Test Bank For Social Psychology, 11th Edition

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01
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people
A. motivate, persuade, and hurt one another.
B. think about, influence, and relate to one another.
C. manipulate, use, and betray one another.
D. conform, help, and form attitudes about one another.
2. The attributions a person makes for his or her spouse's acid remark depends upon the happiness of the
marriage. What concept does this portray?
A. Social behavior is a function of what we believe.
B. Social behavior is a function of the objective situation.
C. Social behavior is a function of how a situation is construed.
D. Social behavior is a function of both the objective situation and how it is construed.
3. Imagine you are approached by a large dog. You assume the dog is unfriendly, so you start screaming at
it to go away. The dog assumes you want to hurt it, so it defends itself by biting your ankle. This is an
example of a
A. self-fulfilling belief.
B. self-defacing belief.
C. self-defense belief.
D. self-worth belief.
4. Which of the following topics is NOT an example of what social psychologists study?
A. love
B. conformity
C. intelligence
D. attitudes
5. According to the text, social psychology is a(n) _____ science, and one that only began to emerge as a
vibrant field after _____.
A. young; the 1960s
B. young; World War II
C. old; the 1930s
D. old; the turn of the century
6. The best statement about objective reality is
A. that it exists.
B. that it does not exist.
C. that we can all agree on an objective reality.
D. that reality is filtered by our values and beliefs.
7. According to Myers' discussion of intuition, which statement is TRUE?
A. Our intuitions about ourselves are usually true.
B. Intuitions are carefully considered beliefs.
C. Intuition is both powerful and perilous.
D. Intuition is not important.
8. Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behaviors are shaped by external social
forces?
A. Our personality disposition affects our choices.
B. Our inherited human nature predisposes us to react in certain ways.
C. Our political attitudes influence our voting behavior.
D. Our standards regarding promptness, beauty, and equality vary with our culture.

9. Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Social psychologists use experimentation more than sociologists.
B. Social psychologists focus less on individual differences than personality psychologists.
C. Sociologists focus more on groups than social psychologists.
D. Personality psychologists use experimentation more than social psychologists.
10. When explaining topics such as dating and mating, evolutionary psychologists consider how natural
selection might
A. predispose our attitudes.
B. change our attitudes.
C. account for similarities in our attitudes.
D. reinforce our attitudes.
11. Those who consider under-the-skin (i.e., biological) and between the skins (i.e., social) influences on
topics such as love and hate are referred to as
A. social biologists.
B. social neuroscientists.
C. social sociologists.
D. social anthropologists.
12. Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by
A. our intelligence and learning.
B. our personal preferences.
C. how we were nurtured by our parents.
D. other people, our attitudes and personality, and our biology.
13. What is NOT true about how values affect social psychology?
A. Values influence the topics that are researched.
B. The values that people hold influence those entering the field of study.
C. Social psychology research shows us what to value.
D. Social psychologists are very interested in studying values.
14. Social representations are
A. value commitments within a culture.
B. intuitive ideas that prove to be true.
C. socially shared beliefs, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.
D. stereotypes that are rooted in racism rather than in reality.
15. According to the text, values enter the work of social psychology when researchers
A. collect data for their studies.
B. present the results of their studies.
C. summarize their studies.
D. choose the topics of their studies.
16. Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as many Dartmouth violations
as Dartmouth students did when each watched the game. This emphasizes
A. humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations.
B. humans' inability to be objective when watching sports.
C. football players' brutality.
D. that humans are objective when watching sports.
17. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted
from one generation to the next is referred to as
A. nationality.
B. race.
C. social representations.
D. culture.

