Solution Manual for Orientation to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, Ethics, and Essential Professional Foundations, 3rd Edition

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1
Instructor’s Manual for
Orientation to the Counseling
Profession: Advocacy, Ethics
and Essential Professional
Foundations (3rd Edition)
by Bradley T. Erford, Ph.D., Editor

3
Table of Contents
Page
Chapter 1. Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical, Historical and Future
Considerations……………………………………………………....................... …5
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………… 5
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...14
Website Links……………………………………………………………….……...14
Chapter 2. Professional Counseling Organizations, Licensure, Certification, and
Accreditation ………………………………….…………………………………...15
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………15
Extended Response Questions…………………….………………………………..24
Website Links………………………………………………………………………25
Chapter 3. Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling…………………………………..……..26
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………26
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………..………..35
Website Links………………………………………………………………….……36
Chapter 4. Theories of Counseling...……………………………………………….……….37
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……37
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…...47
Website Links………………………………………………………………….……48
Chapter 5. The Counseling Process………………………………………….……………...51
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………………….....51
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………….……..60
Website Links………………………………………………………………………60
Chapter 6. Counseling Microskills…………………..…………….………………….…….61
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……61
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..70
Website Links………………………………………………………………………71
Chapter 7. Crisis Prevention and Intervention……………………………..……………….72
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……72
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..81
Website Links………………………………………………………………………82
Chapter 8. Mental Health and Rehabilitation Counseling………………………………….83
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………83
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..92
Website Links………………………………………………………………………93

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Page
Chapter 9. School, College, and Career Counseling………………………………………...95
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………….…………….95
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………....104
Website Links…………………………………………………………………….…105
Chapter 10. Human Development throughout the Life Span……………...…………..…....106
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………...…………..106
Extended Response Questions…………………………………………….……..….114
Website Links……………………………………………………………..………...115
Chapter 11. Multicultural Counseling…………....……………………………………...….116
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………...………..116
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……125
Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..127
Chapter 12. Assessment, Case Conceptualization, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning…..129
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………..……..129
Extended Response Questions…………………………………………………..….139
Website Links………………………………………………………………….…...140
Chapter 13. Supervision and Consultation…………………………………………..….….142
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………..………..142
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………..…….152
Website Links…………………………………………………………..…………..153
Chapter 14. Advocating for the Counseling Profession………………………………..…..154
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………....154
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……163
Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..164
Chapter 15. Advocacy Counseling: Being an Effective Agent of Change for Clients……165
Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………..…………..165
Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……174
Website Links…………………………………………………………………..…..174
Chapter 16. Accountability in Counseling……………………………………………….…176
Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………176
Extended Response Questions………………………………………….……..…....187
Website Links…………………………………………………………….……..….187
Chapter 17. Outcome Research in Counseling …………………….....................................189
Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………...…….189
Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...198
Website Links……………………………………………………………...……….198

5
Chapter 1. Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical, Historical and Future
Considerations
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A thorough understanding of a profession’s origination and historical progression provides a
framework within which a counseling student can
a. increase identification with the profession.
b. gain a sense of pride in the profession.
c. be armed with knowledge necessary to advocate for the profession.
d. All of the above.
2. Psychotherapy
a. is the basis of counseling.
b. assumes a medical model.
c. encompasses all types of counseling.
d. refers to counseling involving choices about lifestyle, education, or vocation.
3. Depending on the nature of the client’s situation, the counseling process can be
a. facilitative.
b. preventive.
c. remedial.
d. All of the above.
4. Empowerment refers to the
a. client’s independence from the helping relationship.
b. counselor’s ability to facilitate change.
c. collaborative aspect of the client-counselor relationship.
d. None of the above.
5. From 1900 to the 1920s,
a. societal views of mental health were changing.
b. society rejected the idea of mental illness.
c. counseling became extremely popular.
d. only males sought counseling.
6. The mental hygiene movement was influenced by
a. the mentally ill.
b. Whittingham Beer’s A Mind That Found Itself.
c. mental health counselors.
d. None of the above.

