseling
b. Mental health counseling
c. Marriage and family counseling
d. All of the above
60. Counseling is different than psychotherapy in each of the following ways EXCEPT that
a. counseling is shorter-term while psychotherapy is long-term.
b. counseling improves the quality of life while psychotherapy alleviates symptoms.
c. the goal of counseling is insight while the goal of psychotherapy is change.
d. counseling uses a wellness model while psychotherapy uses a medical model.
Answer Key: 1. d, 2. b, 3. d, 4. a, 5. a, 6. b, 7. d, 8. a, 9. c, 10. b, 11. d, 12. a, 13. c, 14. d, 15. b,
16. d, 17. a, 18. c, 19. d, 20. b, 21. c, 22. b, 23. d, 24. d, 25. a, 26. d, 27. b, 28. b, 29. d, 30. c,
31. d, 32. a, 33. b, 34. d, 35. a, 36. d, 37. b, 38. a, 39. a, 40. b, 41. d, 42. d, 43. a, 44. d, 45. a,
46. a, 47. b, 48. d, 49. c, 50. d, 51. b, 52. b, 53. d, 54. b, 55. a, 56. c, 57. c, 58. b, 59. d, 60. c.

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Extended Response Questions
1. Explain the importance of understanding a profession’s origination and history.
2. Compare and contrast psychotherapy with counseling.
3. Identify and describe the philosophical underpinnings of counseling.
4. Describe two significant changes or occurrences between 1900 and 1920 that contributed to
the rise of counseling as a profession.
5. Describe the effects World War II had on the rise of the counseling profession.
6. Identify and explain when accreditation of programs was established.
7. Describe the scientist-practitioner approach to counseling.
8. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of managed care.
9. Explain the “fourth force” in counseling and what professional counselors can do to become
more competent in this domain.
10. Describe the uses of technology in counseling.
11. Discuss the several underlying philosophical assumptions that characterize the counseling
profession.
12. Describe the differences between an illness model and a wellness model and give examples.
13. How might the field of counseling be different had we never had the contributions of Jesse B.
Davis, Clifford W. Beers, and Frank Parsons?
14. If you had to choose the three most influential events to shape the field of counseling, what
would they be and why?
15. What do you feel are the major differences between guidance, psychology, and counseling,
and why is it important to distinguish between them?
16. Regarding the use of technology in the actual practice of counseling, what do you see as
some of the potential ethical concerns?
17. Discuss the current definition of counseling provided by the 20/20 committee and how you
feel it may be helpful or lacking.
18. Describe two significant changes or occurrences between 1920 and 1940 that contributed to
the rise of counseling as a profession.
19. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the use of computers in counseling.
20. Describe the impact Carl Rogers had on the counseling profession.
Website Links
http://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/OurHistory/TP/Home/CT2.aspx
This is a link of the American Counseling Association. This specific page describes the history
of this organization in order to depict important events in the history of the counseling
profession.
http://counsellingresource.com/types/history/index.html
This website provides some of the important events that occurred in the history of counseling.

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Chapter 2. Professional Counseling Organizations, Licensure, Certification, and
Accreditation
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the American Counseling Association
(ACA)?
a. It is the world’s largest association for counselors.
b. There are more than 56,000 members.
c. Members are only from the United States.
d. ACA gives members the chance to stay in touch with issues important to counseling.
2. Which of the following is one of the four organizations that came together to originally form
ACA?
a. Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education.
b. American College Personnel Association.
c. National Vocational Guidance Association.
d. All of the above.
3. Divisions can be categorized as __________ divisions or __________ divisions.
a. specialty; preferred
b. passion; specialty
c. work setting; specialty
d. passion; work setting
4. An example of a passion division is the
a. Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD).
b. Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC).
c. Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC).
d. All of the above.
5. The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) is an example of a
a. passion division.
b. work setting division.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
6. The __________ advocates for client-access to quality mental health care services.
a. American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)
b. Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA)
c. American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
d. American College Counseling Association (ACCA)

