Solution Manual for Orientation to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, Ethics, and Essential Professional Foundations, 3rd Edition

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1Instructor’s Manual forOrientation to the CounselingProfession: Advocacy, Ethicsand Essential ProfessionalFoundations (3rdEdition)by Bradley T. Erford, Ph.D., Editor

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3Table of ContentsPageChapter 1.Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical, Historical and FutureConsiderations…………………………………………………….......................…5Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………5Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...14Website Links……………………………………………………………….……...14Chapter 2. Professional Counseling Organizations, Licensure, Certification, andAccreditation ………………………………….…………………………………...15Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………………15Extended ResponseQuestions…………………….………………………………..24Website Links………………………………………………………………………25Chapter 3. Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling…………………………………..……..26Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………26Extended Response Questions……………………………………………..………..35Website Links………………………………………………………………….……36Chapter 4. Theories of Counseling...……………………………………………….……….37Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……37Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…...47Website Links………………………………………………………………….……48Chapter 5. The Counseling Process………………………………………….……………...51Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………………….....51Extended Response Questions……………………………………………….……..60Website Links………………………………………………………………………60Chapter 6. Counseling Microskills…………………..…………….………………….…….61Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……61Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..70Website Links………………………………………………………………………71Chapter 7. Crisis Prevention and Intervention……………………………..……………….72Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………….……72Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..81Website Links………………………………………………………………………82Chapter 8. Mental Health and Rehabilitation Counseling………………………………….83Multiple ChoiceQuestions…………………………………………………………83Extended Response Questions………………………………………………….…..92Website Links………………………………………………………………………93

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4PageChapter 9. School, College, and Career Counseling………………………………………...95Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………….…………….95Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………....104Website Links…………………………………………………………………….…105Chapter 10. Human Development throughout the Life Span……………...…………..…....106Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………...…………..106Extended Response Questions…………………………………………….……..….114Website Links……………………………………………………………..………...115Chapter 11. Multicultural Counseling…………....……………………………………...….116Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………...………..116Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……125Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..127Chapter 12. Assessment, Case Conceptualization, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning…..129Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………..……..129Extended Response Questions…………………………………………………..….139Website Links………………………………………………………………….…...140Chapter 13. Supervision and Consultation…………………………………………..….….142Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………..………..142Extended Response Questions………………………………………………..…….152Website Links…………………………………………………………..…………..153Chapter 14. Advocating for the Counseling Profession………………………………..…..154Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………………....154Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……163Website Links………………………………………………………………..……..164Chapter 15. Advocacy Counseling: Being an Effective Agent of Change for Clients……165Multiple Choice Questions……………………………………………..…………..165Extended Response Questions………………………………………………...……174Website Links…………………………………………………………………..…..174Chapter 16. Accountability in Counseling……………………………………………….…176Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….………176Extended Response Questions………………………………………….……..…....187Website Links…………………………………………………………….……..….187Chapter 17. Outcome Research in Counseling …………………….....................................189Multiple Choice Questions…………………………………………………...…….189Extended Response Questions……………………………………………………...198Website Links……………………………………………………………...……….198

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5Chapter 1.Becoming a Professional Counselor: Philosophical,Historical and FutureConsiderationsMultiple Choice Questions1.A thorough understanding of a profession’s origination and historical progression provides aframework within which a counselingstudent cana.increase identification with the profession.b.gain a sense of pride in the profession.c.be armed with knowledge necessary to advocate for the profession.d.All of the above.2.Psychotherapya.is the basis of counseling.b.assumes a medical model.c.encompasses all types of counseling.d.refers to counseling involving choices about lifestyle, education, or vocation.3.Depending on the nature of the client’s situation, the counseling process can bea.facilitative.b.preventive.c.remedial.d.All of the above.4.Empowerment refers to thea.client’s independence from the helping relationship.b.counselor’s ability to facilitate change.c.collaborative aspect of the client-counselor relationship.d.None of the above.5.From 1900 to the 1920s,a.societal views of mental health were changing.b.society rejected the idea of mental illness.c.counseling became extremely popular.d.only males sought counseling.6.The mental hygiene movement was influenced bya.the mentally ill.b.Whittingham Beer’sA Mind That Found Itself.c.mental healthcounselors.d.None of the above.

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67.The Father of the American guidance movement wasa.Whittingham Beer.b.William James.c.Jesse B. Davis.d.Frank Parsons.8.The first to focus on measuring mental abilities and intelligence wasa.James Cattell.b.Wilhelm Wundt.c.William James.d.Max Wertheimer.9.The original name for theStanford-Binetwasa.Binet-Stanford Scale.b.Stanford Intelligence Scale.c.Binet-Simon Scale.d.None of the above.10.Psychometrics isa.research-based.b.the study of psychological instruments.c.individualpsychological testing.d.used to determine vocational paths.11.From 1920 to 1940,a.the guidance movement continued to gain acceptance.b.the guidance movement was scrutinized for its narrow focus.c.vocational guidance became important for career replacement.d.All of the above.12.As a result of an increased interest in the mental health of children,a.child guidance demonstration clinics were created.b.parental discipline became a popular topic in counseling.c.assessment changed to accommodate all ages.d.there was a decrease in the focus on mental health of adults.13.In 1935, __________ was established as a self-help approach to alcohol addiction.a.the Alcohol Counseling Centerb.the Theater of Spontaneityc.Alcoholics Anonymousd.None of the above.