18. Socially shared beliefs are widely held ideas and values, which include our assumptions and cultural
ideologies. This is a definition of
A. nationality.
B. race.
C. social representations.
D. culture.
19. Myers discusses how Maslow's description of "self-actualized" people was based on a sample he
personally selected. Had he selected other people to describe, his ensuing list of self-actualization
characterizations may have been different. This is an example of how values can influence
A. data.
B. results.
C. concepts.
D. methodology.
20. You ask your academic advisor what to major in, as you can't seem to decide. She suggests psychology;
however, it is important to remember that this answer likely reflects her
A. training.
B. education.
C. belief that you would make a good psychologist.
D. values.
21. Whether we label a woman as "ambitious" or "aggressive" is a reflection of our
A. gender.
B. values.
C. culture.
D. age.
22. Your decision to call someone a "terrorist" rather than a "freedom fighter" depends on your view of the
cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but also
A. emotions.
B. actions.
C. intuitions.
D. everyday language.
23. Another name for the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon" is the
A. retrospective bias.
B. information bias.
C. prediction bias.
D. hindsight bias.
24. When asked who you think will win the next presidential election, you reply that you do not know.
However, after the election results are reported, you claim that it was obvious all along. This is an
example of the
A. retrospective bias.
B. information bias.
C. prediction bias.
D. hindsight bias.
25. The difficult 2008 world financial crisis due to lack of regulations and safeguards seems obvious now.
This is an example of
A. information bias.
B. hindsight bias.
C. prediction bias.
D. retrospective bias.

26. Theories help social psychologists _____ their observations and _____ their hypotheses.
A. test; organize
B. organize; test
C. objectify; refute
D. refute; objectify
27. A theory
A. is an agreed-upon statement.
B. summarizes and explains facts.
C. cannot be tested.
D. is less than fact.
28. A _____ is an integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events.
A. theory
B. hypothesis
C. fact
D. correlation
29. The difference between facts and theories is that
A. facts explain theories.
B. theories explain facts.
C. facts are ideas.
D. theories are statements.
30. A testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events is a
A. statement.
B. bias.
C. correlation.
D. hypothesis.
31. Which one of the following is one of the purposes of a hypothesis according to the text?
A. Hypotheses allow us to test a theory.
B. Hypotheses provide explanations for research results.
C. Hypotheses prove theories.
D. Hypotheses communicate the results of research studies.
32. The analogy used in the text to describe what happens when old theories are discarded employs a
discussion of how
A. old cars are kept as antiques.
B. old cars are replaced by newer and better models.
C. new cars are often not built as well as older models.
D. new cars are frequently more fuel efficient than older models.
33. Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as
A. correlational research.
B. experimental research.
C. laboratory research.
D. field research.
34. Asking students to come to a laboratory at 3 p.m. in order to participate in a study on university students'
usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. laboratory research
D. field research

35. Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students'
usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. laboratory research
D. field research
36. The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables is referred to as
A. correlational research.
B. experimental research.
C. laboratory research.
D. field research.
37. In order to determine whether or not changing one variable (such as education) will produce changes in
another (such as income), one needs to conduct _______ research.
A. survey
B. correlational
C. experimental
D. statistical
38. Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling
others describes what type of research?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. laboratory research
D. field research
39. A psychiatrist tells you that she is interested in determining if the condition of individuals who are
clinically depressed improves with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She decides to administer 20
milligrams to a random half of her clients, and 40 milligrams to the other half. She finds that after six
months, the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients
who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. controlled research
D. hypothetical research
40. You've noticed that as the temperature drops outside, you see more students wearing sweaters and heavy
coats. Your observation is most similar to
A. correlational research.
B. experimental research.
C. controlled research.
D. hypothetical research.
41. Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation?
A. X causes Y.
B. Y causes X.
C. A third variable causes or influences both X and Y.
D. All of these are possible explanations.
42. You are interested in finding out the effect that crowding has on people's moods. You conduct a study in
a psychology research lab using two types of participants - participants who have to wait in a crowded
waiting room before completing a measure of their mood, and participants who wait in an empty room
before completing the same measure. Which type of research did you conduct?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. laboratory research
D. both experimental and laboratory research

