Test Bank For Psychology, 4th Edition

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Author: Sophia Johnson

Improve your exam results with Test Bank For Psychology, 4th Edition, which includes a variety of MCQs and detailed answers to guide you.

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1 The Science of Psychology
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level, Learning Outcomes
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
p=page
APA=Learning Outcomes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
What Is Psychology?
Learning Objective 1.1 - What defines psychology as a field of study, and what are psychology’s four primary
goals?
1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
a) the scientific study of behavior
b) the scientific study of mental processes
c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Correct. The definition of psychology includes both behavior and mental processes and doesn’t exclude animals.
d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
Incorrect. The definition of psychology includes also animal behavior and mental processes.
ANS: c, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2)
% correct 66 a= 2 b=1 c= 66 d= 32 r = .37
APA=1.1; 1.2
2. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________.
a) internal, covert activities
Correct. Mental activities are internal.
b) outward behavior
c) overt actions and reactions
Incorrect. Overt means outward, not internal.
d) only animal behavior
ANS: a, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 1 c= 13 d= 1 r = .39
APA=1.1; 1.2
3. Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to “the
science of behavior”?
a) relation between grade-point average and salary
b) thought processes students used while trying to answer this question

Correct. This conforms to the definition of the internal, covert activity of our minds.
c) how changes in the rate of television violence influence real-life violence
d) effectiveness of several treatments for people who suffer from depression
Incorrect. Investigation of treatments is not a mental process.
ANS: b, p. 4, C, LO=1.1, (3)
APA=1.1; 1.2
4. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At
one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The
event reminds you of the topic of today’s lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture?
a) bias
Correct. The fans are showing bias and this is an important issue.
b) experiments
Incorrect. The fans are really not part of any treatment groups.
c) psychoanalysis
d) extraneous variables
ANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2)
APA=1.2
5. Steve is a fan of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage you in a debate
about whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Steve may be demonstrating ________.
a) bias
Correct. Steve’s loyalty to his team will influence his debate.
b) critical thinking
Incorrect. Critical thinking requires an open mind.
c) an eclectic approach
d) unconscious behavior
ANS: a, p. 4, A, LO=1.1, (2)
APA=1.2
6. The goals of psychology are to ________.
a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior
Incorrect. Human behavior is only one part of psychology.
c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
Correct. These adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior.
ANS: d, p. 4, F, LO=1.1, (2)
% correct 40 a= 17 b=39 c= 3 d= 40 r = .35
% correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 0 d= 96 r = .54
APA=1.1; 1.2
7. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do
well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a) describing behavior
b) explaining behavior
Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening.
c) predicting behavior
Correct. Mei’s score served as a predictor (“would do well”) of performance.
d) controlling behavior
ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 76 a= 8 b= 7 c= 76 d= 9 r = .20
% correct 80 a= 6 b=5 c= 80 d= 9 r = .21
APA=1.2

8. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________
these phenomena.
a) predict and control
Correct. These are two of the four goals of psychology.
b) analyze and manipulate
c) categorize and organize
Incorrect. These are not mentioned by your authors as being goals of psychology.
d) synthesize and regulate
ANS: a, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 3 d= 2 r = .29
APA=1.2; 2.1
9. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is
most interested in the goal of ________.
a) description
Incorrect. “Why” does not describe; it explains.
b) explanation
Correct. “Why” asks for an explanation.
c) prediction
d) control
ANS: b, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 4 d= 2 r = .24
APA=1.2; 2.1
10. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around
a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
a) describing behavior
Correct. We only know WHAT she is doing.
b) explaining behavior
Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening, not what is happening.
c) predicting behavior
d) controlling behavior
ANS: a, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 85 a= 85 b= 14 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34
APA=1.2; 2.1
11. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
Correct. Asking “what” means asking for a description.
b) explanation
Incorrect. Explanation goes beyond “what.”
c) prediction
d) control
ANS: a, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (2)
% correct 64 a= 64 b= 28 c= 8 d= 1 r = .21
APA=1.2; 2.1
12. The question “Why is it happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
Incorrect. Describing does not answer the question why.
b) explanation
Correct. Asking “why” calls for an explanation.
c) prediction
d) control
ANS: b, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 90 a= 6 b= 90 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20
APA=1.2; 2.1

