Test Bank For Psychology in Modules, 10th Edition

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Name TestBanks 1 Module 1: Essay
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Julie, a physics major, has difficulty believing that
psychology is a science, because people cannot observe
other people's thoughts and sensations. Explain how
Edward Titchener and John B. Watson would have
responded to Julie's skepticism regarding psychology's
scientific status.
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Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no
interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and
frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other
students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might
provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom
behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope
more effectively with the challenges he faces.
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Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she
has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people.
Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and
subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career
opportunities for psychologists.
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When your best friend hears that you are
taking a psychology course, she asserts that
psychology is simply common sense. Explain
why your awareness of both the limits of
everyday reasoning and the methods of
psychological research would lead you to
disagree with your friend's assertion.
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The table below lists the scores of eight students on a test to measure
anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes each person smokes
daily. Scores on the anxiety test can range anywhere from a low of 0
(indicating very low anxiety) to a high of 30 (indicating very high
anxiety).
Anxiety Cigarettes
Student Test Score Smoked Daily
1 8 11
2 9 3
3 15 11
4 14 16
5 21 26
6 12 10
7 22 24
8 17 18
Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between smoking
and anxiety. Describe the direction of the correlation and give two
possible explanations for it.
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Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony, Professor
Robson compared college and university graduates with adults who are
less educated. She correctly noted that people with higher-education
degrees pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more
volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail
than less-educated adults. The professor concluded that colleges and
universities obviously do great things for society. How might you
reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion?
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Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences
people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to specify
your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and
independent variables, as well as your experimental and control
conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to
ensure the reliability of your research.
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Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and 11.
Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this distribution of
scores. Which measure of central tendency would change the most if an
additional test score of 2 was included in the distribution?
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The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that four basic body fluids (blood,
black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) influenced human behavior, emotions, and
personality. Use your understanding of the body's rapid and slower chemical
communication systems to support or refute the general logic of Hippocrates' theory.
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After Lola began using a street drug to enhance her moods, she discovered that she
needed larger and larger doses of the drug in order to feel the drug's effect. Use your
understanding of the neurotransmission process to explain Lola's experience.
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Name TestBanks 1 Module 6: Essay
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After suffering a head injury in an auto accident, Alyssa says that she remembers what
her mother looks like, and she can accurately recall many of her mother's distinctive
facial features. However, when she is shown pictures of her mother, Alyssa is unable to
recognize who it is, even though she can see clearly. Use your understanding of the
functioning brain to account for Alyssa's strange pattern of experience.
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Describe how an understanding of both a normally functioning brain and a split brain
enables us to better appreciate the fact that most information processing takes place
outside of conscious awareness.
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Because he has difficulty falling asleep at night, Professor Hogan doesn't go to bed until
very late. Before he retires, he tries to wear himself out by running around the block
several times. Then he treats himself to a beer and perhaps a pizza while preparing his
lecture for the next day's early morning classes. What specific advice would you give
the professor to help him fall asleep?
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Franco studied all evening for a chemistry test scheduled the following morning. That
night he dreamed that he accurately copied a female classmate's correct answers to the
test questions as they unexpectedly flashed before his eyes. Compare and contrast
explanations of Franco's dream that might be provided by Freudian, memory
consolidation, and neural activation theories. In what sense is the dream a reflection of
Franco's level of cognitive development?
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A good friend of yours hopes that hypnosis will improve
his memory and help him study longer and more
effectively. He worries, however, that he might not be
easily hypnotized. Your mother hopes that hypnosis will
help relieve her arthritis pain but fears that under
hypnosis she might do something embarrassing. Discuss
the extent to which the hopes and fears of your friend and
your mother are realistic. Where appropriate, use research
evidence to support your conclusions.
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A classmate believes that alcohol,
marijuana, and cocaine all have similar
effects on behavior and that therefore
all three drugs ought to be legalized.
Carefully evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of your classmate's
position.
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Describe one of your personality traits that you believe to be
highly heritable and another trait that seems to be much less so.
Provide reasons for your answer, and explain why you would
expect genetics to exert a much greater impact on some
personality traits than on others.
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Mr. Firkin is a shy and reserved person who often feels tense and
nervous. In therapy, he recalled that he had an unhappy
childhood, feeling that he did not receive enough attention from
his mother and resenting the conservative family discipline and
lifestyle enforced by his father. He blames both parents for his