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7. The mission of the __________ is to promote excellence in rehabilitation counseling,
research, consultation, and professional development.
a. American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
b. Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE)
c. Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ)
d. American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)
8. The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) strives to
a. ensure appropriate supervision of professional counselors.
b. improve education and credentialing.
c. advocate for quality graduate education.
d. All of the above.
9. The __________ was originally chartered as the Military Educators and Counselors
Association to support members of the armed services and their families.
a. Military and Government Counseling Association (MGCA)
b. American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
c. American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)
d. Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW)
10. The Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling
(ALGBTIC)
a. strives to improve standards and identify barriers related to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and
transgender counseling.
b. advocates for the reduction of stereotypical thinking and homosexual prejudice.
c. promotes awareness and understanding.
d. All of the above.
11. Which ACA division is nicknamed, “the heart and conscience of the counseling profession”?
a. Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC)
b. Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC)
c. Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ)
d. International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC)
12. Licenses and certifications require
a. a minimum of a 3.0 as a graduate GPA.
b. continuing education.
c. qualification by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational
Programs (CACREP).
d. three years of graduate education.
13. Which of the following is NOT one of the four ACA regions?
a. Eastern.
b. Southern.
c. North Atlantic.
d. Midwest.

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14. Which of the following is NOT one of ACA’s branches?
a. New York.
b. Europe.
c. Australia.
d. Latin America.
15. Which of the following is a benefit of membership in an ACA state branch?
a. Branches are in touch with current issues in particular states so they can find
resources, training, and advocacy.
b. Branches facilitate networking of professionals through conferences and workshops.
c. Branches advocate for state legislation in the best interests of professional counselors
and counselors-in-training.
d. All of the above.
16. The __________ has supported counselors-in-training by offering monetary awards for essay
writing contests.
a. American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF)
b. Chi Sigma Iota
c. American Counseling Association Insurance Trust, Inc. (ACAIT)
d. National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)
17. Which of the following is NOT true about the American Counseling Association Foundation
(ACAF)?
a. ACAF publishes a free weekly column, The Counseling Corner.
b. ACAF reached out to counselors and branches affected by hurricanes Rita and
Katrina.
c. ACAF is not a professional partner of ACA.
d. ACAF honors outstanding educators and practitioners.
18. To guarantee quality training in counseling, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and
Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
a. promotes high standards.
b. rigorously reviews counseling programs.
c. works with other credentialing organizations.
d. All of the above.
19. The __________ is a voluntary, non-profit, non-governmental, independent corporation
which advances professional counselor credentials.
a. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP)
b. American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF)
c. National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)
d. Chi Sigma Iota

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20. Which of the following is NOT true about the National Board for Certified Counselors
(NBCC)?
a. NBCC manages certification examinations.
b. NBCC oversees the national certification process.
c. NBCC recruits non-profit organizations to sponsor certification testing.
d. NBCC manages specialty certifications for clinical mental health and addictions
counselors.
21. National certification is defined by
a. a process of identifying those institutions or programs which meet set standards.
b. a method of identifying those individuals who have voluntarily completed pre-
determined standards set by professionals within the field.
c. requirements for professional counselors in all 50 states.
d. None of the above.
22. Accreditation is defined by
a. a process of identifying those institutions or programs which meet set standards.
b. a method of identifying those individuals who have voluntarily completed pre-
determined standards set by professionals within the field.
c. requirements for professional counselors in all 50 states.
d. None of the above
23. The CACREP accreditation process includes
a. self-study and application.
b. on-site visit.
c. team report.
d. All of the above.
24. Decisions of the CACREP board regarding accreditation of a program can include all of the
following EXCEPT
a. permanent accreditation.
b. 8-year accreditation.
c. 2-year provisional accreditation.
d. denial of accreditation.
25. Requirements for certification from NBCC include
a. a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited university.
b. a bachelor’s degree that must be at least 36 hours total.
c. documented work experience and supervision hours.
d. None of the above.
26. In 1976, __________ became the first to institute a professional counseling licensure law.
a. Massachusetts
b. Virginia
c. Vermont
d. Connecticut

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27. Title acts differ from practice acts in that title acts
a. prohibit individuals from performing the activities associated with professional
counseling.
b. require individuals to meet state licensure requirements.
c. allow individuals to practice the profession of counseling so long as they do not call
themselves licensed professional counselors.
d. allow graduates of counselor education programs to call themselves licensed professional
counselors.
28. The minimum number of supervised clinical hours an applicant must accumulate before
applying for a counseling license
a. is 3,000 hours.
b. is 4,000 hours.
c. is 5,000 hours.
d. varies by state.
29. The process by which states reach agreements that allow for out-of-state licenses to be
accepted so long as all state fees are paid is known as
a. credentialing.
b. portability.
c. certification.
d. cross certification.
30. Credentialing
a. allows individuals to be identified by their professional affiliations.
b. protects the public.
c. assists in the development of a strong professional identity.
d. All of the above.
31. National certification of professional counselors is accomplished by
a. colleges and universities.
b. the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).
c. the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP).
d. All of the above.
32. Licensure and national certification
a. support future skill development.
b. guide counseling students through their respective graduate programs.
c. allow a professional to use their leadership and advocacy skills.
d. are costly and sometimes unnecessary.

