Test Bank for Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry, 9th Edition

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Test Bank for Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry, 9th Edition provides a structured approach to mastering key exam concepts with step-by-step explanations and practice questions.

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Graziano and Raulin Research Methods Test Bank
Chapter 1 Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment
1.1 Science
1) What was the most shocking aspect of the Kitty Genovese murder?
A) that she died so young
B) that her death was entirely predictable and preventable
C) that she was killed by her daughter
D) that many people witnessed the killing and did not come to her aid
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 2
Skill: Interpretive
2) What factor in the Kitty Genovese murder puzzled Darley and Latané the most and became the focus
of their research?
A) the fact that Ms. Genovese was stabbed so many times
B) the fact that this murder took place in an area in which murders were rare
C) the fact that so many people witnessed the crime but failed to help
D) the fact that a security system that might have prevented the murder was blocked by concerns about
privacy
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 2
Skill: Interpretive
3) In which of the following settings is it impossible to conduct scientific thinking?
A) while fishing
B) in a laboratory setting
C) with the aid of computers, statistics, and other equipment
D) scientific thinking can be conducted anywhere
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Interpretive
4) ________ is a process of formulating specific questions and then finding answers in order to better
understand nature.
A) Scientific research
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Romanticism
D) History
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Factual
5) According to your text, what is the "essence" of science?
A) the facts
B) its way of thinking
C) the hardware
D) its theories

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Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3 (SG)
Skill: Factual
6) The essence of science is
A) a logical way of acting.
B) a logical way of thinking.
C) laboratory equipment, statistical procedures, and computers.
D) the collective products of science.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Interpretive
7) Critical thinking is defined as
A) gathering and evaluating information to reach consistently reasonable decisions.
B) finding the flaws in an argument and pointing them out.
C) finding the points of agreement and disagreement between two or more people.
D) writing detailed arguments for any given position.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Factual
8) Which of the following is true about critical thinking?
A) We are generally logical although not always systematic.
B) We often do not have the time or intellectual energy to think every problem through.
C) Logic is natural for us and we will be logical unless someone tries to fool us.
D) Without training, we can never be logical and critical in our thinking.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Interpretive
9) We can think of psychological research as the
A) application of strategies to overcome natural biases.
B) use of critical thinking to study and understand human behavior.
C) processes that affect human behavior and create human biases.
D) culmination of millennia of development and refinement of human knowledge.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Interpretive
10) Critical thinking is important if you want to
A) become a psychological researcher.
B) be a consumer of psychological research.
C) be effective in making everyday decisions.
D) ALL OF THE ABOVE
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 3
Skill: Interpretive

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11) Who systematically posed questions to citizens of his era to reveal their ignorance and make them
uncomfortable?
A) Socrates
B) Thales
C) Galileo
D) Hippocrates
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Interpretive
12) The Scopes monkey trial
A) took place in Africa.
B) featured the great debate between Dr. Darwin and Mr. Scopes.
C) pitted scientific evolutionary theory against Leviticus.
D) debated the teaching of concepts of evolution in high school classes.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Factual
13) Our modern equivalent of the Scopes trial is
A) the use of genetics in medical diagnoses.
B) seen in almost every domestic dispute brought to the courts.
C) today's attempts to get the "intelligent design" concept into school science classes.
D) the academic debates over heredity versus environment.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Interpretive
14) The ancient Greek philosopher executed as a subversive was
A) Socrates.
B) Herodotus.
C) Herodotus
D) Plato.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Factual
15) Scientists are pervasive ________; that is, they constantly challenge accepted wisdom in their search
for more.
complete answers.
A) optimists
B) skeptics
C) pessimists
D) laureates
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Interpretive
16) A good scientist must
A) be unwilling to tolerate uncertainty.
B) deny anything that is uncertain.