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714.As a result of theGreat Depression,a.counseling became available to children.b.counseling settings expanded.c.counselors worked with the unemployed in non-traditional ways.d.All of the above.15.Psychiatric evaluations and mental hygiene clinics were used in recruitment beforea.World War I.b.World War II.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.16.World War II increased the need fora.mental health counseling.b.vocational guidance.c.knowledge about mental health prevention and treatment.d.All of the above.17.In the 1940s, counselinga.became more client-centered.b.was influenced by Jesse B. Davis.c.focused on self-help groups.d.was more popular for children than adults.18.During __________ there became such a high demand for school counselors that collegesand universities could not keep up thepace.a.1900-1920b.1940-1960c.1960-1980d.1980-200019.The 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling committeea.was composed of 31 counseling organizations.b.achieved consensus on the definition of counseling and guiding principles.c.attempted to standardize licensure laws to gain reciprocity.d.All of the above.20.The scientist-practitioner is one who isa.interested in the effects of genetics and the family on the client.b.adept atintegratingscientific research and counseling practice to form a more exactscience.c.most likely to base decisions on qualitative research.d.interested in nature vs. nurture research.

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821.Managed care was originally developed toa.provide mental health and medical care to the elderly.b.protect the elderly from being taken advantage of by insurance companies.c.protect clients from unnecessary services and fees.d.All of the above.22.__________ is also called the “fourth force” in counseling.a.Humanismb.Multiculturalismc.Cognitive-behaviorald.Psychoanalysis23.Which of the following are stepsprofessional counselors can take to ensure ethicalmulticultural practice?a.Awareness and self-evaluation.b.Increase knowledge of the populations and clients.c.Translate appropriately and adapt the skills and techniques used in counseling.d.All of the above.24.An advantage ofInternet counseling is thata.underserved populations have an opportunity to access counseling resources.b.it is less anxiety provoking for clients.c.members of the armed services stationed abroad can participate in family or conjointcounseling sessions.d.All of the above.25.Gatekeeping involvesa.screening, remediation, and dismissal ofcounselingstudents.b.keeping the client on the pertinent topic.c.tracking appropriately with the client.d.understanding for clients who are severely mentally impaired.26.Potentially problematic issues among counseling students includea.emotional impairment.b.inappropriate relationship skills.c.unethical behavior.d.All of the above.27.Gateslippersa.are most likely to lose track of the client’s train of thought.b.receive no intervention and graduate.c.are counselor educators who have not pinpointed students who are inappropriate forthe counseling program.d.are students who barely meet the requirements for admittance into a counselingprogram.

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928.Counselinga.is equivalent to psychotherapy.b.is based on the wellness model.c.is long-term.d.focuses on the past.29.One philosophical underpinning of counseling includesa.the wellness model.b.a developmental perspective.c.empowerment.d.All of the above.30.Prior to the 1900s most guidance took the form ofa.vocational assessment.b.the client’s self-directed search.c.giving advice.d.None of the above.31.Which of the following people changed the meaning and making of mental health andguidance, resulting in the development of thecounseling profession?a.Frank Parsonsb.Jesse B. Davisc.Clifford W. Beersd.All of the above.32.As World War I began,a.the need for measuring the emotional and intellectual abilities and deficiencies oflarge groups of people became most obvious.b.mental illness became more prevalent.c.uproars in society occurred due to the belief that mental illness did not exist.d.counseling became less popular because men were at war.33.Collective counselinga.focused on all aspects of the client.b.was created by Alfred Adler.c.determined a global assessment of the client’s functioning.d.All of the above.34.During the 1940s, Rogers called for more emphasis ona.training and education of counselors.b.counseling techniques.c.research.d.All of the above.

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1035.Managed care hasa.created a need forquick treatment.b.given the opportunity for clients to receive as much mental health assistance asneeded.c.cut costs of services for clients, while ensuring that they will receive the best servicespossible.d.contributed to the creation of more mental health settings.36.A culturally encapsulated counselor is one whoa.perceives others through his own narrow cultural lens.b.does not pay attention to the cultural values of a client.c.does not pay attention to the experiences of a client.d.All of the above.37.Internet searches provide a way for professional counselors, counseling students, counseloreducators, and clients toa.partake in online counseling sessions.b.access information on counseling related topics.c.complete their work with greater efficiency.d.All of the above.38.Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between individual and environment?a.Individuals do not operate independently from their environment.b.Individuals operate independently from their environment.c.The environment can onlyinfluence the individual if he or she allows it.d.None of the above is true.39.In 1974, Congress passed the __________ which directly affects a counselor’s ability toadvocate for clients/students.a.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Actb.Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Actc.Children’s Educational Rights Actd.Educational Advocacy Act40.A thorough understanding of the origin and historical progression of counseling provides aframework for ALL of the following EXCEPTa.an increased sense of pride in the profession.b.a marked increase in salary and benefits.c.a professional identity as a counselor.d.the knowledge to advocate for the profession.