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current anxiety, unhappiness, and loneliness. In light of your
understanding of the interactive influences of nature and nurture,
explain why Mr. Firkin's complaints about his parents may be
somewhat unfair and unhelpful.
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Many would consider it ironic that men are more likely than
women to feel comfortable about having casual sex with multiple
partners and yet at the same time more likely to feel jealous and
angry if a mate has sex with someone else. How would an
evolutionary psychologist explain these gender differences?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this evolutionary
explanation?
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Describe how differences between individualist and collectivist
cultures are likely to manifest themselves in the processes of
mate selection, career development, and political organization.
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Discuss how gender differences in both aggression and social
connectedness are influenced by nature and nurture. Describe
and justify the approaches that you would recommend to reduce
the current gender differences in each of these two specific
areas.
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Three-year-old Dimitri frequently takes other
children's toys from them, showing little concern
for their feelings, even when they cry. When he
does this, his mother tells him to “imagine how
other kids feel when they lose their toys.” Use
your understanding of cognitive development to
explain Dimitri's antisocial behavior. Why is his
mother's comment unlikely to influence his
behavior? How would you encourage Dimitri to
stop behaving this way?
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Mrs. Kaufman spends a lot of time stroking,
cuddling, and rocking her infant son and seems to
be highly aware of the baby's actions and needs.
Mr. Kaufman worries that his wife's interactions
with the baby may eventually lead the child to (a)
cry easily when frustrated, (b) fearfully cling to
his mother, (c) become unfriendly toward other
people, and (d) become withdrawn and
uninterested in his surroundings. Describe
research on social development that supports or
refutes each of the father's concerns.
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Mr. and Mrs. McDonald believe in the
importance of stern discipline; they impose strict
rules which they expect their children to obey
without question. They penalize misbehavior
harshly, frequently with a spanking. Mr. and Mrs.
Reynolds use milder forms of punishment to
enforce their rules. They also have regular family
meetings in which their children help them to
establish household rules and penalties for
breaking them. What do you see as the
advantages and disadvantages of these two
disciplinary approaches? Explain the reasons for
your answer.
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Thirteen-year-old Ryan has begun to challenge many of his
parents' values and to express his own set of highly idealistic
standards. Compare and contrast the explanations for Ryan's
behavior that would be given by Kohlberg and by Erikson.
Answer
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At the age of 30, Angela hesitates to commit
herself to a lifelong marital relationship,
primarily because she believes that the
personalities of marriage partners often change in
surprising and unpredictable ways during their
lifetimes. What professional advice could you
appropriately provide to Angela in light of the
research on marital happiness, life satisfaction,
and adult development?
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Use your understanding of absolute
thresholds, sensory adaptation, and pain
control to argue that sensation is often
influenced by our motives, expectations, and
psychological states of mind.
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You have been asked to paint a
picture that includes buildings,
fields, a river, and a mountain.
Describe how you would use at
least four monocular cues to give
your painting a sense of depth.
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Explain how research on size
constancy, restored vision, and
perceptual adaptation, serves to
support and/or refute John
Locke's emphasis on the
importance of learning in
perception.
Answer
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Explain why both top-down and bottom-up
processing are emphasized by those who take
a biopsychosocial approach to understanding
pain and pain control.
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A friend believes that the five human senses—

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seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and
feeling—are independent from one another
and from our judgments of people and the
world around us. Explain what is wrong with
your friend's belief.
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(a) How would you classically condition an
adventuresome 2-year-old to be more fearful of
running across a busy street near her house?
(b) How would you classically condition a preschool
child who is afraid of dogs to enjoy playing with a
neighbor's friendly dog?
Be sure to identify the US, NS, CS, UR, and CR in
both answers.
Answer
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Question
Mr. Byrne can't understand why scolding his seventh-grade
students for disruptive classroom behaviors makes them more
unruly. Explain Mr. Byrne's predicament in terms of operant
conditioning principles. Show how he could use operant
conditioning techniques to (a) reduce disruptive behaviors and
(b) increase cooperative behaviors.
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For Vina, cigarettes reduce feelings of tension and anxiety.
Because of her heavy smoking, however, she has a bad morning
cough and breathing difficulties. How can the principles of
operant conditioning help to explain the development and
continuation of Vina's self-defeating smoking habit? Explain
the extent to which the reinforcement for Vina's habit is
positive or negative, primary or conditioned, immediate or
delayed, partial or continuous.
Answer
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(a) Several days after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol, Kendra
becomes nauseated simply by the smell of liquor. The sight of the half-
empty liquor bottle from which she drank does not, however, upset her.
What does Kendra's pattern of response indicate about the limits of