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C) focus only on what is certain about the world around us.
D) be willing to tolerate uncertainty.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Interpretive
17) Scientific censorship
A) must be balanced against the importance of freedom to exchange ideas.
B) primarily occurred in communist countries.
C) is often necessary to advance science.
D) never occurs in the United States.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4
Skill: Interpretive
18) A scientist's pursuit of curiosity can best be described as
A) passive
B) idle.
C) peripatetic.
D) active
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 5
Skill: Interpretive
19) Skinner noted that a motivator for scientists is
A) curiosity.
B) fame.
C) money.
D) the questioning reflex.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 4-5
Skill: Factual
20) Active curiosity
A) is a major characteristic of scientists.
B) is the only characteristic that differentiates scientists from others.
C) should be discouraged in children.
D) is of little use to scientists.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 5 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
21) The term ________ in science mean discoveries that are unanticipated, fortuitous or "lucky."
A) essential
B) primary
C) serendipity
D) heuristic
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 5
Skill: Factual

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22) Charles Gross discovered a single neuron that was sensitive to stimuli when he
A) presented multi-colored squares to the monkey.
B) allowed graduate students to pick the stimuli to show the monkey.
C) disconnected the apparatus and allowed the monkey to react naturally.
D) waved "good night" to the monkey.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 5
Skill: Factual
23) A scientist's curiosity leads to discoveries because of
A) lack of rigidity.
B) pure luck and long hours of research.
C) a prepared mind, luck, and long hours of research.
D) a prepared mind and the knowledge of the latest technological advances.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 5
Skill: Factual
24) Scientists and artists
A) use entirely different methods in their work.
B) are entirely different kinds of people.
C) engage in a mix of artistic and intellectual endeavors.
D) are thoroughly alienated from each other.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 6
Skill: Interpretive
25) Both scientists and artists
A) would argue that art and science are fundamentally different.
B) engage in a mix of artistic and intellectual pursuits.
C) represent their ideas visually.
D) present verifiable truths.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 6
Skill: Factual
26) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Youngsters who are good at science or math cannot be proficient in the arts.
B) While scientists have great curiosity about nature, artists have little or none.
C) Science and art have a great deal in common.
D) Science and art have little in common.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 6 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
27) Who is considered the first great medical illustrator?
A) Thales
B) Verocchio
C) Hippocrates
D) da Vinci

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Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 6-7
Skill: Factual
28) Leonardo da Vinci is a good example of someone who combined art and
A) culture.
B) science.
C) theology.
D) business.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 6-7
Skill: Interpretive
1.2 Acquiring Knowledge
1) Believing in something because your family has always accepted it as true is an example of
A) intuition.
B) rationalism.
C) tenacity.
D) superstition.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 7
Skill: Applied
2) Which of Helmstadter's common methods of acquiring knowledge is characterized by acceptance of an
idea because it has always been accepted?
A) tenacity
B) intuition
C) rationalism
D) authority
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 7 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
3) The belief that symptom substitution will occur if enuretic children are treated by conditioning therapies,
even in the face of consistent contradictory evidence, is an example of
A) tenacity.
B) rationalism.
C) empiricism.
D) science.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 7-8
Skill: Applied
4) Believing in something because the President tells you it is true is an example of
A) authority.
B) civic duty.
C) tenacity.
D) intuition.
Answer: A

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Type: MC
Page Ref: 8
Skill: Applied
5) The method of acquiring knowledge in which an individual has a hunch or "gut feeling" but does not
rationally examine facts is
A) authority.
B) tenacity.
C) intuition.
D) empiricism.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 8
Skill: Interpretive
6) "Research methods examinations are always easy; this is a research methods exam; therefore, this
exam is easy" is an example of
A) intuition.
B) rationalism.
C) empiricism.
D) sick humor.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 8-9
Skill: Applied
7) Rationalism develops knowledge by the use of
A) observation.
B) empirical facts.
C) reasoning.
D) reasoning and observation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 8-9
Skill: Interpretive
8) One problem with using rationalism to obtain knowledge is that
A) the premises may be unimportant.
B) the premises may not be true.
C) observations may be representative, but there may be exceptions.
D) observations may not be completely representative.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Interpretive
9) Empiricism gains knowledge through
A) intuition.
B) reasoning.
C) observation.
D) reasoning and intuition.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive

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10) Understanding or knowing the world through observation of real events is called
A) rationalism.
B) empiricism.
C) tenacity.
D) intuition.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9-10 (SG)
Skill: Factual
11) In which method of acquiring knowledge must the major and minor premises be true if we are to draw
a correct conclusion?
A) tenacity
B) intuition
C) authority
D) rationalism
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Interpretive
12) Which of the following methods of gaining knowledge is developed through reasoning processes
alone?
A) rationalism
B) empiricism
C) raison d'etre
D) science
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Interpretive
13) Which of the following methods of gaining knowledge employs the use of actual sense data?
A) empiricism
B) intuition
C) extrasensory perception
D) tenacity
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9-10
Skill: Interpretive
14) Of the following methods of acquiring knowledge, which is the most demanding in terms of adequacy
of information?
A) tenacity
B) intuition
C) authority
D) empiricism
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
15) A researcher observes many babies and sees them all cry. She concludes that babies often cry. This
is an example of
A) empiricism.