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33. ____________ was the final state to issue licenses for professional counselors.
a. Virginia
b. Florida
c. California
d. Maryland
34. Accreditation identifies educational programs which meet minimum standards for
a. student services.
b. faculty composition.
c. curriculum.
d. All of the above.
35. The _________ is NOT a professional credentialing organization?
a. National Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE)
b. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
c. National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC)
d. American Counseling Association (ACA)
36. Credentialing laws for the counseling profession have been left to the
a. state legislatures.
b. national government.
c. county/city legislatures.
d. school districts.
37. Which of the following statements is NOT true about credentialing laws for the counseling
profession?
a. Many states accredit graduate school counseling programs in conjunction with national
accreditation processes.
b. Professional policies and laws, particularly credentialing, are still being established.
c. Credentialing laws are established by the national government.
d. Credentialing procedures are different from state-to-state.
38. The four levels of credentialing procedures, ranging from least prestigious to most
prestigious, are ______________.
a. inspection, licensure, certification, and registration.
b. registration, certification, inspection, and licensure.
c. certification, inspection, licensure, and registration.
d. inspection, registration, certification, and licensure.
39. __________ are provided for those individuals within a given profession who have met
higher standards than others within the same professional group.
a. Certification for title restrictions
b. Stipends and extra pay
c. Special licensure and certification
d. None of the above.

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40. Many state licensure laws function as
a. title acts.
b. practice acts.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
41. __________ is the ability of professionals to move their licensed status from state to state.
a. Transferability
b. Anonymity
c. Portability
d. Communicability
42. Which of the following is considered a benefit of licensure and credentialing?
a. Safeguarding the public
b. Third party reimbursement and advertisement
c. Increased accessibility of services
d. All of the above.
43. In order to be a National Certified School Counselor (NCSC), one must first become a
a. National Certified Counselor (NCC).
b. professional counselor, after graduating from a CACREP accredited institution.
c. member of the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).
d. All of the above.
44. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of becoming a National Certified Counselor
(NCC)?
a. The NCC ensures portability of a nationally recognized counseling credential should one
relocate.
b. The NCC advances professional accountability and visibility.
c. A professional counselor with an NCC can generate client referrals through
CounselorFind, NBCC's referral service linking potential clients to nearby NCCs.
d. The NCC promises a tenured position as a professional counselor in one’s particular
setting.
45. Which of the following statements is TRUE about credentialing?
a. Credentials serve to protect the public.
b. Credentials allow individuals to be identified by their professional group affiliation.
c. Credentials encourage development of a strong professional identity among counselors.
d. All of the above.
46. Credentialing does NOT include
a. licensure.
b. certification.
c. tenure.
d. accreditation.

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47. __________ protects public interest, ensures that graduate students have met high standards,
and identifies educational programs that meet minimum standards for faculty composition,
curriculum, and student services.
a. Licensure
b. Certification
c. Accreditation
d. Maintenance
48. __________ is NOT a level of credentialing procedures.
a. Inspection
b. Accreditation
c. Certification
d. Licensure
49. In the __________ process, the state legislature passes a law that allows professional groups
to document individuals within the profession that have met specific standards.
a. inspection
b. certification
c. registration
d. licensure
50. Which of the following is TRUE about state licensure?
a. Licensure regulates title and practice of an occupational group.
b. Licensure is the most prestigious credentialing procedure.
c. Licensure laws exist in every state.
d. All of the above.
51. Which of the following is NOT a criterion for state licensure?
a. 4,000–6,5000 hours of supervision.
b. Master’s degree from an accredited university.
c. 48-60 hours of graduate education.
d. Passing score on the National Counselor’s Exam.
52. Portability allows
a. the public to know that they are protected.
b. professionals to move their license from state to state.
c. professionals to use standardized practices.
d. a multicultural approach to counseling.
53. A drawback of licensure may be
a. a lack of research to support its existence.
b. the cost of maintaining the license.
c. geographical limitations.
d. All of the above.