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7. The Father of the American guidance movement was
a. Whittingham Beer.
b. William James.
c. Jesse B. Davis.
d. Frank Parsons.
8. The first to focus on measuring mental abilities and intelligence was
a. James Cattell.
b. Wilhelm Wundt.
c. William James.
d. Max Wertheimer.
9. The original name for the Stanford-Binet was
a. Binet-Stanford Scale.
b. Stanford Intelligence Scale.
c. Binet-Simon Scale.
d. None of the above.
10. Psychometrics is
a. research-based.
b. the study of psychological instruments.
c. individual psychological testing.
d. used to determine vocational paths.
11. From 1920 to 1940,
a. the guidance movement continued to gain acceptance.
b. the guidance movement was scrutinized for its narrow focus.
c. vocational guidance became important for career replacement.
d. All of the above.
12. As a result of an increased interest in the mental health of children,
a. child guidance demonstration clinics were created.
b. parental discipline became a popular topic in counseling.
c. assessment changed to accommodate all ages.
d. there was a decrease in the focus on mental health of adults.
13. In 1935, __________ was established as a self-help approach to alcohol addiction.
a. the Alcohol Counseling Center
b. the Theater of Spontaneity
c. Alcoholics Anonymous
d. None of the above.

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14. As a result of the Great Depression,
a. counseling became available to children.
b. counseling settings expanded.
c. counselors worked with the unemployed in non-traditional ways.
d. All of the above.
15. Psychiatric evaluations and mental hygiene clinics were used in recruitment before
a. World War I.
b. World War II.
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
16. World War II increased the need for
a. mental health counseling.
b. vocational guidance.
c. knowledge about mental health prevention and treatment.
d. All of the above.
17. In the 1940s, counseling
a. became more client-centered.
b. was influenced by Jesse B. Davis.
c. focused on self-help groups.
d. was more popular for children than adults.
18. During __________ there became such a high demand for school counselors that colleges
and universities could not keep up the pace.
a. 1900-1920
b. 1940-1960
c. 1960-1980
d. 1980-2000
19. The 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling committee
a. was composed of 31 counseling organizations.
b. achieved consensus on the definition of counseling and guiding principles.
c. attempted to standardize licensure laws to gain reciprocity.
d. All of the above.
20. The scientist-practitioner is one who is
a. interested in the effects of genetics and the family on the client.
b. adept at integrating scientific research and counseling practice to form a more exact
science.
c. most likely to base decisions on qualitative research.
d. interested in nature vs. nurture research.

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21. Managed care was originally developed to
a. provide mental health and medical care to the elderly.
b. protect the elderly from being taken advantage of by insurance companies.
c. protect clients from unnecessary services and fees.
d. All of the above.
22. __________ is also called the “fourth force” in counseling.
a. Humanism
b. Multiculturalism
c. Cognitive-behavioral
d. Psychoanalysis
23. Which of the following are steps professional counselors can take to ensure ethical
multicultural practice?
a. Awareness and self-evaluation.
b. Increase knowledge of the populations and clients.
c. Translate appropriately and adapt the skills and techniques used in counseling.
d. All of the above.
24. An advantage of Internet counseling is that
a. underserved populations have an opportunity to access counseling resources.
b. it is less anxiety provoking for clients.
c. members of the armed services stationed abroad can participate in family or conjoint
counseling sessions.
d. All of the above.
25. Gatekeeping involves
a. screening, remediation, and dismissal of counseling students.
b. keeping the client on the pertinent topic.
c. tracking appropriately with the client.
d. understanding for clients who are severely mentally impaired.
26. Potentially problematic issues among counseling students include
a. emotional impairment.
b. inappropriate relationship skills.
c. unethical behavior.
d. All of the above.
27. Gateslippers
a. are most likely to lose track of the client’s train of thought.
b. receive no intervention and graduate.
c. are counselor educators who have not pinpointed students who are inappropriate for
the counseling program.
d. are students who barely meet the requirements for admittance into a counseling
program.

