Test Bank for Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 5th Edition (Chapters 1-28)

Preview (31 of 421 Pages)

100%

Purchase to unlock

Loading page image...

Chapter 01: Introduction to PathophysiologyTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?a.Aninheriteddisorderb.Acombinationofspecificetiologicalfactorsc.Anunwantedeffectofaprescribed drugd.Prolonged exposuretotoxicchemicalsintheenvironmentANS: C REF: 62.The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:a.subjectivefeelings ofdiscomfort duringachronic illness.b.signsandsymptomsofadisease.c.factorsthatprecipitateanacute episodeofachronicillness.d.earlyindicators of theprodromal stageof infection.ANS: B REF: 63.The best definition of the termprognosisis the:a.precipitatingfactors causinganacuteepisode.b.numberof remissions to beexpected duringthe courseof a chronicillness.

Loading page image...

c.predictedoutcomeor likelihoodofrecoveryfromaspecificdisease.d.exacerbationsoccurringduringchronicillness.ANS: C REF: 74.Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?a.Swellingof thekneeb.Feverc.Painintheneckd.RedrashonthefaceANS: B REF: 65.Etiology is defined as the study of the:a.causesof adisease.b.courseofadisease.c.expectedcomplicationsofadisease.d.manifestationsofadisease.ANS: A REF: 56.A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as:a.hypertrophy.b.metaplasia.

Loading page image...

c.anaplasia.d.atrophy.ANS: D REF: 87.A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figureswould be called:ANS: C REF: 88.A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called:a.apoptosis.b.ischemia.c.hypertrophy.d.necrosis.ANS: B REF: 99.When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called:a.ischemia.b.gangrene.a.metaplasia.b.atrophy.c.dysplasia.d.hypertrophy.

Loading page image...

c.hypoxia.d.necrosis.ANS: D REF: 1010.Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cellsundergoing:ANS: A REF: 811.The termcancerrefers to:a.dysplasia.b.hyperplasia.c.metaplasia.d.malignantneoplasm.ANS: D REF: 912.To which of the following does the termapoptosisrefer?a.Increasedrateofmitosis bycertaincellsb.Ischemicdamagetocellsa.hypertrophy.b.dysplasia.c.atrophy.d.regeneration.

Loading page image...

c.Liquefactionofnecrotictissued.Preprogrammedcellself-destructionANS: D REF: 913.Which of the following statements is TRUE?a.AlterationofDNAdoesnotchangecellfunction.b.Damagedcellsmaybeableto repairthemselves.c.Alltypesofcellsdieatthesamerate.d.Mildischemiacauses immediatecelldeath.ANS: B REF: 1014.Caseation necrosis refers to an area where:a.cellproteinshavebeendenatured.b.cell areliquefiedbyenzymes.c.deadcells forma thickcheesysubstance.d.bacterialinvasionhasoccurred.ANS: C REF: 1015.Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:a.aniatrogenic causeofcancer.b.apreventivemeasure.

Loading page image...

c.aprecipitatingfactor.d.apredisposingcondition.ANS: B REF: 616.A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed:a.latentstage.b.predisposingfactor.c.incidence.d.precipitatingfactor.ANS: D REF: 717.The termhomeostasisrefers to:a.thecausative factorsina particulardisease.b.maintenanceof astableinternalenvironment.c.aconditionthattriggersanacuteepisode.d.acollectionofsignsandsymptoms.ANS: B REF: 218.Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after theoriginal disease has been established?a.Symptomsb.Occurrence

Loading page image...

c.Manifestationsd.ComplicationANS: D REF: 719.Pathophysiology involves the study of:a.thestructureofthehumanbody.b.thefunctionsofvarious organsinthebody.c.functionalorstructuralchanges resultingfromdiseaseprocesses.d.variouscellstructuresandrelatedfunctions.ANS: C REF: 220.Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology?a.Thescienceof trackingtheoccurrenceand distribution ofdiseasesb.Therelativenumber ofdeaths resultingfroma particulardiseasec.Identificationofaspecificdiseasethroughevaluationofsignsandsymptomsd.TheglobalsearchforemergingdiseasesANS: A REF: 721.Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?1.Hypoxia2.Exposure to excessive cold3.Excessive pressure on a tissue

Loading page image...