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54. Which of the following accomplishments in professional counseling CANNOT be attributed
to professional counseling associations?
a. Licensure of professional counselors.
b. Ethical standards.
c. Educational laws.
d. Third-party reimbursement from health insurance companies.
55. Which of the following statements is true about the American Counseling Association
(ACA)?
a. The ACA has 20 divisions.
b. ACA was originally called the American Personnel and Guidance Association
(APGA).
c. ACA was founded in 1952.
d. All of the above.
56. The reason for removing “development” from ACA’s previous title of the American
Association for Counseling and Development was
a. to unite and reflect the common link of counseling between association members.
b. because only psychodynamic perspectives deal with development.
c. due to a great deal of conflict over the title.
d. due to new theories emerging that did not look at development as a part of the
counseling process.
57. __________ of the ACA focus on areas of expertise and topics of interest.
a. Regions
b. Passion divisions
c. Members
d. Branches
58. __________ focus on the various specialties and specific work settings within professional
counseling.
a. Regions
b. Passion divisions
c. Work setting divisions
d. None of the above.
59. The ACA regions allow
a. for members to have a common meeting place for meetings and functions.
b. ACA members who are not members of divisions to have representation through an
ACA Governing Council Representative.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.

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60. Professional partner organizations provide __________ for ACA members.
a. diversions
b. resources
c. a voice
d. competition
61. Which of the following does professional development provide to professional counselors?
a. Certification or license renewal.
b. Continuing education.
c. Increased occupational opportunities.
d. All of the above.
62. Members of professional organizations may receive current information through
a. journals.
b. web pages.
c. List-serves.
d. All of the above.
Answer Key: 1. c, 2. d, 3. d, 4. d, 5. b, 6. c, 7. d, 8. d, 9. a, 10. d, 11. b, 12. b, 13. a, 14. c, 15. d,
16. a, 17. c, 18. d, 19. c, 20. c, 21. b, 22. a, 23. d., 24. a, 25. c, 26. b, 27. c, 28. d, 29. b, 30. d,
31. b, 32. a, 33. c, 34. d, 35. d, 36. a, 37. c, 38. d, 39. a, 40. c, 41. c, 42. d, 43. a, 44. d, 45. d,
46. c, 47. c, 48. b, 49. c, 50. d, 51. a, 52. b, 53. d, 54. c, 55. d, 56. a, 57. b, 58. c, 59. b, 60. b,
61. d, 62. d.
Extended Response Questions
1. Draw a chart and explain the structure of the American Counseling Association (ACA).
2. Describe the American Counseling Association (ACA) and its functions.
3. Compare and contrast passion and work setting divisions within ACA and provide examples
of each.
4. List and describe two examples of journals released by professional counseling organizations
affiliated with ACA.
5. List the four regions of the ACA and describe the purposes of regions within the ACA.
6. Describe the purpose of ACA’s state branches.
7. Explain the significance of professional development.
8. Describe the benefits of joining professional counseling organizations.
9. What value do accreditation, licensure, and national certification bring to the counseling
profession?
10. What is the purpose of having both national certification and state certification?
11. How does national certification differ from membership in counseling organizations?
12. Name the advantages of attending a CACREP accredited counselor education program.
13. How does national certification benefit an individual professional counselor’s practice?
14. How do national certification and your state licensure system compare?
15. How does certification or licensure of a professional counselor benefit that counselor’s
clients?
16. Describe the purposes of credentialing and licensure.

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17. Explain the four levels of credentialing procedures.
18. Describe the certification/licensure regulations for professional school counselors.
19. Describe the history of the American Counseling Association (ACA).
20. Describe the purpose of ACA divisions.
21. Choose two ACA divisions and describe each in detail.
22. List ACA’s professional partners and describe the purpose of having professional partners.
23. Describe accreditation and list its purposes and examples of credentialing organizations.
24. Explain licensure and the relevance of practice acts to licensure.
25. Describe the usual requirements for state licensure as a professional counselor.
26. Explain license portability and its importance to professional counselors.
Website Links
http://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/Partners/TP/Home/CT2.aspx
This is the American Counseling Association page with a list of its related professional partners
and organizations.
http://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/DivisionsBranchesAndRegions/TP/Divisions/CT2.aspx
This is a link to the American Counseling Association’s webpage with a link to all of its
professional divisions. These divisions each focused upon a specialty area in counseling.
http://www.amhca.org/
This is the official webpage for the American Mental Health Counselors Association. AMHCA
provides the knowledge, support and recognition counselors need for professional success.
http://www.guidetopsychology.com/cln_cns.htm
This website describes the different requirements for licensure among mental health professions.
http://www.nbcc.org/
This is the official website for the National Board of Certified Counselors. It is the nation’s
primary professional certification board devoted to credentialing professional counselors.
http://counselingexam.com/
This is a user-friendly preparation guide for the National Counselor Exam and other
credentialing and licensure exams. It provides sample multiple choice questions and other
helpful information about professional credentialing exams.
http://www.counseling.org/Counselors/LicensureAndCert/TP/StateRequirements/CT2.aspx
This is a link to the American Counseling Association which provides contact information for
those interested to contact each state about licensure and credentialing requirements.