13. The question “When will it happen again?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
b) explanation
Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present.
c) prediction
Correct. Prediction deals with future events.
d) control
ANS: c, p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 92 a= 0 b= 4 c= 92 d= 4 r = .36
APA=1.2; 2.1
14. The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description
b) explanation
Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present, while control deals with the future.
c) prediction
d) control
Correct. Control deals with changing future events.
ANS: d p. 5, C, LO=1.1, (1)
APA=1.2; 2.1
15. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best
perform are interested in the goal of ________.
a) description
b) explanation
Incorrect. The test is predicting, not explaining.
c) prediction
Correct. The test predicts behavior.
d) control
ANS: c, p. 5, A, LO=1.1, (1)
% correct 83 a= 7 b=41 c= 83 d= 7 r = .29
APA=1.2; 2.1
Psychology Then: The History of Psychology
Learning Objective 1.2 - Who were some of the earlier pioneers in psychology and how did structuralism and
functionalism differ?
16. The general curiosity about why people think, feel, and behave the way they do:
a) primarily happened after World War II.
b) is about a century old.
c) is several centuries old.
Incorrect. These curiosities are probably much older than centuries, and have always been with us.
d) has always probably been with us.
Correct. As your authors note, these questions have been pondered in some way or another since we’ve been
around.
ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)
APA=1.2
17. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by ________.
a) William James
b) William Tell
c) Wilhelm Wundt
Correct. Wundt supervised the first psychological laboratory.
d) Sigmund Freud
Incorrect. Freud’s theory came later, and he had no lab.
ANS: c, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)
% correct 88 a= 7 b= 1 c= 88 d= 4 r = .23

% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.2
18. Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its
color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a
method called ________.
a) hypnosis
b) objective introspection
Correct. In introspection, you describe your conscious thoughts.
c) psychosurgery
d) psychoanalysis
Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues.
ANS: b, p. 6, C, LO=1.2, (2)
APA=1.2
19. Objective introspection requires:
a) metaphysical experiences.
b) self-skepticism about experiences.
c) empiricism.
Incorrect. Empiricism refers to using collected data to support a hypothesis. It is not related to the concept of
introspection.
d) reflection on the self.
Correct. Remember that introspection literally means “looking within.”
ANS: d, p. 6, F, LO=1.2, (1)
APA=1.2
20. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the
psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________.
a) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements
Correct. Wundt trained his students to detect the basic elements of human consciousness.
b) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior
Incorrect. Wundt was not a functionalist.
c) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness
d) carefully feel the bumps on a person’s head in order to determine his or her character traits
ANS: a, p. 7, A, LO=1.2, (2)
APA=1.2
21. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the
contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences.
a) intervention
Incorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar.
b) introspection
Correct. This requires self-examination of the structure of the mind.
c) insight inventory
d) induction
ANS: b, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (1)
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .24
% correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 3 d= 4 r = .29
APA=1.2
22. What is the best analogy for Wundt’s and Titchener’s mission for psychology?
a) a chart listing the basic chemical elements
Correct. They wanted to break down the mind into basic elements.
b) a list of the courses required for graduation
c) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
d) a computer program for word processing a term paper
Incorrect. A computer program does not have basic elements.

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ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (3)
APA=1.2
23. Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
a) structuralism; observable behavior
Correct. Structuralism focuses on introspection, which is not observable.
b) Gestalt; whole
c) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict
Incorrect. These terms do belong together.
d) natural selection; functionalism
ANS: a, pp. 7 & 10, C, LO=1.2–1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
24. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:
a) examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.
Correct. The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness.
b) were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.
c) realized the limits of introspection and focused on the structure of behaviors.
d) were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin.
Incorrect. This would be a statement applicable to the functionalists, not the structuralists.
ANS: a, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (2)
APA=1.2
25. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?
a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology.
c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
d) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.
Correct. Structure was key in the definition.
ANS: d, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (3)
% correct 48 a= 30 b= 19 c= 4 d= 48 r = .18
% correct 59 a= 13 b= 24 c= 3 d= 59 r = .37
APA=1.2
26. Who was an early proponent of functionalism?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) William James
Correct. James was a functionalist.
c) Wilhelm Wundt
Incorrect. Wundt was a structuralist.
d) Max Wertheimer
ANS: b, p. 7, F, LO=1.2, (1)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
APA=1.2
27. How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early
movement of psychology?
a) Behaviorism
b) Cognitivism
c) Functionalism
Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us
with our everyday lives.
d) Structuralism
Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.
ANS: c, p. 7, C, LO=1.2, (1)
APA=1.2

