Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources Chapter 1: Social Class in America 1. According to the work of Alexander Hamilton, it is which group in the social hier archy that seeks social change? *a. t he poor b. t he rich c. t hose in the middle d. t he political conservatives e. e ducated liberals 2. The concept _________ is used to refer to social ranking based on wealth, occupation or prestige. a. social class b. social group *c. social stratification d. social chances e. social culture 3. Which social theorist argued that there were two social classes in society characterized by their relationship to the means of production? a. Lee Rainwater *b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Lloyd Warner e. n one of the above 4. The social class that must sell their labor for a wage in order to survive is referred to as the ______________. a. capitalist class b. bourgeoisie c. middle class *d. proletariat e. lower middle class 5. The social class that owns the means of production is referred to as the __________. a. proletariat b. working class c. middle class d. upper middle class *e. bourgeoisie 6. Karl Marx argued that social classes were defined by their relationship to the ___________. a. mode of production *b. means of production c. affluent d. labor force Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources e. none of the above 7. The mode of production characterized by the dominance of the owners of industry over the mass of industrial workers is called ________________. a. feudalism *b. capitalism c. communism d. socialism e. totalitarianism 8. _________________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in which all productive property would be held in common. a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Feudalism *d. Communism e. Authoritarianism 9. What is the concept Marx used to describe the pervasive ideas that uphold the status quo and sustain the ruling class? a. means of production b. class consciousness *c. ideology d. persuasion e. life chances 10. It was in the work __________ that Marx most completely explained his beliefs on class including the idea that “[t]he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” a. The Power Elite b. American Elites c. The Affluent Society d. Bonfire of the Vanities *e. Communist Manifesto 11. Marx believed that a new social class had been created by the capitalist mode of production. Which of the following is that class? a. the working poor *b. the urban working class c. the agrarian elite d. the urban elite e. the agrarian working class 12. Which of the following is not one of the preconditions for the development of a class consciousness? *a. t he identification of a leader. Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources b. t he deprived living conditions of members of the working class. c. t he geographic concentration of large masses of industrial workers. d. i ncreased participation in political organizations, such as unions, dedicated to the interests of the working class. e. t he simplification of the class structure that occurs during capitalism. 13. Which social theorist distinguished between class and status? *a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Dennis Gilbert e. a ll of the above 14. The fundamental aspects of an individual’s future possibilities that are shaped by class membership are called _____________. a. lifestyles b. life goals *c. life chances d. life changes e. life options 15. According to Weber , it is a(n) __________ that shares the same economically shaped life chances. a. ideology *b. social class c. lifestyle d. status e. hierarchy 16. According to Weber , __________ is ranking by social prestige. a. ideology b. social class c. lifestyle *d. status e. hierarchy 17. According to Weber , status groups share a(n) __________. a. ideology b. social class *c. lifestyle d. status e. hierarchy 18. Which of the following is one of the three broad issues in the study of social class based on Marx’s and Weber’s work suggested in the textbook? Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources a. o ccupational basis *b. e conomic basis c. i deological basis d. r eligious basis e. n one of the above 19. Gilbert defines _________ as “groups of families more or less equal in rank and differentiated from other families above or below them with regard to characteristics such as occupation, income, wealth and prestige” (p. 11). a. life chances b. the political elite c. class consciousness *d. social classes e. ideology 20. In the Gilbert - Kahl model of the class structure, the grou p located directly beneath the capitalist class is the _____________. a. upper - upper class b. lower - upper class *c. upper - middle class d. lower - middle class e. middle class 21. According to the Gilbert - Kahl model of the class structure, what class derives its income largely from return on assets? a. upper - upper class *b. capitalist class c. upper - middle class d. middle class e. all of the above 22. The Gilbert - Kahl model of the class structure is built around __________. a. amount of income b. amount of wealth c. source of wealth *d. source of income e. source and amount of wealth 23. In the Gilbert - Kahl model of class structure, which of the social classes is most likely to be university educated? a. working poor b. working class c. middle class *d. upper - middle class e. capitalist class Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources 24. When did class inequalities rise steeply in the latter half of the 20th century? a. late 1990s b. early 1980s *c. mid 1970s d. 1950s and 1960s e. late 1940s 25. The years between1946 to approximately 1973 are referred to in the text as the __________. a. Age of Growing Inequality b. Age of Decreasing Inequality *c. Age of Shared Prosperity d. Age of Increasing Inequality e. Age of Economic Decline 26. There is a positive relationship between social class and life chances. *a. True b. False 2 7. According to Marx, in modern capitalist societies social classes tend toward internal homogeneity. *a. True b. False 28. Marx regarded production as the center of social life. *a. True b. False 29. Marx regarded the means of production as the main determinant of a society’s superstructure of social and political institutions and ideas. a. True *b. False 30. Marx named the social class that owned the means of production the bourgeoisie. *a. True b. False 31. Marx’s ideas about a humane socialist future were finally realized in the Soviet Union. a. True *b. False 32. Weber knew the work of Marx, but reached different conclusions. a. True *b. False 33. Weber believed that modern societies were characterized by two distinct social classes. a. True Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources *b. False 34. Weber argued that status differences generally supported the development of class consciousness and class struggle. a. True *b. False 35. A status order tends to restrict the freedom of the market, not only by its monopolization of certain types of consumption goods, but also by its monopoli zation of the opportunities to earn money. *a. True b. False 36. Gilbert suggests that the study of social stratification is as much art as it is science. *a. True b. False 37. There is no single correct model of the American class structure. *a. True b. False 38. Class inequalities in the United States increased during the 1950s and 1960s. a. True *b. False 39. According to Gilbert, it is now analytically more appropr iate to emphasize the division between the capitalist and upper middle classes and the classes below them. *a. True b. False 40. Married couple families are increasingly dependent on the incomes of husbands. a. True *b. False 41. The proportion of families with incomes above $100,000 has been rising steadily since the late 1960s. * a. True b. False 42. The years since 1973 are referred to as the Age of Growing Inequality. *a. True b. False 43. Social revolutions have typically occurred in peasant societies during the early stages of industrialization under foreign influence rather than in the adva nced industrial countries where Marx anticipated them. Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources *a. True b. False 44. According to Weber, there are three social classes in society: an upper class, a middle class, and a lower class. a. True *b. False Type: E 45. Explain the differences between Marx and Weber in terms of how they define the nature of social class. *a. varies Type: E 46. According to Marx, how does class consciousness develop? *a. varies Type: E 47. Describe the Gilbert - Kahl model of the class structure. What are the different classes identified in the model? What occupations are characteristic of these classes? *a. varies Type: E 4 8. Compare and contrast what Gilbert has referred to as the Age of Shared Prosperity and the Age of Growing Inequality. *a. varies Type: E 49. According to Marx, how do privileged minorities maintain their positions and contain the potential resistance of exploited majorities? *a. varies Type: E 50. The Gilbert - Kahl model of class structure is built around sources of income. Explain how the sources of income are different for these two classes: capitalist class and upper - middle class. *a. varies Type: E 51. Briefly describe Marx’s concept of surplus value. *a. varies Type: E 52. Describe the nature of the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. *a. varies Type: E Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources 53. Explain what Weber meant by “life chances”. Provide an example to illustrate your explanation. *a. varies Type: E 54. What is the mode of production? *a. varies Type: E 5 5. Define class consciousness. *a. varies Type: E 56. How do the sources of income differ depending on where one is situated in the social class hierarchy? *a. varies Type: E 57. What is some of the evidence Gilbert uses to argue that we are now living in an Age of Growing Inequality? *a. varies Type: E 58. What is social mobility? Give an example of this. *a. varies Type: F 59. Gilbert defines ________________ as groups of families more or less equal in rank and differentiated from other families above and below them with regard to characteristics such as occupation, income, wealth, and prestige. *a. social classes Type: F 60. Weber made a crucial distinction between two orders of ranking or stratification: ___________ and___________. *a. class; status Type: F 61. According to Weber , it is _________ that determines life chances. *a. class Type: F 62. It was ________ who said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” *a. Karl Marx Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources Type: F 63. Marx used the term ______________ to describe the pervasiv e ideas that uphold the status quo and sustain the ruling class. *a. ideology Type: F 6 4. Marx saw ______________ as the basic source of social change. *a. class struggle Type: F 65. According to Marx, the _______________ owns the me ans of production, whereas the ________________ have only their labor to sell in order to survive. *a. bourgeoisie/capitalist class/capitalists; proletariat/working class Type: F 66. Marx’s analysis of European history after the fall of Rom e distinguished three modes of production, which he saw as successive stages of societa l development: ______________; ________________; and _________________. (List them in chronological order) *a. feudalism; capitalism; communism Type: F 67. Marx thought that in order for the working classes to revo lt they needed to first develop ______________ — that is, a sense of shared identity and interests. *a. class consciousness Type: F 68. The period between 1946 and approximately 1973 is referred to as ____________________. *a. The Age of Shared Prosperity Type: F 69. The years since 1973 are referred to in the text as ___________________. *a. The Age of Growing Inequality Type: F 70. _______________ is the technologically advanced, classless society of the future, in which all productive property is held in common. *a. Communism Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources Chapter 2: Position and Prestige 1. Which sociologist during the 1930s conducted a study of the social class structure of a small New England town? * a. W. Lloyd Warner b. Richard Coleman c. Lee Rainwater d. Max Weber e. b oth b and c 2. In his study of Yankee City, W. Lloyd Warner discovered a hierarchy of prestige classes based on both __________________. a. social and political distinctions *b. economic and social distinctions c. economic and political distinctions d. religious and political distinctions e. racial and ethnic distinctions 3. Which of the following did Warner use as a shorthand index for prestige position? a. annual income b. occupation c. political party affiliation *d. clique and association memberships e. none of the above 4. W. Lloyd Warner and his colleagues were able to classify what percent of Yankee City residents? a. 50% b. 30% c. 80% d. 10% *e. 99% 5. Which research team conducted a study of social class in the Boston and Kansas City metropolitan areas? *a. Richard Coleman and Lee Rainwater b. W. Lloyd Warner and colleagues c. Davis, Gardner, and Gardner d. b oth a and b e. n one of the above 6. Which of the following is one of the notable features of the Yankee City classificatory schema? a. a n old - money elite vs. those with rece ntly acquired fortunes b. t he distinction between those who work with their hands (situated in the lower half of the class structure) and those fro m the higher classes who do not Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources c. t he attribution of moral status to class position *d. a ll of the above e. n one of the above 7. Synthesizing individual judgments about the class system was problematic for Coleman and Rainwater because : *a. their data consisted of verbal statements about general symbols rather than details about particular others in the community. b. their data consisted of a large number of highly detailed documents. c. respondents were not as cooperative as the they would have liked. d. respondents provided information that was inconsistent with their expectations. e. their data consisted of a small number of highly detailed documents. 8. The PBS documentary People Like Us: Social Class in America is primarily about : a. the vast differences in wealth seen in America. b. the vast differences in income in America. c. the struggles that members of the lower class must go through to find employment. *d. the way Americans experience class differences. e. the many opportunities available in the United States to those who work hard. 9. According to the Coleman - Rainwater model of the class structure, members of the upper - middle class tend to which type of occupations? a. L ower - level managers; small business owners; lower status professionals b. T op professionals; senior corporate executives c. U nskilled labor and service jobs *d. M iddle professionals and managers e. T hey tend not to work; rather they receive the majority of their income from investments. 10. According to the NORC occupational prestige scores, which of the following is considered a high prestige job? a. b arber b. p oliceman c. m anager of a supermarket *d. registered n urse e. p lumber 11. Social classificatory schemas are : *a. useful abstractions that attempt to organize and summarize a great deal of data. b. precise measures of occupational prestige. c. used by the federal government when distributing tax rebates. d. both a and b e. none of the above 12. Coleman and Rainwater studied presti ge among individuals in_________ . a. Yankee City b. Middletown Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources *c. Boston and Kansas City d. Kansas City and Baltimore e. Yankee City and Middletown 13. Warner’ s Yankee City research led him to conceive of social class in much the same way as _________. a. Karl Marx b. Gilbert Kahl c. Richard Coleman *d. Max Weber e. Burleigh Gardner 14. According to the work of Coleman and Rainwater, the class with the largest number of families in it is the __________. a. u pper - upper class b. u pper - middle class c. m iddle class *d. w orking class e. s emi - poor 15. Americans are: *a. uncomfortable making class distinctions. b. unable to rank different occupations. c. less able to make distinctions among those close to themselves in the hierarchy than far away. d. comfortable with the idea of social inequality. e. able to agree why people belong in particular places in the class hierarchy. 