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Chapter 3. Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of ethical standards?
a. To educate members about sound ethical conduct.
b. To provide a mechanism for accountability.
c. To replace relevant laws.
d. To serve as a means for improving professional practice.
2. __________ is NOT one of the moral principles.
a. Fidelity
b. Autonomy
c. Beneficence
d. Integrity
3. __________ refers to independence and the ability to make one’s own decisions; that is,
professional counselors need to refrain from imposing their own values on their clients.
a. Nonmaleficence
b. Justice
c. Autonomy
d. Fidelity
4. ____________ means being truthful in one’s professional actions with clients and others.
a. Fidelity
b. Veracity
c. Beneficence
d. Justice
5. __________ are based on cultural norms, beliefs, customs, and values.
a. Laws
b. Ethical standards
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
6. One of the steps recommended by ACA when resolving an ethical dilemma is
a. to determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma.
b. to speak with the student or client.
c. to reference personal notes concerning the student or client.
d. All of the above are ACA recommended steps to resolving ethical dilemmas.

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7. Which of the following is a self-test question recommended by Remley & Herlihy (2016) for
professional counselors to consider before an ethical decision is made?
a. Would you recommend the same course of action to other counselors?
b. Would you make the same decision again if given the same situation?
c. Were there any negative consequences due to the choice you made?
d. All of the above.
8. Statutory laws are
a. regulations that are binding on the school districts within the state.
b. created by legislation passed by the U. S. Congress and state legislatures.
c. mandates created from decisions of the circuit courts of appeals.
d. derived from an attorney general’s opinions.
9. Which of the following is NOT an acceptable resource of current information about ethical
practice?
a. Counseling Today
b. Administrative manuals
c. Any available internet sites
d. Research and empirical journal articles
10. Negligence is
a. when a wrong committed results in an injury or damages.
b. when a duty owed to the client was breached in some way.
c. less commonly identified than malpractice.
d. All of the above.
11. A professional counselor will most likely be found guilty of malpractice if the counselor
a. fails to report a case of HIV/AIDS.
b. fails to debrief clients following counseling or research.
c. was not trained in the technique used.
d. does not consult the ACA Code of Ethics before acting.
12. When a professional counselor is faced with any legal action, the first thing the counselor
should do is
a. contact the client.
b. contact a lawyer and let the counselor supervisor know.
c. consult the ACA Code of Ethics.
d. consult another professional counselor.
13. If both a subpoena and a court order are received, the professional counselor
a. should be sure to obtain informed consent to release information about the client.
b. must release the information with or without the client’s consent.
c. should be sure to inform the client and the client’s parents.
d. All of the above.

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14. When a parent requests information discussed with a minor child in counseling sessions, the
professional counselor first should
a. remember that the legal right belongs to the parent.
b. discuss the request with the student.
c. give the parent a vague description of the counseling sessions.
d. recommend that the parent not break confidentiality between the professional
counselor and the student.
15. The most important limit to confidentiality is
a. negligence.
b. duty to warn.
c. minor consent.
d. court-ordered disclosures.
16. Privileged communication
a. applies only to testifying in a court of law.
b. is determined by federal, state, and local mandates.
c. is the legal term to describe the privacy of counselor-client communication.
d. All of the above.
17. Educational records include records of student
a. achievement.
b. attendance.
c. testing and assessment.
d. All of the above.
18. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 requires that
a. schools make instructional materials available to parents upon request.
b. noncustodial parents do not have access to educational records.
c. schools annually send a notice to guardians regarding their right to review their
child’s records.
d. parents are notified of any changes made to their child’s educational records.
19. Under FERPA and PPRA
a. once a student turns 18 years of age, he can prohibit parents/guardians from accessing
educational records.
b. noncustodial parents have the same rights as custodial parents unless their rights have
been terminated or limited by the court.
c. stepparents have the same rights as biological parents.
d. kin having custody for more than six months have the same rights to records as
biological parents.