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28. Counseling
a. is equivalent to psychotherapy.
b. is based on the wellness model.
c. is long-term.
d. focuses on the past.
29. One philosophical underpinning of counseling includes
a. the wellness model.
b. a developmental perspective.
c. empowerment.
d. All of the above.
30. Prior to the 1900s most guidance took the form of
a. vocational assessment.
b. the client’s self-directed search.
c. giving advice.
d. None of the above.
31. Which of the following people changed the meaning and making of mental health and
guidance, resulting in the development of the counseling profession?
a. Frank Parsons
b. Jesse B. Davis
c. Clifford W. Beers
d. All of the above.
32. As World War I began,
a. the need for measuring the emotional and intellectual abilities and deficiencies of
large groups of people became most obvious.
b. mental illness became more prevalent.
c. uproars in society occurred due to the belief that mental illness did not exist.
d. counseling became less popular because men were at war.
33. Collective counseling
a. focused on all aspects of the client.
b. was created by Alfred Adler.
c. determined a global assessment of the client’s functioning.
d. All of the above.
34. During the 1940s, Rogers called for more emphasis on
a. training and education of counselors.
b. counseling techniques.
c. research.
d. All of the above.

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35. Managed care has
a. created a need for quick treatment.
b. given the opportunity for clients to receive as much mental health assistance as
needed.
c. cut costs of services for clients, while ensuring that they will receive the best services
possible.
d. contributed to the creation of more mental health settings.
36. A culturally encapsulated counselor is one who
a. perceives others through his own narrow cultural lens.
b. does not pay attention to the cultural values of a client.
c. does not pay attention to the experiences of a client.
d. All of the above.
37. Internet searches provide a way for professional counselors, counseling students, counselor
educators, and clients to
a. partake in online counseling sessions.
b. access information on counseling related topics.
c. complete their work with greater efficiency.
d. All of the above.
38. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between individual and environment?
a. Individuals do not operate independently from their environment.
b. Individuals operate independently from their environment.
c. The environment can only influence the individual if he or she allows it.
d. None of the above is true.
39. In 1974, Congress passed the __________ which directly affects a counselor’s ability to
advocate for clients/students.
a. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
b. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

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11
41. __________ was a pioneer of guidance and counseling who proposed that ideal choices of
vocation result from an understanding of one’s capabilities and interests, matched with facts
about different vocational options to find a good fit between the two.
a. Carl Rogers
b. Alfred Adler
c. E.G. Williamson
d. Frank Parsons
42. In regard to timing (on-time, off-time), crises may result from
a. events that are expected.
b. abnormal reactions to events.
c. normal reactions to events.
d. unexpected timing of events.
43. Counseling often is proactive and preventative through
a. education and community resources.
b. community resources and pamphlets.
c. education and referrals.
d. community resources and referrals.
44. All of the following were consensus issues from the 20/20 Committee EXCEPT
a. focusing on students and prospective students.
b. promoting client welfare and advocacy.
c. expanding and promoting the research base of professional counseling.
d. combining counseling, social work, and psychotherapy into one profession.
45. A Mind That Found Itself provided the incentive for the
a. mental hygiene movement.
b. psychotherapeutic movement.

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14
Extended Response Questions
1. Explain the importance of understanding a profession’s origination and history.
2. Compare and contrast psychotherapy with counseling.
3. Identify and describe the philosophical underpinnings of counseling.
4. Describe two significant changes or occurrences between 1900 and 1920 that contributed to
the rise of counseling as a profession.
5. Describe the effects World War II had on the rise of the counseling profession.
6. Identify and explain when accreditation of programs was established.
7. Describe the scientist-practitioner approach to counseling.
8. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of managed care.
9. Explain the “fourth force” in counseling and what professional counselors can do to become
more competent in this domain.
10. Describe the uses of technology in counseling.
11. Discuss the several underlying philosophical assumptions that characterize the counseling

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15
Chapter 2. Professional Counseling Organizations, Licensure, Certification, and
Accreditation
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the American Counseling Association
(ACA)?
a. It is the world’s largest association for counselors.
b. There are more than 56,000 members.
c. Members are only from the United States.
d. ACA gives members the chance to stay in touch with issues important to counseling.
2. Which of the following is one of the four organizations that came together to originally form
ACA?
a. Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education.
b. American College Personnel Association.
c. National Vocational Guidance Association.

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