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B) intuition.
C) rationalism.
D) tenacity.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9-10
Skill: Applied
16) Which of the following methods of acquiring knowledge places the most demands on the nature of
evidence and procedures for study?
A) intuition
B) tenacity
C) empiricism
D) authority
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
17) A person who does not believe that the North Pole exists because he or she has never seen it is
demonstrating
A) rational empiricism.
B) naive empiricism.
C) tenacious empiricism.
D) sophisticated empiricism.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Applied
18) One limitation of the use of empiricism is that
A) observations may not be representative.
B) logical processes can be incorrect.
C) costly equipment is necessary.
D) basic premises must be true.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9-10
Skill: Interpretive
19) ________ empiricism includes observing phenomena, not only directly but also indirectly through
direct observation of their impact on other objects.
A) Rational
B) Tenacious
C) Sophisticated
D) Naive
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Interpretive
20) Which of the following brings together elements of both empiricism and rationalism?
A) colloquia
B) science
C) scientology
D) phenomenology

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Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
21) Science is a way of thinking that integrates both
A) tenacity and intuition.
B) ad hoc and post hoc reasoning.
C) rational logic and empirical observation.
D) a priori hypotheses and tenacity.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
22) The statement, "I won't believe it unless I see it" is an example of
A) naive empiricism.
B) rational empiricism.
C) sophisticated empiricism.
D) tenacity.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 9
Skill: Applied
23) The method of acquiring knowledge that makes the most demands on the information is
A) empiricism.
B) rationalism.
C) science.
D) tenacity
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
24) Which of the following does science NOT use?
A) empiricism
B) astrology
C) rationalism
D) general principles
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
25) A researcher observes children, logically thinks about his observations, and produces a theory. He is
using
A) science.
B) empiricism.
C) theorism.
D) rationalism.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Applied

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26) Which of the following statements is accurate?
A) Scientific thinking represents an integration of rationalism and direct empirical observation.
B) Scientific endeavors are completely separate from social parameters.
C) Scientific thinking is primarily based on intuition.
D) There was no science before Copernicus, Galileo, or Newton.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 10
Skill: Interpretive
1.3 Emergence of Science
1) The "orderliness belief" suggests that
A) although the universe is not orderly, being orderly and precise yourself can make it more orderly.
B) early men incorrectly believed that the universe was orderly.
C) the universe operates in an orderly, lawful manner.
D) the ancient religions and their gods demanded orderly worship.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11
Skill: Interpretive
2) Between 6000-4000 B.C.
A) the Egyptians started primitive trading networks.
B) the Sumerians created one of the strongest empires in history.
C) the Babylonians and Egyptians flourished and lived in complex, stable societies.
D) humans only had polished stone tools.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11
Skill: Factual
3) Which of the following did people NOT do between 6000-4000 B.C.?
A) complicated business skills dependent on navigation
B) write important books on astronomy, medicine, and surgery
C) have a unified concept of the universe in which gods played an important role
D) have a unified conception of the universe in which astrology played an important role
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11
Skill: Factual
4) Benjamin Farrington emphasized two characteristics of the skills men had up until 1,000 B.C. These
were
A) practical skills and knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
B) religious, abstract knowledge and conceptualizations of the universe and practical skills.
C) practical skills and more abstract general ideas about nature.
D) abstract general ideas about nature and skill at pleasing the gods.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
5) Which of the following is correct?
A) By about 1000 B.C., humans had still not developed any measurable civilization.