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1141.__________ was a pioneer of guidance and counseling who proposed that ideal choices ofvocation result from anunderstanding of one’s capabilities and interests, matched with factsabout different vocational options to find a good fit between the two.a.Carl Rogersb.Alfred Adlerc.E.G.Williamsond.Frank Parsons42.In regard to timing (on-time, off-time), crises may result froma.events that are expected.b.abnormal reactions to events.c.normal reactions to events.d.unexpected timing of events.43.Counseling often is proactive and preventative througha.education and community resources.b.community resources and pamphlets.c.education and referrals.d.community resources and referrals.44.All of the following were consensus issues from the 20/20 Committee EXCEPTa.focusing on students and prospective students.b.promoting client welfare and advocacy.c.expanding and promoting the research base of professional counseling.d.combining counseling, social work, and psychotherapy into one profession.45.A Mind That Found Itselfprovided the incentive for thea.mental hygiene movement.b.psychotherapeutic movement.c.counseling movement.d.mental health movement.46.Alfred Adler coined the term __________, which he applied to his work with children andprison populations.a.collective counselingb.consultative counselingc.constructive counselingd.clinical counseling47.The screening, remediation, anddismissal of counselors in training poorly fit for thecounseling profession is known asa.gatewatching.b.gatekeeping.c.gateslipping.d.gateguarding.

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1248.Counselors facilitate client changes toa.behaviors.b.cognitions.c.emotions.d.All of the above.49.Maslowreferred to the process of striving for optimal functioning and health in life asa.self-deprecating.b.self-appreciation.c.self-actualizing.d.Allof the above.50.A gateslipper is a student who receiveda.no intervention and therefore did not graduate.b.intervention but did not graduate.c.intervention and graduated.d.no intervention but still graduated.51.__________ is a form of therapy known for role playing and dramatic self-expression.a.Psycholinguisticsb.Psychodramac.Psychosomaticsd.Psychopathology52._____ is theunified association that advocates for all counselors regardless of specialty.a.APAb.ACAc.NASWd.ASCA53.Culturally encapsulated counselors are those who perceivea.themselves as culturally aware and value the experiences of others.b.others as being close-minded to other cultures and experiences.c.others in such a way that allows a vast knowledge of many cultures.d.others through their own narrow cultural lens.54.Professional counselors, as opposed to other helping professionals, view problems asa.abnormal responses to abnormal events.b.normal responses to abnormal events.c.transitory issues in response to others opinions.d.normal responses to normal events.

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1355.Counseling involves approaches that emphasizea.wellness, normal development, empowerment, andprevention.b.wellness, psychiatric evaluation, hospitalization, and prevention.c.normal development, psychiatric evaluation, research, and wellness.d.research, prevention, psychological symptoms, and wellness.56.Empowerment begins within the therapeutic relationship as the counselor alters the powerdifferentiala.to make the client more powerful than the counselor.b.to make the counselor more powerful than the client.c.to make the counselor and client equal partners.d.when the client tells the counselor he orshe is ready.57.Frank Parsons, the father of the American Guidance Movement, became the founder of the__________ in 1908.a.Guidance Agency of Bostonb.Vocational Guidance Department of Bostonc.Vocational Bureau of Bostond.Guidance Bureau of Boston58.James Cattell was the first to use the term __________ in reference to mental abilities andintelligence.a.mental measurementb.mental testc.mental instrumentationd.mental intelligence59.__________ is a specialty area of counseling.a.School counselingb.Mentalhealth counselingc.Marriage and family counselingd.All of the above60.Counseling is different than psychotherapy in each of the following ways EXCEPT thata.counseling is shorter-term while psychotherapy is long-term.b.counseling improves the quality of life while psychotherapy alleviates symptoms.c.the goal of counseling is insight while the goal of psychotherapy is change.d.counselinguses a wellness model while psychotherapyuses a medical model.Answer Key: 1. d, 2. b, 3. d, 4. a, 5. a, 6. b, 7. d,8. a,9. c, 10. b, 11. d, 12. a, 13. c, 14. d, 15. b,16. d, 17. a, 18.c, 19. d, 20. b, 21. c, 22. b, 23. d, 24. d, 25.a, 26. d, 27. b, 28. b, 29. d, 30. c,31. d, 32. a, 33. b, 34. d, 35.a, 36.d, 37.b,38.a, 39.a, 40.b, 41.d, 42.d, 43.a, 44.d, 45.a,46.a, 47.b, 48.d,49.c, 50.d, 51.b, 52.b, 53.d, 54.b, 55.a, 56.c, 57.c, 58.b, 59.d, 60. c.