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28. If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and
how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.
a) structuralist
Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness.
b) functionalist
Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us
with our everyday lives.
c) psychodynamic
d) behaviorist
ANS: b, pp. 7–8, A, LO=1.2, (3)
APA=1.2
29. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?
a) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception
b) in a school, working to improve teaching methods
Correct. Functionalists applied research to actual problems.
c) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life
d) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based
Incorrect. This would be considered pure research.
ANS: b, pp. 7–8, A, LO=1.2, (2)
APA=1.2
30. Which psychologist was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the
University of Chicago in 1925?
a) Charles Henry Thompson
Correct. Charles Henry Thompson earned his Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925 at the University of
Chicago, the first African American to receive this degree in the USA.
b) Linus Pauling
Incorrect. The correct individual was Thompson, not Pauling.
c) Albert Sidney Beckham
d) Inez Beverly Prosser
ANS: a, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)
APA=1.2
31. While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United
States (in 1894), the first African-American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota.
a) Inez Beverly Prosser
b) Ruth Howard
Correct. Howard was the first woman of color to receive the doctorate in psychology in the USA.
c) Margaret Mahler
d) Anna Freud
Incorrect. Anna Freud did not do her studies in America. The correct answer is Ruth Howard.
ANS: b, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)
APA=1.2
32. Which noted African-American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and
then president of Virginia State College?
a) Charles Henry Thompson
b) Howard Hale Long
Incorrect. The correct psychologist referred to in this question is Robert Prentiss Daniel
c) Robert Prentiss Daniel
Correct. This is the individual referred to in this particular question.
d) Albert Sidney Beckham
ANS: c, p. 9, F, LO=1.2, (3)
APA=1.2

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Learning Objective 1.3 - What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early
approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism?
33. Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”?
a) Gestaltist
Correct. The Gestaltists studied the perception of wholes.
b) behaviorist
c) structuralist
Incorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness.
d) functionalist
ANS: a, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 19 d= 9 r = .39
APA=1.2
34. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of ________.
a) introspection
b) functionalism
c) psychoanalysis
Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not “wholes.”
d) Gestalt psychologists
Correct. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” was the theme of the Gestaltists.
ANS: d, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (3)
% correct 55 a= 14 b= 21 c= 11 d= 55 r = .43
APA=1.2
35. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which
perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?
a) Gestalt
Correct. Gestaltists focused on perception of wholes.
b) behavioral
c) humanistic
d) psychodynamic
Incorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious.
ANS: a, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
36. Gestalt psychology attempted to discover:
a) how the mind helped people adapt to the world.
b) the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.
Correct. Gestalt psychologists looked at larger wholes, rather than individual parts.
c) the basic building blocks of consciousness.
Incorrect. This would be an emphasis of structuralists, not Gestalt psychologists.
d) the unconscious motivations for human functioning.
ANS: b, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
37. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called
________.
a) psychoanalysis
b) cognitive psychology
Correct. Gestalt psychology is now part of cognitive psychology, which focuses on perception as well as learning,
memory, and thought processes.
c) behavioral psychology
Incorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior.
d) social psychology

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ANS: b, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 63 a= 13 b= 63 c= 15 d= 9 r = .32
APA=1.2
38. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one’s behavior is part of what early field of
psychology?
a) structuralism
Incorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious.
b) functionalism
c) psychoanalysis
Correct. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis.
d) behaviorism
ANS: c, pp. 10–11, F, LO=1.3, (3)
% correct 56 a= 7 b= 9 c= 56 d= 27 r = .37
APA=1.2
39. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
a) free will
b) brain physiology
Incorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had.
c) the unconscious mind
Correct. Freud’s entire theory centered on the unconscious.
d) external consequences
ANS: c, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 88 a= 1 b= 6 c= 88 d= 4 r = .42
APA=1.2
40. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.” The
revealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?
a) “Who is B. F. Skinner?”
Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious.
b) “Who are the humanists?”
c) “Who is Sigmund Freud?”
Correct. Freud based his entire theory on the unconscious.
d) “Who are the behaviorists?”
ANS: c, p. 10, A, LO=1.3, (1)
APA=1.2
41. Freud stressed the importance of ________.
a) early childhood experiences
Correct. Freud believed personality was formed in the first six years of life.
b) adolescence
Incorrect. Freud stressed the first six years.
c) early adulthood
d) middle adulthood
ANS: a, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 79 a= 79 b= 14 c= 5 d= 2 r = .24
APA=1.2
42. According to Freud, unconscious urges:
a) are able to be suppressed.
b) only pertain to sex.
Incorrect. Freud also felt that unconscious urges were related to aggressive impulses.
c) attempt to surface and affect our behaviors.
Correct. Freud believed that unconscious urges could not stay completely unconscious indefinitely, and that they
would be expressed in one way or another.

