The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality Ninth Edition Test Bank

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
Chapter 1: Social Class in America
1. According to the work of Alexander Hamilton, it is which group in the social hierarchy that
seeks social change?
*a. the poor
b. the rich
c. those in the middle
d. the political conservatives
e. educated liberals
2. The concept _________ is used to refer to social ranking based on wealth, occupation or
prestige.
a. social class
b. social group
*c. social stratification
d. social chances
e. social culture
3. Which social theorist argued that there were two social classes in society characterized by
their relationship to the means of production?
a. Lee Rainwater
*b. Karl Marx
c. Max Weber
d. Lloyd Warner
e. none of the above
4. The social class that must sell their labor for a wage in order to survive is referred to as the
______________.
a. capitalist class
b. bourgeoisie
c. middle class
*d. proletariat
e. lower middle class
5. The social class that owns the means of production is referred to as the __________.
a. proletariat
b. working class
c. middle class
d. upper middle class
*e. bourgeoisie
6. Karl Marx argued that social classes were defined by their relationship to the ___________.
a. mode of production
*b. means of production
c. affluent
d. labor force

Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
e. none of the above
7. The mode of production characterized by the dominance of the owners of industry over the
mass of industrial workers is called ________________.
a. feudalism
*b. capitalism
c. communism
d. socialism
e. totalitarianism
8. _________________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in which
all productive property would be held in common.
a. Socialism
b. Capitalism
c. Feudalism
*d. Communism
e. Authoritarianism
9. What is the concept Marx used to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the status quo and
sustain the ruling class?
a. means of production
b. class consciousness
*c. ideology
d. persuasion
e. life chances
10. It was in the work __________ that Marx most completely explained his beliefs on class
including the idea that “[t]he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles.”
a. The Power Elite
b. American Elites
c. The Affluent Society
d. Bonfire of the Vanities
*e. Communist Manifesto
11. Marx believed that a new social class had been created by the capitalist mode of production.
Which of the following is that class?
a. the working poor
*b. the urban working class
c. the agrarian elite
d. the urban elite
e. the agrarian working class
12. Which of the following is not one of the preconditions for the development of a class
consciousness?
*a. the identification of a leader.

Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
b. the deprived living conditions of members of the working class.
c. the geographic concentration of large masses of industrial workers.
d. increased participation in political organizations, such as unions, dedicated to the interests of
the working class.
e. the simplification of the class structure that occurs during capitalism.
13. Which social theorist distinguished between class and status?
*a. Max Weber
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Karl Marx
d. Dennis Gilbert
e. all of the above
14. The fundamental aspects of an individual’s future possibilities that are shaped by class
membership are called _____________.
a. lifestyles
b. life goals
*c. life chances
d. life changes
e. life options
15. According to Weber, it is a(n) __________ that shares the same economically shaped life
chances.
a. ideology
*b. social class
c. lifestyle
d. status
e. hierarchy
16. According to Weber, __________ is ranking by social prestige.
a. ideology
b. social class
c. lifestyle
*d. status
e. hierarchy
17. According to Weber,
status groups share a(n) __________.
a. ideology
b. social class
*c. lifestyle
d. status
e. hierarchy
18. Which of the following is one of the three broad issues in the study of social class based on
Marx’s and Weber’s work suggested in the textbook?

Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
a. occupational basis
*b. economic basis
c. ideological basis
d. religious basis
e. none of the above
19. Gilbert defines _________ as “groups of families more or less equal in rank and
differentiated from other families above or below them with regard to characteristics such as
occupation, income, wealth and prestige” (p. 11).
a. life chances
b. the political elite
c. class consciousness
*d. social classes
e. ideology
20. In the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure, the group located directly beneath the
capitalist class is the _____________.
a. upper-upper class
b. lower-upper class
*c. upper-middle class
d. lower-middle class
e. middle class
21. According to the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure, what class derives its income
largely from return on assets?
a. upper-upper class
*b. capitalist class
c. upper-middle class
d. middle class
e. all of the above
22. The Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure is built around __________.
a. amount of income
b. amount of wealth
c. source of wealth
*d. source of income
e. source and amount of wealth
23. In the Gilbert-Kahl model of class structure, which of the social classes is most likely to be
university educated?
a. working poor
b. working class
c. middle class
*d. upper-middle class
e. capitalist class

Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
24. When did class inequalities rise steeply in the latter half of the 20th century?
a. late 1990s
b. early 1980s
*c. mid 1970s
d. 1950s and 1960s
e. late 1940s
25. The years between1946 to approximately 1973 are referred to in the text as the __________.
a. Age of Growing Inequality
b. Age of Decreasing Inequality
*c. Age of Shared Prosperity
d. Age of Increasing Inequality
e. Age of Economic Decline
26. There is a positive relationship between social class and life chances.
*a. True
b. False
27. According to Marx, in modern capitalist societies social classes tend toward internal
homogeneity.
*a. True
b. False
28. Marx regarded production as the center of social life.
*a. True
b. False
29. Marx regarded the means of production as the main determinant of a society’s superstructure
of social and political institutions and ideas.
a. True
*b. False
30. Marx named the social class that owned the means of production the bourgeoisie.
*a. True
b. False
31. Marx’s ideas about a humane socialist future were finally realized in the Soviet Union.
a. True
*b. False
32. Weber knew the work of Marx, but reached different conclusions.
a. True
*b. False
33. Weber believed that modern societies were characterized by two distinct social classes.
a. True

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
*b. False
34. Weber argued that status differences generally supported the development of class
consciousness and class struggle.
a. True
*b. False
35. A status order tends to restrict the freedom of the market, not only by its monopolization of
certain types of consumption goods, but also by its monopolization of the opportunities to earn
money.
*a. True
b. False
36. Gilbert suggests that the study of social stratification is as much art as it is science.
*a. True
b. False
37. There is no single correct model of the American class structure.
*a. True
b. False
38. Class inequalities in the United States increased during the 1950s and 1960s.
a. True
*b. False
39. According to Gilbert, it is now analytically more appropriate to emphasize the division
between the capitalist and upper middle classes and the classes below them.
*a. True
b. False
40. Married couple families are increasingly dependent on the incomes of husbands.
a. True
*b. False
41. The proportion of families with incomes above $100,000 has been rising steadily since the
late 1960s.
*a. True
b. False
42. The years since 1973 are referred to as the Age of Growing Inequality.
*a. True
b. False
43. Social revolutions have typically occurred in peasant societies during the early stages of
industrialization under foreign influence rather than in the advanced industrial countries where
Marx anticipated them.

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
*a. True
b. False
44. According to Weber, there are three social classes in society: an upper class, a middle class,
and a lower class.
a. True
*b. False
Type: E
45. Explain the differences between Marx and Weber in terms of how they define the nature of
social class.
*a. varies
Type: E
46. According to Marx, how does class consciousness develop?
*a. varies
Type: E
47. Describe the Gilbert-Kahl model of the class structure. What are the different classes
identified in the model? What occupations are characteristic of these classes?
*a. varies
Type: E
48. Compare and contrast what Gilbert has referred to as the Age of Shared Prosperity and the
Age of Growing Inequality.
*a. varies
Type: E
49. According to Marx, how do privileged minorities maintain their positions and contain the
potential resistance of exploited majorities?
*a. varies
Type: E
50. The Gilbert-Kahl model of class structure is built around sources of income. Explain how
the sources of income are different for these two classes: capitalist class and upper-middle class.
*a. varies
Type: E
51. Briefly describe Marx’s concept of surplus value.
*a. varies
Type: E
52. Describe the nature of the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
*a. varies
Type: E

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
53. Explain what Weber meant by “life chances”. Provide an example to illustrate your
explanation.
*a. varies
Type: E
54. What is the mode of production?
*a. varies
Type: E
55. Define class consciousness.
*a. varies
Type: E
56. How do the sources of income differ depending on where one is situated in the social class
hierarchy?
*a. varies
Type: E
57. What is some of the evidence Gilbert uses to argue that we are now living in an Age of
Growing Inequality?
*a. varies
Type: E
58. What is social mobility? Give an example of this.
*a. varies
Type: F
59. Gilbert defines ________________ as groups of families more or less equal in rank and
differentiated from other families above and below them with regard to characteristics such as
occupation, income, wealth, and prestige.
*a. social classes
Type: F
60. Weber made a crucial distinction between two orders of ranking or stratification:
___________ and___________.
*a. class; status
Type: F
61. According to Weber, it is _________ that determines life chances.
*a. class
Type: F
62. It was ________ who said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles.”
*a. Karl Marx