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14Extended Response Questions1.Explain the importance of understanding a profession’s origination and history.2.Compare and contrastpsychotherapy with counseling.3.Identify and describe the philosophical underpinnings of counseling.4.Describe two significant changes or occurrences between 1900 and 1920 that contributed tothe rise of counseling as a profession.5.Describe the effects World War II had on the rise of the counseling profession.6.Identify and explain when accreditation of programs was established.7.Describe the scientist-practitioner approach to counseling.8.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of managed care.9.Explain the “fourth force” in counseling and what professional counselors can do to becomemore competent in this domain.10.Describe the uses of technology in counseling.11.Discuss the several underlying philosophical assumptions that characterize the counselingprofession.12.Describe the differences between an illness model and a wellness model and give examples.13.How might the field of counseling be different had we never had the contributions of Jesse B.Davis, Clifford W. Beers, and Frank Parsons?14.If you had to choose the three most influential events to shape the field of counseling, whatwould they be and why?15.What do you feel are the major differences between guidance, psychology, and counseling,and why is it important to distinguish between them?16.Regarding the use of technology in the actual practice of counseling, what do you see assome of the potential ethical concerns?17.Discuss the current definition of counseling provided by the 20/20 committee and how youfeel it may be helpful or lacking.18.Describe two significant changes or occurrences between 1920 and 1940 that contributed tothe rise of counseling as a profession.19.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the use of computers in counseling.20.Describe the impact Carl Rogers had on the counseling profession.Website Linkshttp://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/OurHistory/TP/Home/CT2.aspxThis is a link of the American Counseling Association. Thisspecific page describes the historyof this organization in order to depict important events in the history of the counselingprofession.http://counsellingresource.com/types/history/index.htmlThis website provides some of the important events that occurred in the history of counseling.

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15Chapter 2. Professional CounselingOrganizations, Licensure, Certification,andAccreditationMultiple Choice Questions1.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the American Counseling Association(ACA)?a.It is the world’s largest association for counselors.b.There are more than 56,000 members.c.Members are only from the United States.d.ACA givesmembers the chance to stay in touch with issues important to counseling.2.Which of the following is one of the four organizations that came together to originally formACA?a.Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education.b.American College Personnel Association.c.National Vocational Guidance Association.d.All of the above.3.Divisions can be categorized as __________ divisions or __________ divisions.a.specialty; preferredb.passion; specialtyc.work setting; specialtyd.passion; work setting4.An example of apassion division is thea.Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD).b.Association for Assessmentand Researchin Counseling(AARC).c.Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC).d.All of the above.5.The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) is an example of aa.passion division.b.work setting division.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.6.The __________ advocates for client-access to quality mental health care services.a.American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)b.Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA)c.American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)d.American College Counseling Association (ACCA)

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167.The mission of the __________ is to promote excellence in rehabilitation counseling,research, consultation, and professional development.a.American School Counselor Association (ASCA)b.Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE)c.Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ)d.American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)8.The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) strives toa.ensure appropriate supervision of professional counselors.b.improve education and credentialing.c.advocate for quality graduate education.d.All of the above.9.The __________ was originally chartered as the Military Educators and CounselorsAssociation to support membersof the armed services and their families.a.Military and Government CounselingAssociation (MGCA)b.American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)c.American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)d.Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW)10.The Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling(ALGBTIC)a.strives to improve standards and identify barriers related to gay, lesbian,bisexual, andtransgender counseling.b.advocates for the reduction of stereotypical thinking and homosexualprejudice.c.promotes awareness and understanding.d.All of the above.11.Which ACA division is nicknamed, “the heart and conscience of the counseling profession”?a.Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC)b.Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC)c.Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ)d.International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC)12.Licenses and certifications requirea.a minimum of a 3.0 as a graduate GPA.b.continuing education.c.qualification by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related EducationalPrograms (CACREP).d.three years of graduate education.13.Which of the following is NOT one of the four ACA regions?a.Eastern.b.Southern.c.North Atlantic.d.Midwest.

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1714.Which of the following is NOT one of ACA’s branches?a.New York.b.Europe.c.Australia.d.Latin America.15.Which of the following is a benefit of membership in an ACA state branch?a.Branches arein touch with current issues in particular states so they can findresources, training, and advocacy.b.Branches facilitate networking of professionals through conferences and workshops.c.Branches advocate for state legislation in the best interests of professional counselorsand counselors-in-training.d.All of the above.16.The __________ has supported counselors-in-training by offeringmonetary awardsfor essaywriting contests.a.American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF)b.Chi Sigma Iotac.American Counseling Association Insurance Trust, Inc. (ACAIT)d.National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)17.Which of the following is NOT true about the American Counseling Association Foundation(ACAF)?a.ACAF publishes a free weeklycolumn,The Counseling Corner.b.ACAFreached out to counselors and branches affected by hurricanes Rita andKatrina.c.ACAFis not a professional partner of ACA.d.ACAF honors outstanding educators and practitioners.18.To guarantee quality training in counseling, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling andRelated Educational Programs (CACREP)a.promotes high standards.b.rigorously reviews counseling programs.c.works with other credentialing organizations.d.All of the above.19.The __________ is a voluntary, non-profit, non-governmental, independent corporationwhich advances professional counselor credentials.a.Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs(CACREP)b.American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF)c.National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)d.Chi Sigma Iota