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B) Technology is a recent development of the twentieth century.
C) There was no hint of science until the eighteenth century.
D) By 1000 B.C., there had developed a rich legacy of human skills.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12 (SG)
Skill: Factual
6) The great surge from neolithic stone tools into the age of metals occurred during
A) The Golden Age.
B) 6000-4000 B.C.
C) the antediluvian era.
D) the Age of Enlightenment.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11
Skill: Factual
7) According to Farrington (1949), endeavors such as metallurgy and agriculture are based on
A) a cooperative decision by a community.
B) an assessment of the needs of the community.
C) the application of practical, empirical skills.
D) the development of abstract, theoretical ideas.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Interpretive
8) According to Farrington (1949), people develop abstract, general ideas about nature by
A) developing rhetorical skills.
B) utilizing leisure time.
C) engaging in metallurgy and agriculture.
D) building on a long involvement in practical skills.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Interpretive
9) Science began to flourish and grow into a powerful social movement during the
A) Dark Ages.
B) Eisenhower presidency.
C) Golden Age.
D) late Renaissance (seventeenth century).
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 13
Skill: Factual
10) Human civilizations were settled in the eastern Mediterranean region by about
A) 1000 A.D.
B) 6000 B.C.
C) 1000 B.C.
D) the time of the Roman Empire.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12

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Skill: Factual
11) The development of abstract, general information comes about through
A) a renunciation of practical, everyday operations.
B) a rejection of craftsmanship and artisanship.
C) a long involvement in using empirical skills and concrete manipulations of the physical environment.
D) the study of abstract subjects such as astronomy and biology.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Interpretive
12) How do we classify the early (6000-4000 B.C.) skills of the Mediterranean artisans?
A) abstract skills
B) empirical skills
C) religious
D) rationalistic skills
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
13) Science has been one of western civilization's ways of acquiring knowledge since
A) the Middle Ages.
B) the Romans, 4,400 years ago.
C) the Greeks, 2,400 years ago.
D) Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Darwin.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Interpretive
14) Scientists and physicians believe they can predict the same outcome of a disease in different patients
based on
A) the orderliness belief.
B) tenacity and intuition.
C) biological bases of behavior.
D) rational principles.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Applied
15) The first Greek philosopher to combine an empirical rational view of the universe is
A) Anaximander.
B) Socrates.
C) Xenophanes.
D) Thales.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
16) Thales' philosophy
A) speculated about a natural cosmology in which earth was the basic substance.
B) stressed the observation of natural events in an unnatural universe.

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C) stressed the observation of natural events in a natural universe.
D) stressed the mysticism of gods, demons, and spirits.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
17) Which of the following was an early empiricist?
A) Estiabanes
B) Thales
C) Ptolmy
D) Plato
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
18) The ancient and implicit belief that the physical world is predictable is called
A) the empirical tradition.
B) the orderliness belief.
C) the rationalistic tradition.
D) the predictability belief.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11 (SG)
Skill: Factual
19) The basic components necessary for the emergence of science had been developed by
A) 600 B.C.
B) the twelfth through the thirteenth centuries.
C) the sixteenth century.
D) 5000 B.C.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11 (SG)
Skill: Factual
20) The "orderliness belief" of Whitehead (1925) refers to
A) Copernicus' belief that the planets are arranged in order of size.
B) the implicit belief that the universe is orderly and predictable.
C) the preoccupation of the ancient Egyptians with order.
D) the observation that order always emerges out of chaos.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 11
Skill: Interpretive
21) The pre-Socratic period
A) neglected to include Thales.
B) occurred in Greece around 600-400 B.C.
C) occurred after the Trojan War.
D) occurred in Egypt around 2600-2400 B.C.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual

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22) Thales is notable for a view of the world that
A) emphasized religious and mystic experiences.
B) rejected speculation altogether.
C) excluded attention to observational details.
D) combined empiricism and rationalism.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Interpretive
23) Thales speculated that the basic substance of the universe was
A) water.
B) phlogiston.
C) air.
D) fire.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
24) Hippocrates was
A) the first physician.
B) an Ionian rationalist in Plato's tradition.
C) an empiricist.
D) the first physician to see the importance of ethics.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12 (SG)
Skill: Interpretive
25) An early concept of evolution on earth was put forth by
A) Thales.
B) Anaximander.
C) Aristophanes.
D) Hippocrates.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
26) Empirical and theoretical considerations of geological change over time were developed by
A) Hippocrates
B) Xenophanes
C) Plato
D) Socrates
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 12
Skill: Factual
27) The Ionian scientist-philosopher who first employed experimental methods was
A) Nebulus.
B) Ionis.
C) Strato.
D) Thales.

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