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
Type: F
63. Marx used the term ______________ to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the status
quo and sustain the ruling class.
*a. ideology
Type: F
64. Marx saw ______________ as the basic source of social change.
*a. class struggle
Type: F
65. According to Marx, the _______________ owns the means of production, whereas the
________________ have only their labor to sell in order to survive.
*a. bourgeoisie/capitalist class/capitalists; proletariat/working class
Type: F
66. Marx’s analysis of European history after the fall of Rome distinguished three modes of
production, which he saw as successive stages of societal development: ______________;
________________; and _________________. (List them in chronological order)
*a. feudalism; capitalism; communism
Type: F
67. Marx thought that in order for the working classes to revolt they needed to first develop
______________—that is, a sense of shared identity and interests.
*a. class consciousness
Type: F
68. The period between 1946 and approximately 1973 is referred to as ____________________.
*a. The Age of Shared Prosperity
Type: F
69. The years since 1973 are referred to in the text as ___________________.
*a. The Age of Growing Inequality
Type: F
70. _______________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in which
all productive property is held in common.
*a. Communism

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
Chapter 2: Position and Prestige
1. Which sociologist during the 1930s conducted a study of the social class structure of a small
New England town?
*a. W. Lloyd Warner
b. Richard Coleman
c. Lee Rainwater
d. Max Weber
e. both b and c
2. In his study of Yankee City, W. Lloyd Warner discovered a hierarchy of prestige classes based
on both __________________.
a. social and political distinctions
*b. economic and social distinctions
c. economic and political distinctions
d. religious and political distinctions
e. racial and ethnic distinctions
3. Which of the following did Warner use as a shorthand index for prestige position?
a. annual income
b. occupation
c. political party affiliation
*d. clique and association memberships
e. none of the above
4. W. Lloyd Warner and his colleagues were able to classify what percent of Yankee City
residents?
a. 50%
b. 30%
c. 80%
d. 10%
*e. 99%
5. Which research team conducted a study of social class in the Boston and Kansas City
metropolitan areas?
*a. Richard Coleman and Lee Rainwater
b. W. Lloyd Warner and colleagues
c. Davis, Gardner, and Gardner
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
6. Which of the following is one of the notable features of the Yankee City classificatory
schema?
a. an old-money elite vs. those with recently acquired fortunes
b. the distinction between those who work with their hands (situated in the lower half of the class
structure) and those from the higher classes who do not

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
c. the attribution of moral status to class position
*d. all of the above
e. none of the above
7. Synthesizing individual judgments about the class system was problematic for Coleman and
Rainwater because:
*a. their data consisted of verbal statements about general symbols rather than details about
particular others in the community.
b. their data consisted of a large number of highly detailed documents.
c. respondents were not as cooperative as the they would have liked.
d. respondents provided information that was inconsistent with their expectations.
e. their data consisted of a small number of highly detailed documents.
8. The PBS documentary People Like Us: Social Class in America is primarily about:
a. the vast differences in wealth seen in America.
b. the vast differences in income in America.
c. the struggles that members of the lower class must go through to find employment.
*d. the way Americans experience class differences.
e. the many opportunities available in the United States to those who work hard.
9. According to the Coleman-Rainwater model of the class structure, members of the upper-
middle class tend to which type of occupations?
a. Lower-level managers; small business owners; lower status professionals
b. Top professionals; senior corporate executives
c. Unskilled labor and service jobs
*d. Middle professionals and managers
e. They tend not to work; rather they receive the majority of their income from investments.
10. According to the NORC occupational prestige scores, which of the following is considered a
high prestige job?
a. barber
b. policeman
c. manager of a supermarket
*d. registered nurse
e. plumber
11. Social classificatory schemas are:
*a. useful abstractions that attempt to organize and summarize a great deal of data.
b. precise measures of occupational prestige.
c. used by the federal government when distributing tax rebates.
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
12. Coleman and Rainwater studied prestige among individuals in_________.
a. Yankee City
b. Middletown