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1820.Which of the following is NOT true about the National Board for Certified Counselors(NBCC)?a.NBCC manages certification examinations.b.NBCC oversees the national certification process.c.NBCC recruits non-profit organizations to sponsor certification testing.d.NBCC manages specialty certifications for clinical mental health and addictionscounselors.21.National certification is defined bya.a process of identifying those institutions or programs which meet set standards.b.a method of identifying thoseindividuals who have voluntarily completed pre-determined standards set by professionals within the field.c.requirements for professional counselors in all 50 states.d.None of the above.22. Accreditation is defined bya.a process of identifying those institutions or programs which meet set standards.b.a method of identifying those individuals who have voluntarily completed pre-determined standards set by professionals within the field.c.requirements for professional counselors in all 50 states.d.None of the above23.The CACREP accreditation process includesa.self-studyand application.b.on-site visit.c.team report.d.All of the above.24.Decisions of the CACREP board regarding accreditation of a program can include all of thefollowing EXCEPTa.permanentaccreditation.b.8-year accreditation.c.2-yearprovisionalaccreditation.d.denial of accreditation.25.Requirements for certification from NBCC includea.a minimum of a bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited university.b.a bachelor’s degree that must be at least 36 hours total.c.documented work experience and supervision hours.d.None of the above.26.In 1976, __________ became the first to institute a professional counseling licensure law.a.Massachusettsb.Virginiac.Vermontd.Connecticut

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1927.Title acts differ frompractice acts in that title actsa.prohibit individuals from performing the activities associated with professionalcounseling.b.require individuals to meet state licensure requirements.c.allow individuals to practice the profession of counseling so long as they do not callthemselves licensed professional counselors.d.allow graduates of counselor education programs to call themselves licensed professionalcounselors.28.The minimum number of supervised clinical hours an applicant must accumulate beforeapplying for a counseling licensea.is 3,000 hours.b.is 4,000 hours.c.is 5,000 hours.d.varies by state.29.The process by which states reach agreements that allow for out-of-state licenses to beaccepted so long as all state fees are paid is known asa.credentialing.b.portability.c.certification.d.cross certification.30.Credentialinga.allows individuals to be identified by their professional affiliations.b.protects the public.c.assists in the development of a strong professional identity.d.All of the above.31.Nationalcertification of professional counselors is accomplished bya.colleges and universities.b.the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).c.the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs(CACREP).d.All of the above.32.Licensure and national certificationa.support future skill development.b.guide counseling students through their respective graduate programs.c.allow a professional to use their leadership and advocacy skills.d.are costly and sometimes unnecessary.

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2033.____________ was the final state to issue licenses for professional counselors.a.Virginiab.Floridac.Californiad.Maryland34.Accreditation identifieseducational programs which meet minimum standards fora.student services.b.faculty composition.c.curriculum.d.All of the above.35.The _________ is NOT a professional credentialing organization?a.National Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE)b.Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)c.National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC)d.American Counseling Association (ACA)36.Credentialing laws for the counseling profession have been left to thea.state legislatures.b.national government.c.county/city legislatures.d.school districts.37.Which of the following statements is NOT true aboutcredentialing laws for the counselingprofession?a.Many states accredit graduate school counseling programs in conjunction with nationalaccreditation processes.b.Professional policies and laws, particularly credentialing, are still being established.c.Credentialing laws are established by the national government.d.Credentialing procedures are different from state-to-state.38.The four levels of credentialing procedures, ranging from least prestigious to mostprestigious, are ______________.a.inspection, licensure, certification, and registration.b.registration,certification, inspection, and licensure.c.certification, inspection, licensure, and registration.d.inspection, registration, certification, and licensure.39.__________ are provided for those individuals within a given profession who have methigher standards than others within the same professional group.a.Certification for title restrictionsb.Stipends and extra payc.Special licensure and certificationd.None of the above.

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2140.Many state licensure laws function asa.title acts.b.practice acts.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.41.__________ is the ability of professionals to move their licensed status from state to state.a.Transferabilityb.Anonymityc.Portabilityd.Communicability42.Which of the following isconsidered a benefit of licensure and credentialing?a.Safeguarding the publicb.Third party reimbursement and advertisementc.Increased accessibility of servicesd.All of the above.43.In order to be aNational Certified School Counselor (NCSC), one must first become aa.National Certified Counselor (NCC).b.professional counselor, after graduating from a CACREP accredited institution.c.member of the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).d.All of the above.44.Which of the following is NOT a benefit ofbecoming a National Certified Counselor(NCC)?a.The NCCensures portability ofanationally recognized counseling credential should onerelocate.b.The NCC advances professional accountability and visibility.c.A professional counselor with anNCC cangenerate client referrals throughCounselorFind,NBCC's referral service linking potential clients to nearby NCCs.d.The NCC promises a tenured position as a professional counselor in one’s particularsetting.45.Which of the following statements is TRUE aboutcredentialing?a.Credentials serve to protect the public.b.Credentials allow individuals to be identified by their professional group affiliation.c.Credentials encourage development of a strong professional identity among counselors.d.All of the above.46.Credentialing does NOT includea.licensure.b.certification.c.tenure.d.accreditation.