1 6. Prestige is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonal interaction. *a. True b. False 17. Warner noted that when a person had an equivalent rank on all the economic and social variables, people in Yankee City had difficulty determining their prestige rank. a. True *b. False 18. The class system in Yankee City is a summary of what residents told Warner. a. True *b. False 19. According to Davis, Gardner, and Gardner, class structures look different depending upon where one is situated in the class structure. *a. True b. False Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources 20. Occupational prestige ratings across subgroups have been quite consistent and stable over time. *a. True b. False 21. The PBS documentary People Like Us: Social Class in America is based on systematic research. a. True * b . False 22. Individuals tend to make more class distinctions between themselves and those closest to themselves in the social class hierarchy. *a. True b. False 23. In terms of occupational prestige, a supermarket manager ranks higher than a public school teacher. a. True *b. False 24. The Gilbert - Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations. *a. True b. False 25. In America , there is a prestige hierarchy recognized by mos t citizens which places people into a few classes. *a. True b. False 26. Occupational prestige scores range from 20 to 80. a. True * b. False 27. Warner discovered that moral status had no connection to class position. a. True *b. False 28. Coleman and Rainwater found that working - class families were more likely to own larger and more expensive automobiles than middle - class families. *a. True b. False 29. The University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center found that people did not have a difficult time associating occupations with social class. *a. True b. Fals e Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources 30. Social ranking is usually a conscious process. a. True *b. False Type: E 3 1. How does the Coleman - Rainwater metropolitan model differ from the Gilbert - K ahl national model outlined in C hapter 1? *a. varies Type: E 32. The Warner and Coleman - Rainwater class models wer e concerned primarily with prestige. The Gilbert - Kahl model was based solely on economic considerations. Explain why these models still show remarkable consistency. *a. varies Type: E 33. Why is there no longer any clear distinction between the concepts of “blue collar” and “white collar”? Illustrate your explanation with examples. *a. varies Type: E 34. Americans engage in greater “ranking consistency” than “cutting consistency” when identifying where people go in the social class structure. What is the difference between the two of them? Use examples in your definition. *a. varies Type: E 35. The six individual classes that Warner identified in Yankee City are referred to in the text as “abstract concepts . ” Briefly explain what the term “abstract concepts” means in this context? *a. varies Type: E 36. Define prestige and give an example illustrating it. *a. varies Type: E 3 7. Briefly explain what o ccupational prestige scores are. *a. varies Type: E 38. Define socioeconomic status. *a. varies Type: E Gilbert: The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, 9e Instructor’s Resources 39. According to studies of occupational prestige like that from the NORC, what kinds of occupations are ranked the highest? Ranked the lowest? *a. varies Type: F 40. The breaks between Warner’s prestige classes were quite clear - cut, except for the one between the ______________ class and the _____________ class. *a. lower - middle; upper - lower Type: F 41. ________________ is a sentiment in the minds of people that is expressed in interpersonal interaction. *a. Prestige Type: F 42. Warner concluded that the place of individuals within his classificatory schema was the result of a combination of ____________ and _____________ variables. *a. social; economic Type: F 4 3. Coleman and Rainwater studied prestige classes in two metropolitan areas: _____________ and ______________. *a. Boston; Kansas City Type: F 44. The Gilbert - Kahl model is based on ______________ considerations, whereas the Coleman - Rainwater model is concerned with _____________. *a. economic; prestige Type: F 45. Occupation is a fair indicator of two other sources of prestige: __________ and __________. *a. income; education Type: F 46 . For more than 50 years , the _________________________ at the University of Chicago has been conducting studies of occupational prestige. *a. National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Type: F 47. _________________ studied prestige class in “Yankee City . ” *a. W. Lloyd Warner Type: F 48. Traditionally, white collar jobs were where employees did __________________ and blue collar jobs were where employees did ________________. *a. office work; manual work