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43. Your psychology professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study and their
grades (i.e., she is asking each student to report how many hours he/she studies each week, so that she can
determine if there is a relationship between hours spent studying and grades). Which type of research is
this?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. controlled research
D. hypothetical research
44. Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?
A. It involves important variables in natural settings.
B. It provides ambiguous interpretations of causes and effects.
C. It assists in reading newspapers and magazines.
D. It takes place in a laboratory.
45. The study by Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) that is described in the text examined the link between
socioeconomic status and health using grave markers. Which type of research was this?
A. correlational research
B. experimental research
C. controlled research
D. hypothetical research
46. Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) found that the height of graveyard markers in a Glasgow cemetery
was positively correlated with
A. gender.
B. race.
C. affluence.
D. longevity.
47. According to the text, the postal code areas of Scotland that have the least overcrowding and the least
amount of unemployment also have the
A. greatest longevity.
B. least longevity.
C. greatest loneliness.
D. least loneliness.
48. According to the text, studies have shown that in Britain, occupational status is _____ correlated with
longevity.
A. positively
B. negatively
C. inversely
D. not
49. A serious shortcoming of a correlational study is that it cannot
A. predict one variable from another.
B. determine when there is a lack of a relationship between two variables.
C. identify which variable causes the other variable.
D. show relationships between naturally occurring factors.
50. Myers' discussion of the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement concludes that
A. self-esteem causes academic achievement.
B. academic achievement causes self-esteem.
C. both self-esteem and academic achievement are likely caused by a third variable.
D. None of the above

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51. Correlational research allows us to
A. infer cause and effect.
B. make predictions.
C. uncover independent variables.
D. control variables.
52. Time-lagged correlations, according to the text, are an advanced correlational technique that can reveal
the _______ variables or events, such as achievement and self-esteem.
A. relationship between
B. differences between
C. sequence of
D. confounding
53. Myers argues that the major strength of correlational research is the
A. cause-effect sequencing of events.
B. ambiguity of the results.
C. ability to extract the influence of confounded variables.
D. fact that it occurs in real-world settings.
54. A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called
a _____ sample.
A. mixed
B. diverse
C. fair
D. random
55. To get information from a survey that you can generalize to the whole country, you will need to get
information from _____ people.
A. 150
B. 1,200
C. 5,000
D. 10,000
56. The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to
A. maximize the differences between groups.
B. minimize the differences between groups.
C. control the independent variable.
D. control the dependent variable.
57. An important factor in survey research is how closely the sample reflects the population under study. This
is referred to as sample
A. fairness.
B. strategy.
C. size.
D. representativeness.
58. Suppose you ask all the students who are failing a class if they believe the course is too difficult, and you
find that they indeed think it is. Although you have conducted a basic survey, the results of it are limited
because of your sample
A. fairness.
B. strategy.
C. size.
D. representativeness.

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59. If you ask conservative, liberal, independent, and green party voters their opinions of political candidates,
rather than just conservative voters, you are attempting to ensure that your sample is
A. fair.
B. large enough.
C. representative.
D. random.
60. Ann Landers' 1984 survey of women readers' opinions about romantic affection and sex was probably
A. not valid because it did not include men.
B. flawed because it was not representative of the population.
C. worthless because the sample size was too small.
D. as valid and informative as other more "scientific" surveys.
61. In 1936, the news magazine Literary Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans
regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Landon would win in a landslide over
Franklin D. Roosevelt. A few weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. The results of the survey were not
valid, and this was due to
A. a lack of random assignment.
B. a sampling bias.
C. poor wording of questions' variables.
D. a lack of experimental control.
62. There is an example discussed in the text about how the meat lobby rejected a new U.S. food labeling law
that required declaring meat as "30 percent fat" rather than "70 percent lean, 30 percent fat." This is an
example of how ____ may influence human decisions and expressed opinions.
A. framing of questions
B. order of questions
C. wording of questions
D. response options
63. Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that
A. how questions are framed can influence how they are answered.
B. how questions are framed has very little influence on how they are answered.
C. wording is an unimportant element of survey research.
D. framing the questions differently will not influence the results.
64. Research indicates that survey results often depend on the
A. number of questions asked.
B. gender of the surveyor.
C. gender of the respondent.
D. wording and order of the questions.
65. If you wanted more people to donate organs upon their death, you would
A. put nothing on their drivers' license about organ donation.
B. give a default option of ‘yes' and a space to check to "opt out."
C. give a default option of ‘no' and a space to check to donate.
D. give them a ‘yes' or ‘no' choice to check.
66. The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ______ variable.
A. control
B. independent
C. dependent
D. correlational