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2247.__________ protects public interest, ensures that graduate students have met high standards,and identifies educational programs that meet minimum standards for faculty composition,curriculum, and student services.a.Licensureb.Certificationc.Accreditationd.Maintenance48.__________ is NOT a level of credentialing procedures.a.Inspectionb.Accreditationc.Certificationd.Licensure49.In the __________ process, the state legislature passes a lawthat allows professional groupsto document individuals within the profession that have met specific standards.a.inspectionb.certificationc.registrationd.licensure50.Which of the following is TRUE about state licensure?a.Licensure regulates title and practice of an occupational group.b.Licensure is the most prestigious credentialing procedure.c.Licensure laws exist in every state.d.All of the above.51.Which of the following is NOT a criterion for state licensure?a.4,000–6,5000 hours of supervision.b.Master’s degree from an accredited university.c.48-60 hours of graduate education.d.Passing score on the National Counselor’s Exam.52.Portability allowsa.the public to know that they are protected.b.professionals to move their license from state to state.c.professionals to use standardized practices.d.a multicultural approach to counseling.53.Adrawbackoflicensuremay bea.a lack of research to support its existence.b.the cost of maintaining the license.c.geographical limitations.d.All of the above.

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2354.Which of the following accomplishments in professional counseling CANNOT be attributedto professional counseling associations?a.Licensure of professional counselors.b.Ethical standards.c.Educational laws.d.Third-party reimbursement from health insurance companies.55.Which of the following statements is true about the American Counseling Association(ACA)?a.The ACA has 20divisions.b.ACA was originally called the American Personnel and Guidance Association(APGA).c.ACA wasfounded in 1952.d.All of the above.56.The reason for removing “development” from ACA’s previous title of the AmericanAssociation for Counseling and Development wasa.to unite and reflect the common link of counseling between association members.b.because only psychodynamic perspectives deal with development.c.due toa great deal of conflict over the title.d.due to new theories emerging that did not look at development as a part of thecounseling process.57.__________ of the ACA focus on areas of expertise and topics of interest.a.Regionsb.Passion divisionsc.Membersd.Branches58.__________ focus on the variousspecialtiesand specific work settingswithin professionalcounseling.a.Regionsb.Passion divisionsc.Work setting divisionsd.None of the above.59.The ACA regions allowa.for members to have a commonmeeting place for meetings and functions.b.ACA members who are not members of divisions to have representation through anACA Governing Council Representative.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.

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2460.Professional partner organizations provide __________ for ACA members.a.diversionsb.resourcesc.a voiced.competition61.Which of the following does professional development provide to professional counselors?a.Certification or license renewal.b.Continuing education.c.Increased occupational opportunities.d.All of theabove.62.Members of professional organizations may receive current information througha.journals.b.web pages.c.List-serves.d.All of the above.Answer Key: 1. c, 2. d, 3. d, 4. d, 5. b, 6. c, 7. d, 8. d, 9. a, 10. d, 11. b, 12. b, 13. a, 14. c, 15. d,16. a,17. c, 18. d, 19. c, 20. c, 21. b, 22. a, 23. d.,24. a, 25. c, 26. b, 27. c, 28. d, 29. b, 30. d,31. b, 32. a, 33. c, 34. d, 35. d, 36. a, 37. c, 38. d, 39. a, 40. c, 41. c, 42. d, 43. a, 44. d, 45. d,46.c, 47.c, 48. b, 49.c, 50. d, 51. a, 52. b, 53. d, 54. c, 55. d, 56. a, 57. b, 58. c, 59. b,60. b,61. d,62. d.Extended Response Questions1.Draw a chart and explain the structure of the American Counseling Association (ACA).2.Describe the American Counseling Association (ACA) and its functions.3.Compare and contrast passion and work setting divisions within ACA and provide examplesof each.4.List and describe two examples of journals released by professional counseling organizationsaffiliated with ACA.5.List the four regions of the ACA and describe the purposes of regions within the ACA.6.Describe the purpose of ACA’s state branches.7.Explain the significance of professional development.8.Describe the benefits of joining professional counseling organizations.9.What value do accreditation, licensure,and national certification bring to the counselingprofession?10.What is the purpose of having both national certification and state certification?11.How does national certification differ from membership in counseling organizations?12.Name the advantages of attending a CACREP accredited counselor education program.13.How does national certification benefit an individual professional counselor’s practice?14.How do national certification and your state licensure system compare?15.How does certification or licensure of a professional counselor benefit that counselor’sclients?16.Describe the purposes of credentialing and licensure.