4.Chemical toxinsa.1, 2b.2, 4c.1, 3, 4d.1, 2, 3, 4ANS: D REF: 922.All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT:a.followcancerscreening guidelines.b.usesunblock agentswheneverexposed.c.participatein strenuousexercise onaregulardailybasis.d.choosehighfiber,lower fatfoods.ANS: C REF: 223.The termdiseaserefers to:a.the period ofrecoveryand return to a normalhealthystate.b.adeviation fromthenormalstate ofhealth andfunction.c.thetreatmentmeasuresusedtopromoterecovery.d.abasiccollectionofsignsandsymptoms.ANS: B REF: 2

Loading page image...

24.A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usuallyoccur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an):ANS: C REF: 725.All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT:a.Theinitialstageofcelldamageoftencausesanalterationinmetabolicreactions.b.If thefactor causingthedamageis removedquickly,the cellmaybeabletorecoverand returnto itsnorc.If thenoxiousfactorremains foranextendedperiodoftime,thedamagebecomesirreversibleandtheced.Initially,celldamagedoesnotchangecellmetabolism,structure,orfunction.ANS: D REF: 926.Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?a.Neitherthemembersofthecontrolgroupor theexperimental groupnor theperson administeringthetreareceivingtheexperimental therapy.b.Bothgroupsofresearchsubjects andtheperson administeringthe treatmentknow whois receivingtheexc.Theresearchsubjects donot know,but theperson administeringthetreatment knowswho isreceivingplatherapy.d.Onlymembersofthe control groupknow theyarereceivingstandard therapy.a.acutedisease.b.multiorgandisorder.c.syndrome.d.manifestation.

Loading page image...

ANS: A REF: 3 | 427.If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increasedeffectiveness and is safe, this is called:ANS: B REF: 428.A short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called:a.acute.b.latent.c.chronic.d.manifestation.ANS: A REF: 629.The termprognosisrefers to the:a.periodofrecoveryand return to a normal state.b.expectedoutcomeofthe disease.c.mortalityand morbidityrates for a given population.d.typical collectionofsignsandsymptoms.a.theplacebo effect.b.evidence-basedresearch.c.blindresearchstudies.d.approval forimmediatedistribution.

Loading page image...

ANS: B REF: 730.When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as:a.atrophy.b.liquefactivenecrosis.c.apoptosis.d.infarction.ANS: D REF: 1031.During the evaluation process for a new therapy’s effectiveness and safety, a double blind studymay be conducted during:ANS: C REF: 332.Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals?a.Topredicttheprognosisb.Todeterminetreatmentsc.Todeveloppreventivemeasuresd.Todevelop morbiditystatisticsa.thefirststage.b.thesecondstage.c.thethirdstage.d.anyof thesestages.

Loading page image...

ANS: C REF: 333.Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as:a.abnormalmetabolicprocesses.b.certainfood additives.c.geneticdefects.d.localizedhypoxia.ANS: B REF: 9 | 1034.Which of the following is usually included in a medical history?1.Past illnesses or surgeries2.Current illnesses, acute and chronic3.Prescribed medication or other treatments4.Nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies5.Current allergiesa.1, 3b.2, 4, 5c.1, 3, 4d.1, 2, 3, 4, 5ANS: D REF: 4 | 535.A situation when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within agiven area is called a/an:

Loading page image...

a.epidemic.b.exacerbation.c.morbidity.d.pandemic.ANS: A REF: 736.The termpathogenesisrefers to:a.thedevelopment ofadiseaseor sequenceofeventsrelated totissuechangesinvolved inthe disease procb.thedeterminationofthecause(s)involvedin the developmentofamalignantneoplasm.c.thespecificsigns andsymptomsinvolved inthechangefromanacutediseasetoa chronicdisease.d.thechangesincellsofaffectedtissuethatresultinnecrosis.ANS: A REF: 602: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base ImbalancesChapter 02: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base ImbalancesTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy maleadult’sbody:a.30%b.45%

Loading page image...

c.60%d.70%ANS: C REF: 152.Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adultmale’sbody:a.30%b.20%c.10%d.4%ANS: D REF: 153.Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:a.perspirationonly.b.fecesonly.c.perspirationandexpiration.d.urineandfeces.ANS: C REF: 154.When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:a.bloodinto thecells.b.interstitialcompartmentintothecells.