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67. A study of _____ women, by Gortmaker and colleagues (1993), found that these women were less likely
to be married and less likely to earn high salaries than women in a comparison group.
A. racial minority
B. sexual minority
C. obese
D. disabled
68. The finding that obese women earned lower salaries than women in a non-obese comparison group was
the result of which type of research study?
A. experimental
B. correlational
C. laboratory
D. field
69. As a result of random assignment, the people in both groups of an experiment
A. differ in important ways.
B. do not know which group they are in.
C. are less likely to be alike.
D. are more likely to be about the same in every way.
70. In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a
picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the
independent variable was the
A. normal or overweight woman's picture.
B. social skills of the woman being interviewed.
C. conversation topic chosen by the students.
D. status of the male student.
71. In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a
picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the
dependent variable was the
A. woman's side of the conversation.
B. man's response to the woman.
C. man's response to the picture.
D. woman's weight status.
72. In Boyatzis' (1995) study of the influence television has on aggressive behavior in children, the results
indicated that the viewers of Power Rangers committed ____ aggressive acts per two-minute interval
compared to those children who did not watch this program.
A. slightly less
B. significantly more
C. about the same number of
D. significantly less
73. The results of Boyatzis' (1995) research indicated that _____ can be one cause of children's aggressive
behavior.
A. sugar consumption
B. poor impulse control
C. lack of parental guidance
D. television viewing
74. Which of the following was the dependent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of
television viewing on children?
A. lying to parents
B. aggressive behavior
C. poor academic performance
D. early sexual promiscuity

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75. Which of the following was the independent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of
television viewing on children?
A. aggressive behavior
B. poor academic performance
C. television viewing
D. early sexual promiscuity
76. The variable being measured in an experiment, so called because it may depend on manipulations of
another variable, is called the ______ variable.
A. experimental
B. control
C. independent
D. dependent
77. An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on
aggression. Aggression was the
A. independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. control variable.
D. confounding variable.
78. An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on
aggression. The room temperatures were the
A. independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. control variable.
D. confounding variable.
79. Two essential ingredients in a social-psychological experiment are
A. deception and payment for participation.
B. the use of surveys and the use of deception.
C. framing and biases.
D. control and random assignment.
80. The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the
same chance of being in a given condition is referred to as
A. random sampling.
B. random assignment.
C. random surveying.
D. representativeness.
81. Putting participants in one of two conditions by flipping a coin illustrates
A. random sampling.
B. sampling bias.
C. random assignment.
D. representative sampling.
82. Random sampling helps researchers _______, while random assignment helps researchers _______.
A. who are conducting correlations; who are conducting surveys
B. infer cause and effect; generalize to a population
C. generalize to a population; infer cause and effect
D. determine cause and effect; develop correlations
83. _____ helps researchers generalize to a population.
A. Random sampling
B. Random assignment
C. Random surveying
D. Informed consent

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84. You conduct a study that examines the role of exercise on depression alleviation. You assign the first 50
people who are motivated to sign up to the experimental group, and the second group of 50 people, who
sign up much later, to the control group. After one month, you find that the experimental group (who
exercised three times a week on average) is significantly less depressed than the control group (who
exercised one time a week on average). Although you may be tempted to conclude that exercise helps
stave off depression, you cannot because of a lack of ____ in your study.
A. random sampling
B. random assignment
C. random surveying
D. objectivity
85. The degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations refers to
A. realistic experimentation.
B. televised reality.
C. mundane realism.
D. experimental realism.
86. The degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants in real psychological processes
refers to
A. realistic experimentation.
B. televised reality.
C. mundane realism.
D. experimental realism.
87. According to the text, _______ realism is not as important in social psychological research as _______
realism is.
A. mundane; experimental
B. social; psychological
C. experimental; mundane
D. psychological; social
88. The use of deception in social-psychological research occurs when the researchers require _____ in their
study.
A. realistic experimentation
B. televised reality
C. mundane realism
D. experimental realism
89. You are participating in a social-psychological research experiment, and the researcher reads the
instructions to you and the other participants so that each of you hears exactly the same instructions. By
standardizing the instructions, the researcher is attempting to control the
A. dependent variable.
B. experimental outcome.
C. demand characteristics.
D. framing effect.
90. _____ occur(s) in research when participants are misinformed or misled about the method and purposes
of the study.
A. Nonrandom sampling
B. Nonrandom assignment
C. Deception
D. Demand characteristics
91. The cues in an experiment that tell the participants what behavior is expected are called
A. subliminal messages.
B. demand characteristics.
C. deception tactics.
D. confounding variables.

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