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2517.Explainthefour levels of credentialing procedures.18.Describe the certification/licensure regulations for professional school counselors.19.Describe the history of the American Counseling Association (ACA).20.Describe the purpose of ACA divisions.21.Choose two ACA divisions and describe each in detail.22.List ACA’s professional partners and describe the purpose of having professional partners.23.Describe accreditation and list its purposes and examples of credentialing organizations.24.Explain licensure and the relevance of practice acts to licensure.25.Describe the usual requirements for state licensure as a professional counselor.26.Explain license portability and its importance to professional counselors.Website Linkshttp://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/Partners/TP/Home/CT2.aspxThis is the American Counseling Association page with a list of its related professional partnersand organizations.http://www.counseling.org/AboutUs/DivisionsBranchesAndRegions/TP/Divisions/CT2.aspxThis is a link to the American Counseling Association’s webpage with a link to all of itsprofessional divisions. These divisions each focused upon a specialty area in counseling.http://www.amhca.org/This is the official webpage for the American Mental Health Counselors Association. AMHCAprovidesthe knowledge, support and recognition counselorsneed for professional success.http://www.guidetopsychology.com/cln_cns.htmThis website describes the different requirements for licensure among mental health professions.http://www.nbcc.org/This is the official website for the National Board of Certified Counselors. It is the nation’sprimary professional certification board devoted to credentialing professional counselors.http://counselingexam.com/This is a user-friendly preparation guide for theNational Counselor Examand othercredentialing and licensure exams. It provides sample multiple choice questions and otherhelpful information about professional credentialing exams.http://www.counseling.org/Counselors/LicensureAndCert/TP/StateRequirements/CT2.aspxThis is a link to the American Counseling Association which provides contact information forthose interested to contact each state about licensure and credentialing requirements.

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26Chapter 3.EthicalandLegal Issues in CounselingMultiple Choice Questions1.Which of the following isNOTa purpose of ethical standards?a.To educatemembers about sound ethical conduct.b.To provide a mechanism for accountability.c.Toreplace relevant laws.d.To serve as a means for improvingprofessional practice.2.__________ isNOTone ofthemoral principles.a.Fidelityb.Autonomyc.Beneficenced.Integrity3.__________ refers to independence and the ability to make one’s own decisions; that is,professional counselors need to refrain from imposing their own values on their clients.a.Nonmaleficenceb.Justicec.Autonomyd.Fidelity4.____________ means being truthful in one’s professional actions with clients and others.a.Fidelityb.Veracityc.Beneficenced.Justice5.__________ are based on cultural norms, beliefs, customs, and values.a.Lawsb.Ethical standardsc.Both of the above.d.None of the above.6.One of the steps recommended by ACA when resolving an ethical dilemma isa.to determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma.b.to speak with the student or client.c.toreference personal notes concerning the student or client.d.All of the above are ACA recommended steps to resolving ethical dilemmas.

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277.Which of the following isa self-test questionrecommended by Remley & Herlihy (2016) forprofessional counselors to consider before an ethical decision is made?a.Would you recommend the same course of action to other counselors?b.Would you make the same decision again if given the same situation?c.Were there any negative consequences due to the choice you made?d.All of the above.8.Statutory laws area.regulations that are binding on the school districts within the state.b.created by legislation passed by the U. S. Congress and state legislatures.c.mandates created from decisions of the circuit courts of appeals.d.derived from an attorney general’s opinions.9.Which of the following isNOTan acceptable resource of current information about ethicalpractice?a.Counseling Todayb.Administrative manualsc.Any available internet sitesd.Research and empirical journal articles10.Negligence isa.when a wrong committed results in an injury or damages.b.when a duty owed to the client was breached in some way.c.less commonly identified than malpractice.d.All of the above.11.A professional counselor will most likely be found guilty of malpractice if the counselora.fails to report a case of HIV/AIDS.b.fails to debrief clients following counseling or research.c.was not trained in the technique used.d.does not consult the ACACode of Ethicsbefore acting.12.When a professional counselor is faced with any legal action, the first thing the counselorshould do isa.contact the client.b.contact a lawyer and let the counselor supervisor know.c.consult the ACACode of Ethics.d.consult another professional counselor.13.If both a subpoena and a court order are received, the professional counselora.should be sure to obtain informed consent to release information about the client.b.must release the information with or without the client’s consent.c.should be sure to inform the client and the client’s parents.d.All ofthe above.