Loading page image...

c.interstitial compartmentintotheblood.d.cellsintotheinterstitialcompartment.ANS: C REF: 165.Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?a.Increasedosmoticpressureb.Decreasedosmoticpressurec.Increasedhydrostaticpressured.DecreasedhydrostaticpressureANS: B REF: 166.Which of the following would cause edema?a.Decreasedcapillaryhydrostaticpressureb.Increasedcapillaryosmoticpressurec.Decreasedcapillarypermeabilityd.IncreasedcapillarypermeabilityANS: D REF: 16-197.Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?a.Fluidexcessb.Fluiddeficit

Loading page image...

c.Increasedsodiumleveld.DecreasederythrocytesANS: B REF: 23-248.Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?a.Rapid,strongpulseb.Lowhematocritc.Increasedurineoutputd.RoughoralmucosaANS: D REF: 219.Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volumecombined with excess fluid in a body cavity?ANS: B REF: 2110.Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?a.Sodiumb.Potassiuma.Dehydrationb.Third-spacingc.Hypovolemiad.Waterretention

Loading page image...

c.Calciumd.IronANS: A REF: 2111.Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?a.Lossof thethirst mechanismb.Excessivesweatingc.Excessivealdosteronesecretiond.Prolongedperiodofrapid,deeprespirationsANS: B REF: 22-2312.Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?a.Skeletalmuscletwitchandcrampsb.Oliguriac.ElevatedserumpHd.CardiacarrhythmiasANS: D REF: 2613.Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone.a.Increasedmovementofcalciumionsintothe bonesb.IncreasedactivationofvitaminD

Loading page image...

c.Increasedabsorptionofcalciumfromthedigestivetractd.Decreased reabsorptionofcalciuminthekidneysANS: C REF: 2614.Which of the following results from hypocalcemia?1.Low serum phosphate levels2.Nausea and constipation3.Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms4.Weak cardiac contractionsa.1, 2b.1, 4c.2, 3d.3, 4ANS: D REF: 2715.Which of the following causes tetany?a.Increasedpermeabilityof nervemembranesduetolowserumcalciumb.Excesscalciumions inskeletal muscledueto excessparathyroid hormone(PTH)c.Excesscalciumionsinsidesomaticnervesasaresultofneoplasmsd.IncreasedstimulationofthenervesinthecerebralcortexANS: A REF: 27

Loading page image...

16.In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?a.Bonemetabolismb.Metabolicprocessesinvolvingadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)c.Bloodclottingd.Acid-basebalanceANS: C REF: 2817.Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?a.4.5-8b.7.0c.7.4d.8ANS: C REF: 2818.When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH:a.decreases.b.increases.c.remainsconstant.d.variesbasedonmetabolism.ANS: A REF: 2819.What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?

Loading page image...

a.Respiratorysystemb.Buffersystemsinthebloodc.Kidneysd.BrainANS: C REF: 2920.Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?a.Carbonicacidandbicarbonateionmustbepresentinequalquantities.b.Allexcess carbonicacidmust beexcretedbythe kidneys.c.Theconcentrationofbicarbonateionmustremainconstant.d.Theratioof carbonicacidto bicarbonateionmustbe1:20.ANS: D REF: 3021.Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?a.Increasedcarbonicacidb.Decreasedcarbonicacidc.Increasedbicarbonateiond.DecreasedbicarbonateionANS: A REF: 3122.Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

Loading page image...

a.Slow,shallowrespirationsb.Prolongeddiarrheac.Mildvomitingd.Excessivefluid in the bodyANS: B REF: 3223.What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?a.Metabolicalkalosisb.Metabolicacidosisc.Respiratoryalkalosisd.RespiratoryacidosisANS: B REF: 3224.Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?a.pHis belownormal rangeb.pHis abovenormal rangec.Bicarbonateleveldecreasesd.BicarbonatelevelincreasesANS: A REF: 3225.What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

Loading page image...

a.Bicarbonateionlevelsdecreaseb.Bicarbonateionlevelsincreasec.Carbonicacidlevelsincreased.pHincreasesANS: A REF: 3226.The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:a.Digestivesystemb.Urinarysystemc.Nervoussystemd.RespiratorysystemANS: C REF: 3227.Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:a.increasedantidiuretichormone(ADH).b.decreasedaldosterone.c.slow,strongheart contraction.d.peripheralvasodilation.ANS: A REF: 2128.Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Loading page image...

a.Metabolicacidosisb.Metabolicalkalosisc.Respiratoryacidosisd.RespiratoryalkalosisANS: C REF: 3229.In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for theacid-base imbalance would be:ANS: D REF: 3230.An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:a.increasedPCO2.b.decreasedPCO2.c.respiratoryacidosis.d.metabolicacidosis.ANS: B REF: 3231.One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is:a.increasedrateanddepthofrespiration.b.decreasedrateanddepthofrespiration.c.increasedurinepH anddecreasedserumbicarbonate.d.decreasedurinepHandincreasedserumbicarbonate.