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
*c. Boston and Kansas City
d. Kansas City and Baltimore
e. Yankee City and Middletown
13. Warner’s Yankee City research led him to conceive of social class in much the same way as
_________.
a. Karl Marx
b. Gilbert Kahl
c. Richard Coleman
*d. Max Weber
e. Burleigh Gardner
14. According to the work of Coleman and Rainwater, the class with the largest number of
families in it is the __________.
a. upper-upper class
b. upper-middle class
c. middle class
*d. working class
e. semi-poor
15. Americans are:
*a. uncomfortable making class distinctions.
b. unable to rank different occupations.
c. less able to make distinctions among those close to themselves in the hierarchy than far away.
d. comfortable with the idea of social inequality.
e. able to agree why people belong in particular places in the class hierarchy.
16. Prestige is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonal interaction.
*a. True
b. False
17. Warner noted that when a person had an equivalent rank on all the economic and social
variables, people in Yankee City had difficulty determining their prestige rank.
a. True
*b. False
18. The class system in Yankee City is a summary of what residents told Warner.
a. True
*b. False
19. According to Davis, Gardner, and Gardner, class structures look different depending upon
where one is situated in the class structure.
*a. True
b. False

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
20. Occupational prestige ratings across subgroups have been quite consistent and stable over
time.
*a. True
b. False
21. The PBS documentary People Like Us: Social Class in America is based on systematic
research.
a. True
*b. False
22. Individuals tend to make more class distinctions between themselves and those closest to
themselves in the social class hierarchy.
*a. True
b. False
23. In terms of occupational prestige, a supermarket manager ranks higher than a public school
teacher.
a. True
*b. False
24. The Gilbert-Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations.
*a. True
b. False
25. In America, there is a prestige hierarchy recognized by most citizens which places people
into a few classes.
*a. True
b. False
26. Occupational prestige scores range from 20 to 80.
a. True
*b. False
27. Warner discovered that moral status had no connection to class position.
a. True
*b. False
28. Coleman and Rainwater found that working-class families were more likely to own larger
and more expensive automobiles than middle-class families.
*a. True
b. False
29. The University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center found that people did not have a
difficult time associating occupations with social class.
*a. True
b. False

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
30. Social ranking is usually a conscious process.
a. True
*b. False
Type: E
31. How does the Coleman-Rainwater metropolitan model differ from the Gilbert-Kahl national
model outlined in Chapter 1?
*a. varies
Type: E
32. The Warner and Coleman-Rainwater class models were concerned primarily with prestige.
The Gilbert-Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations. Explain why these
models still show remarkable consistency.
*a. varies
Type: E
33. Why is there no longer any clear distinction between the concepts of “blue collar” and “white
collar”? Illustrate your explanation with examples.
*a. varies
Type: E
34. Americans engage in greater “ranking consistency” than “cutting consistency” when
identifying where people go in the social class structure. What is the difference between the two
of them? Use examples in your definition.
*a. varies
Type: E
35. The six individual classes that Warner identified in Yankee City are referred to in the text as
“abstract concepts.” Briefly explain what the term “abstract concepts” means in this context?
*a. varies
Type: E
36. Define prestige and give an example illustrating it.
*a. varies
Type: E
37. Briefly explain what occupational prestige scores are.
*a. varies
Type: E
38. Define socioeconomic status.
*a. varies
Type: E

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Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources
39. According to studies of occupational prestige like that from the NORC, what kinds of
occupations are ranked the highest? Ranked the lowest?
*a. varies
Type: F
40. The breaks between Warner’s prestige classes were quite clear-cut, except for the one
between the ______________ class and the _____________ class.
*a. lower-middle; upper-lower
Type: F
41. ________________ is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonal
interaction.
*a. Prestige
Type: F
42. Warner concluded that the place of individuals within his classificatory schema was the
result of a combination of ____________ and _____________ variables.
*a. social; economic
Type: F
43. Coleman and Rainwater studied prestige classes in two metropolitan areas: _____________
and ______________.
*a. Boston; Kansas City
Type: F
44. The Gilbert-Kahl model is based on ______________ considerations, whereas the Coleman-
Rainwater model is concerned with _____________.
*a. economic; prestige
Type: F
45. Occupation is a fair indicator of two other sources of prestige: __________ and __________.
*a. income; education
Type: F
46. For more than 50 years, the _________________________ at the University of Chicago has
been conducting studies of occupational prestige.
*a. National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
Type: F
47. _________________ studied prestige class in “Yankee City.”
*a. W. Lloyd Warner
Type: F
48. Traditionally, white collar jobs were where employees did __________________ and blue
collar jobs were where employees did ________________.
*a. office work; manual work

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