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20. The __________ does not apply to postsecondary schools.
a. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974
b. Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) of 1978
c. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
d. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001
21. Which of the following policies is described by the following statement: Schools obtain
informed parental consent prior to students’ participation in USDE funded surveys, analyses,
or evaluations if information about sex behavior or attitudes, illegal or demeaning behavior,
political beliefs, psychological problems, or religious practices are revealed.
a. Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) of 1978
b. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974
c. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)
d. None of the above.
22. Kinship care of students
a. creates a detrimental situation in most instances.
b. presents significant legal implications for schools.
c. ordinarily creates confusion in a child’s life.
d. ordinarily has a negative impact on a child’s academic and personal/social success in
school.
23. Personal notes
a. must remain in the sole possession of the maker.
b. can only be shared with a substitute maker.
c. must remain separate from educational records.
d. All of the above.
24. Related to personal notes and school counselors, a substitute maker
a. becomes responsible for the student as they move up to middle and high school.
b. becomes responsible for the student if the student transfers schools.
c. takes over for the counselor in that counselor’s position.
d. becomes responsible in the community if the student is referred for outside-of-school
assistance.
25. The __________ requires that the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
adopt national standards for the privacy of individually identifiable health information,
outlined patients’ rights, and established criteria for access to health records.
a. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996
b. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974
c. Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) of 1978
d. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)

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26. Which of the following statements is true regarding reports to Child Protective Services?
a. Parents or guardians have no rights to information during this process.
b. There is no liability for reporting child abuse in good faith.
c. Every health practitioner, educator, human services worker, and law enforcement
officer must report suspected abuse or neglect.
d. All of the above are true regarding reports to CPS.
27. Ethical codes
a. are created by professional organizations.
b. standardize guidelines for professional practice.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
28. __________ means treating each client fairly, but not necessarily treating each client the
same.
a. Beneficence
b. Justice
c. Nonmaleficence
d. Ethical practice
29. Which of the following is a purpose of the ACA Code of Ethics?
a. To support the mission of the American Counseling Association.
b. To serve as the basis for the processing of ethical complaints.
c. To provide guidance informing ethical practice.
d. All of the above.
30. In regard to laws and policies, school systems
a. take state regulations and policies and rewrite them to reflect their specific local
situation.
b. are only required to follow those relevant to recent problems within the school.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
31. All of the following have limits to confidentiality, EXCEPT
a. personal notes.
b. treatment teams.
c. subordinates.
d. minors.
32. The only exceptions to parental access to a student’s educational record are
a. reports to Child Protective Services.
b. personal notes.
c. reports from law enforcement agencies regarding the student’s arrests for reportable
offenses.
d. All of the above are exceptions to the student’s educational record.

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33. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 and the Protection of
Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA) of 1978 require that school system surveys funded by the
U. S. Department of Education
a. be made available for review by parents of students.
b. include personal information about the family.
c. include critical appraisals of other individuals with whom the student has close family
relationships.
d. keep information found in records confidential.
34. Under FERPA, only __________ can access student records.
a. teachers
b. parents
c. administrators
d. those with a legitimate educational interest
35. FERPA and PPRA are also known as the
a. Butcher Amendment and the Hatch Amendment, respectively.
b. Hatch Amendment and the Butcher Amendment, respectively.
c. Buckley Amendment and the Hatch Amendment, respectively.
d. None of the above.
36. There is often conflict between __________ in regard to health information.
a. PPRA and HIPAA
b. FERPA and HIPAA
c. FERPA and PPRA
d. NCLB and FERPA
37. The __________ case set the standard for a professional counselor’s duty to warn regardless
of their question or doubt of the seriousness of the threat.
a. Tarasoff
b. Eisel
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
38. Which of the following is the best reason laws and ethical standards exist?
a. To protect counselors from having to counsel someone they are uncomfortable
counseling.
b. To ensure a counselor will not get sued for making quick decisions.
c. To protect the client from any exorbitant fees or charges.
d. To ensure the appropriate behavior of professionals therefore meeting the clients best
interests.

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