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2814.When a parent requests information discussed with a minor child in counseling sessions, theprofessional counselorfirstshoulda.remember that the legal right belongs to the parent.b.discuss the request with the student.c.give the parent a vague description of the counseling sessions.d.recommend that the parent not break confidentiality between the professionalcounselor and the student.15.The most important limit to confidentiality isa.negligence.b.duty to warn.c.minor consent.d.court-ordered disclosures.16.Privileged communicationa.applies only to testifying in a court of law.b.is determined byfederal, state, and local mandates.c.is the legal term to describe the privacy of counselor-client communication.d.Allof the above.17.Educational records include records of studenta.achievement.b.attendance.c.testing and assessment.d.All of the above.18.TheFamily Educational Rights and Privacy Act(FERPA) of 1974 requires thata.schools make instructional materials available to parents upon request.b.noncustodialparents do not have access to educational records.c.schools annually send a notice to guardians regarding their right to review theirchild’s records.d.parents are notified of any changes made to their child’s educational records.19.Under FERPA and PPRAa.once a student turns 18 years of age, he can prohibit parents/guardians from accessingeducational records.b.noncustodial parents have the same rights as custodial parents unless their rights havebeen terminated or limited by the court.c.stepparents have the same rights as biological parents.d.kin having custody for more than six months have the same rights to records asbiological parents.

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2920.The __________ does not apply to postsecondary schools.a.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act(FERPA) of 1974b.Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment(PPRA) of 1978c.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Actof 1996d.No Child Left Behind(NCLB) Act of 200121.Which of the following policies is described by the following statement: Schools obtaininformed parental consent prior to students’ participation in USDE funded surveys, analyses,or evaluations if information about sex behavior or attitudes, illegal or demeaning behavior,political beliefs, psychological problems, or religious practices are revealed.a.Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment(PPRA) of 1978b.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act(FERPA) of 1974c.Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act(IDEIA)d.None of the above.22.Kinship care of studentsa.creates a detrimental situation in mostinstances.b.presents significant legal implications for schools.c.ordinarily creates confusion in a child’s life.d.ordinarily has a negative impact on a child’s academic and personal/social success inschool.23.Personal notesa.must remain in the sole possession of the maker.b.can only be shared with a substitute maker.c.must remain separate from educational records.d.All of the above.24.Related to personal notes and school counselors, a substitute makera.becomes responsible for the student as they move up to middle and high school.b.becomes responsible for the student if the student transfers schools.c.takesover for the counselor in that counselor’sposition.d.becomes responsible in the community if the student is referred for outside-of-schoolassistance.25.The__________ requires that the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)adopt national standards for the privacy of individually identifiable health information,outlined patients’ rights, and established criteria for access to health records.a.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act(HIPAA)of 1996b.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act(FERPA) of 1974c.Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment(PPRA) of 1978d.Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act(IDEIA)

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3026.Which ofthe following statements is true regarding reports to Child Protective Services?a.Parents or guardians have no rights to information during this process.b.There is no liability for reporting child abuse in good faith.c.Every health practitioner, educator, human services worker, and law enforcementofficer must report suspected abuse or neglect.d.All of the above are true regarding reports to CPS.27.Ethical codesa.are created by professional organizations.b.standardize guidelines for professional practice.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.28.__________ means treating each client fairly, but not necessarily treating each client thesame.a.Beneficenceb.Justicec.Nonmaleficenced.Ethical practice29.Which of the following is a purpose of the ACACode of Ethics?a.Tosupport the mission of the American Counseling Association.b.To serve as the basis for the processing of ethical complaints.c.Toprovide guidance informingethicalpractice.d.All of the above.30.In regard to laws and policies, school systemsa.take state regulations and policies and rewrite them to reflect their specific localsituation.b.are only required to follow those relevant to recent problems within the school.c.Both of the above.d.None of the above.31.All of the following have limits to confidentiality,EXCEPTa.personal notes.b.treatment teams.c.subordinates.d.minors.32.The only exceptions to parental access to a student’s educational record area.reports to Child Protective Services.b.personal notes.c.reports from law enforcement agencies regarding the student’s arrests for reportableoffenses.d.All of the above are exceptions to the student’s educational record.

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3133.TheFamily Educational Rights and Privacy Act(FERPA) of 1974 and theProtection ofPupil Rights Amendment(PPRA) of 1978 require that school system surveys funded by theU. S. Department of Educationa.be made available for review by parents of students.b.include personal information about the family.c.include critical appraisals of other individuals with whom the student has close familyrelationships.d.keep information found in records confidential.34.Under FERPA, only __________ can access student records.a.teachersb.parentsc.administratorsd.those with a legitimate educational interest35.FERPA and PPRA are also known as thea.Butcher Amendment and the Hatch Amendment, respectively.b.Hatch Amendment and the Butcher Amendment, respectively.c.Buckley Amendment and the Hatch Amendment, respectively.d.None of the above.36.There is often conflict between __________ in regard to health information.a.PPRA and HIPAAb.FERPA and HIPAAc.FERPA and PPRAd.NCLB and FERPA37.The __________ case set the standard for a professional counselor’s duty to warn regardlessof their question or doubt of the seriousness of the threat.a.Tarasoffb.Eiselc.Both of the above.d.None of theabove.38.Which of the following is the best reason laws and ethical standards exist?a.To protect counselors from having to counsel someone they are uncomfortablecounseling.b.To ensure a counselor will not get sued for making quick decisions.c.To protect the client from any exorbitant fees or charges.d.To ensure the appropriate behavior of professionals therefore meeting the clients bestinterests.

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