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d) have no impact on everyday life.
ANS: c, p. 10, C, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
43. The work of Freud was built around ________.
a) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes
b) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
Correct. Unconscious motives and conflicts are the essential elements of psychoanalysis.
c) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without
interfering with the behavior
Incorrect. Psychoanalysts don’t necessarily refrain from directing behavior.
d) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of
others and through cognitive expectations
ANS: b, pp. 10–11, C, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
44. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?
a) drug therapy
b) neuropsychology
c) clinical psychology
Incorrect. This was not a discipline yet.
d) psychoanalysis
Correct. It fit with his assumptions about the mind.
ANS: d, p. 10, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 90 a= 0 b= 6 c= 4 d= 90 r = .29
% correct 85 a= 4 b= 7 c= 4 d= 85 r = .30
APA=1.2
45. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because
he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?
a) Gestaltist
b) behavioralist
Correct. This theory focused on learned behavior.
c) psychodynamic
Incorrect. This theory focused on unconscious influences.
d) functionalist
ANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
46. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.
a) behavior
Correct. He thought that was the most scientific.
b) the mind
c) the brain
d) consciousness
Incorrect. This was not observable.
ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 74 a= 74 b= 6 c= 7 d= 12 r = .33
APA=1.2
47. The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:
a) the reasons people give for their behaviors.
b) the specific personality traits that lead to behavior.
c) how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.
Correct. This relationship, called a stimulus-response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism.
d) the purposes of people’s behavior.

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Incorrect. This would be the focus of functionalism, not behaviorism.
ANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
48. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
a) “Focus on observable behavior.”
Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior.
b) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.”
c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”
Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed.
d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”
ANS: a, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 6 c= 14 d= 3 r = .38
% correct 78 a= 78 b= 3 c= 16 d= 3 r = .34
APA=1.2
49. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.
a) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to habituation
Incorrect. Conditioning, not habituation, is the correct answer.
b) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to reflexology
c) dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to a learned reflexive response called
conditioning
Correct. Dogs would salivate due to conditioning.
d) dogs would salivate to the sounds of a ticking metronome due to their fear response
ANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1)
APA=1.2
50. Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning, her dog Ruffles is standing by her bed
salivating. Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm, she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles, who
very much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that _________.
a) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog food
Incorrect. Ruffles’s enjoyment of dog food would be an unconditioned response, not a conditioned response.
b) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bed
c) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog food
d) Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock
Correct. Ruffles has learned to associate the sound of the alarm clock with being fed.
ANS: d, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.1; 1.2
51. Pavlov’s research demonstrated that ________.
a) involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)
Correct. This is true based on his research of conditioning.
b) an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)
Incorrect. This is not true, as the involuntary reaction is salivation and the unrelated stimulus is the sound of the
bell.
c) involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)
d) an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)
ANS: a, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (1)
% correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 8 d= 0 r = .43
APA=1.2
52. Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.
a) learned; inherited
b) repressed conflicts; learned
Correct. Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior.
c) sexual; unconscious

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Incorrect. Watson did not believe in the unconscious.
d) conditioned; unconditioned
ANS: b, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (2)
APA=1.2
53. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?
a) William James and Wilhelm Wundt
Incorrect. One was a functionalist and the other was a structuralist.
b) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer
c) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson
Correct. They used conditioning in their theories.
d) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener
ANS: c, p. 11, C, LO=1.3, (3)
% correct 46 a= 31 b= 19 c= 46 d= 5 r = .28
APA=1.2
54. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?
a) Gestalt and Wundt
b) Freud and Watson
Incorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst.
c) Watson and Pavlov
Correct. They contributed to behaviorism.
d) Pavlov and Wundt
ANS: c, p. 11, F, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 78 a= 6 b= 10 c= 78 d= 7 r = .49
APA=1.2
55. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly
influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your
research?
a) a survey of daydreams
b) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
Correct. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study.
c) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
d) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items
Incorrect. You cannot observe thought processes.
ANS: b, p. 11, A, LO=1.3, (2)
% correct 81 a=7 b= 81 c=3 d= 7 r = .45
APA=1.2
Psychology Now: Modern Perspectives
Learning Objective 1.4 - What are the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives, and what were the
important contributions of Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers?
56. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.
a) Watson
Incorrect. Watson was a behaviorist.
b) Wundt
c) Gestalt
d) Freud
Correct. Freud developed the psychodynamic theory.
ANS: d, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (3)
% correct 62 a= 23 b= 2 c= 12 d= 62 r = .42
% correct 55 a= 10 b= 21 c= 14 d= 55 r = .38
APA=1.2