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associative learning?
(b) If George is spanked immediately after his baby sister cries, he is
likely to become fearful every time she cries. If Ken is spanked
immediately before his baby sister cries, he is not likely to become fearful
when she cries. What do the different reactions of George and Ken
suggest about the role of cognitive processes in associative learning?
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Mr. Angelou believes that movies and televised news reports should
portray only justifiable acts of violence and should never focus on the
physical injury and suffering caused by these acts. Use your
understanding of observational learning to indicate the extent to which
you agree or disagree with Mr. Angelou.
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A friend claims that the faster you read, the more
you remember. Use your knowledge of effortful
processing and effective encoding strategies to
refute your friend's claim.
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Describe two mnemonic techniques that would
enable you to remember the following list of
grocery items: milk, eggs, margarine, oranges,
rhubarb, ice cream, eggplant, and sausage.
Explain why each would be effective.
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Although you genuinely enjoyed
studying hard for a biology exam,
during the test you are feeling
frustrated and irritable because you
can't recall the answer to a series of
fairly easy factual questions. What
techniques could you use to
effectively remember the
information previously learned?
Answer
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Professor Markus is a brilliant mathematician who is
70 years old and still enjoys teaching. Over the past
few years, she has found it increasingly difficult to
remember the names of her students. Suggest several
possible explanations for the professor's memory
problems.
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During the process of psychotherapy, Elaine
recovered some long-forgotten and painful memories
from her childhood. This experience led her to
conclude that these memories must have been
repressed for many years. Discuss the issues
involved in assessing Elaine's claim.
Answer
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Describe several heuristics that you might use or that you have

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used when deciding whether you should (a) study especially hard
for a test and (b) ask someone for a date (or accept a date). Under
what circumstances are these heuristics likely to contribute to poor
decision making?
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You are the commissioner of a state lottery system that sponsors
daily and weekly drawings. Lottery tickets have not been selling
well over the past few months. Describe four ways you could take
advantage of people's use of the availability heuristic to boost
sales. Explain why you would judge your tactics to be fair or unfair
to your customers.
Answer
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Discuss evidence demonstrating the importance of critical periods for learning
language. Explain what these critical periods suggest regarding the biological and
environmental influences on language development.
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Question
After a mild stroke, Mr. McGeorge showed some signs of aphasia. What pattern
of symptoms would lead you to believe the damage occurred primarily in Broca's
area? What different symptom pattern would be associated with damage to
Wernicke's area?
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You have been hired by a large public school system to construct a
musical aptitude test. Describe how you would standardize your
test and assess its reliability and validity. Explain why it might be
more difficult to develop a valid musical aptitude test than a
reliable one.
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Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly acclaimed ballet
dancer, her high school intelligence test scores were only average.
What does Susan's experience suggest regarding the reliability and
validity of intelligence tests.

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public schools, Blacks continue to lag behind their White counterparts in
intelligence and academic achievement. Clearly, Black Americans must
be genetically inferior to White Americans.” Use research evidence and
logical arguments to intelligently refute your classmate's statement.
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Juan is the oldest son of Mexican parents who immigrated to the United
States less than five years ago. Juan's high school teachers perceive him
to be fairly intelligent, but his SAT scores are low, and he is having
trouble getting into college. Juan's mother angrily claims that
“intelligence tests are biased against Hispanics.” Juan's father sadly
counters, “It's not the tests that are biased; it's American education that is
biased.” Carefully explain why you would agree or disagree with the
comments made by each parent.
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Although Jan appears to be underweight, she is afraid of becoming fat and
consistently restricts her food intake. Although Gene appears to be
overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much as he wants. Explain
how their different reactions to food might result from (a) differences in their
inner bodily states and (b) differences in their reactions to external
incentives.
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