Loading page image...

a.proportionallysmallerbodysurfacearea.b.highermetabolicrate.c.smallerrespiratorycapacity.d.greatersurface areaofexposedmucousmembranes.ANS: B REF: 2032.Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:a.decreasedreabsorption ofbicarbonateionsinthekidneys.b.increasedsecretionofhydrogenionsintothefiltrate.c.increasedrespiratoryrate and depth.d.increasedreninsecretion.ANS: B REF: 3233.A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:a.hypokalemia.b.hyperkalemia.c.hyponatremia.d.hypercalcemia.ANS: B REF: 2534.Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

Loading page image...

a.hypokalemia.b.hypernatremia.c.hyperchloremia.d.hypovolemia.ANS: D REF: 19 | 2335.Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the bloodof a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.1.Serum pH decreases2.Serum bicarbonate decreases3.PCO2decreases4.Respiration decreases5.Respiration increases6.Serum pH increases7.Urine pH decreasesa.1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6b.5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1c.2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6d.3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6ANS: C REF: 34-3736.Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Loading page image...

a.Bradycardiaanddeeprapidbreathingb.Drowsinessand generallethargyc.Increasednervoussystemirritabilityd.DecreasedurinepHANS: C REF: 3337.Prolonged diarrhea results in:a.lossoffluidand bicarbonateions,leadingtometabolicacidosis.b.increasedfluidandserumbicarbonateions,leadingtometabolic acidosis.c.lossofchlorideionsonly, leadingto metabolicalkalosis.d.surplusbicarbonate ions,leadingtorespiratoryalkalosis.ANS: A REF: 3238.In the initial stage, vomiting results in:a.metabolicacidosis.b.metabolicalkalosis.c.respiratoryalkalosis.d.Noneof theaboveANS: B REF: 3239.Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Loading page image...

a.K+,Na+b.Cl–and HCO–3c.Ca++,Na+d.Na+,Cl–ANS: B REF: 2840.The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of thecarbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:ANS: B REF: 3041.Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:a.blockingnormal nerve conduction.b.increasingthe permeabilityofnervemembranes.c.blockingmovement ofcalcium ions.d.decreasingphosphateionlevels.ANS: B REF: 26 | 3342.Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:a.liverandpancreas.b.lungsandkidneys.c.lungsand plasmaproteins.d.kidneysand bonemarrow.

Loading page image...

a.permeabilityofnervemembranesincreases.b.insufficientcalciumions areavailableformuscle contraction.c.lowphosphateionlevelspreventmuscle contraction.d.excessiveamountsofcalciumarestoredincardiacmuscle.ANS: B REF: 2743.Serum potassium levels are affected by:1.ADH.2.aldosterone.3.serum H+levels.4.insulin levels.a.2 onlyb.1, 2c.1, 3d.2, 3, 4e.1, 2, 3ANS: D REF: 24 | 2544.Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+levels?a.ADHb.Aldosterone

Loading page image...

c.SerumH+levelsd.serumK+levelsANS: B REF: 2145.The control center for thirst is located in the:a.kidneys.b.thalamus.c.medulla.d.hypothalamus.ANS: D REF: 1546.Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?1.It is secreted by heart muscle cells.2.It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.3.It helps to control water and sodium balance.4.It is released in response to low blood pressure.a.1, 3b.1, 4c.2, 3d.2, 4ANS: A REF: 15

Preview Mode

This document has 421 pages. Sign in to access the full document!

Report

Study Now!

Document Details

Related Documents

PETH 410 Midterm

EPI Notes

Understanding Hemodialysis Patient Guide and Meal

Newborn Assessment Critical Thinking Map

Maternal Health Theory and Applications

Gynecological Exam

Navigating the Difficulties of Addressing Intricat

Cardiovascular 2 Handout

NCLEX Key Concepts

Understanding EKG Rhythms and Pacemaker Care NCLEX

Company

Explore

Study Tools