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57. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious
processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the
following psychological approaches?
a) social-cognitive learning
b) learning
c) cognitive approach
Incorrect. The cognitive approach focuses on how people think, remember, and store information, not on the
unconscious.
d) psychodynamic approach
Correct. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious dynamics.
ANS: d, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.2
58. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?
a) William James
b) Sigmund Freud
Incorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement.
c) B. F. Skinner
Correct. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced.
d) Wilhelm Wundt
ANS: c, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (2)
% correct 77 a= 11 b= 4 c= 77 d= 8 r = .40
% correct 66 a= 23 b= 6 c= 66 d= 3 r = .36
APA=1.2
59. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which
psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
a) behaviorism
Incorrect. This perspective does not suggest free will or human nature.
b) humanism
Correct. This perspective suggests people have many choices.
c) functionalism
d) psychodynamics
ANS: b, p. 14, A, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.2
60. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
a) psychoanalysis
Incorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will.
b) humanism
Correct. Humanist theory focuses on free will and self-actualization.
c) cognitive perspective
d) behaviorism
ANS: b, p. 14, F, LO=1.4, (2)
% correct 77 a= 2 b= 77 c= 10 d= 15 r = .33
APA=1.2
61. Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people reach self-actualization, they:
a) develop to their fullest potential.
Correct. When a person has become everything they are capable of, they have become self-actualized according to
Maslow.
b) avoid negative consequences of behavior.
c) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors.
Incorrect. This would be a theoretical suggestion of the behaviorist, not a humanist.
d) learn from their mistakes and move on.

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ANS: a, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.2
62. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements
and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar
interests today?
a) Gestalt
Incorrect. Gestaltists were not involved in breaking down thought processes into basic elements.
b) cognitive
Correct. The cognitive perspective focuses on breaking down thought processes.
c) behavioral
d) humanistic
ANS: b, p. 14, C, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.2
63. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.
a) electrolysis and PET
b) PET and MRI
Correct: Both are discussed in the book and used by cognitive neuroscientists.
c) MRI and electrolysis
d) Gamma images and electrolysis
Incorrect. PET and MRI is the right answer.
ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)
% correct 75 a= 10 b= 75 c= 11 d= 3 r = .21
APA=1.2; 2.4
64. The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine
________.
a) images of the living brain
Correct. MRI and PET take images of a living brain for analysis.
b) biopsies of the brain of a cadaver
Incorrect. Biopsies are not taken by a MRI.
c) select biopsied portions of a brain
d) acute time of death in stroke patients
ANS: a, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (1)
APA=1.2; 2.4
65. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________
perspective.
a) behavioral
b) sociocultural
Correct. This approach focuses on social environment.
c) psychodynamic
d) cognitive
Incorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people.
ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)
% correct 66 a= 20 b= 66 c= 5 d= 10 r = .22
% correct 73 a= 17 b= 73 c= 2 d= 6 r = .28
APA=1.1; 1.2
66. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy
part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or
made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to
her car. This is an example of ________.
a) democracy

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b) the bystander effect
Correct. This example would support this concept as nobody immediately helped despite being a heavily populated
area.
c) diffusion of effects
Incorrect. The diffusion of responsibility could also be a correct answer but not diffusion of effects.
d) flaws in the judicial system
ANS: b, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.1; 1.2
67. Jeff’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked
in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed
and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the
________.
a) zeitgeist
b) behaviorist effect
c) bystander effect
Correct. This example would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility.
d) self-Serving prophecy
Incorrect. Not discussed in the book.
ANS: c, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.1; 1.2
68. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in
China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a ________ perspective in this cross-cultural study.
a) Eurocentric
b) egocentric
c) culturio
Incorrect. This is not a real term or concept discussed in the book.
d) sociocultural
Correct. The researcher is looking at cultures from a sociocultural perspective.
ANS: d, p. 15, A, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.1; 1.2
69. Darley and Latané (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the
likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.
a) diffusion of anonymity
Incorrect. Diffusion of responsibility is the correct choice.
b) diffusion of responsibility
Correct. When others are around, individuals have been found to believe that help is not needed and that another
person will help.
c) flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans
d) timeliness of onset
ANS: b, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (1)
APA=1.2
70. Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been
prevented. One reason the beating was not stopped was the ________.
a) bystander effect
Correct. This would support the example because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility.
b) Zeitgeist
c) behaviorist effect
d) Canadian prison policy
Incorrect. Not discussed in the book.
ANS: a, p. 15, F, LO=1.4, (2)
APA=1.2

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