The Developing Person Through the Life Span Ninth Edition Test Bank

Name: The Developing Person Through the Life Span Ninth Edition Test Bank
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Page 1
1. List in order and explain each of the five basic steps of the scientific method.
2. Define nature and nurture and give an example of each. Also describe the
nature–nurture debate.
3. Describe the perspective most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurture
debate and explain epigenetics.
4. Define a critical period and a sensitive period. Explain the difference between the two
periods, and give an example of each.
5. Explain Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.
6. Define cohort, explain its effects, and give an example of one.
7. Describe culture and explain why researchers interested in human development study
different cultures.
8. List at least six factors that have been linked to depression.
9. Define and discuss the term plasticity as it relates to human development. What factors
influence plasticity in development? Offer at least one example of plasticity that has
operated or is operating in your own life.
10. Imagine you are interested in the relationship between age and reading ability for
children at 8 and 12 years old. Briefly define cross-sectional design and summarize how
you could test this relationship using that design.
11. What practices must be built into a research study to protect participants?
12. Define correlation and give an example. Can one determine cause and effect from
correlations? Explain why or why not.

Page 2
13. What are ethics and why are ethical standards so important to scientific research?

Page 3
Answer Key
1. Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research, or
personal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific research
question that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the hypothesis. Design and
conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data). Step 4: Draw conclusions. Using
the evidence gathered in the research, conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or
refuted. Step 5: Report the results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternative
explanations with other scientists.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
List steps of
scientific method in
order
States five of the steps
in order
States three of the
steps in order
States less than three
steps or does not state
the steps in order
Explain each step Describes the five
steps
Describes three steps Describes less than
three steps or does not
describe steps
accurately
2. Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to environmental
influences on a person. Environmental influences include the health and diet of the
embryo's mother and continuing lifelong, including family, school, community, and
society. An example of nature would be having a gene that predisposes one to addiction.
An example of nurture would be having that gene but avoiding addictions as a result of
not being exposed to abuse or parental addictions. The debate concerns how much of
any person's characteristics, behaviors, or emotions is the result of genes and how much
is the result of the person's experiences.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define nature and
nurture
Accurately defines
both terms and gives
an example of both
Accurately defines
one term and gives at
least one accurate
example
Does not accurately
define both terms or
supply accurate
examples
Describe the debate Accurately describes
both sides of the
debate
Accurately describes
one side of the debate
Does not accurately
describe the debate
3. Modern researchers have learned that neither nature alone nor nurture alone can provide
a complete way to understand development. Both nature and nurture matter, as both
genes and environment affect nearly every characteristic. Epigenetics refers to the
factors that surround the genes and actually affect which genes get expressed. This
means that one's environment influences the expression of some genes.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Researcher's
viewpoint
States modern
researchers' stance that
both matter
Is vague about
modern researchers'
stance
Incorrectly states
modern researchers'
stance

Page 4
Epigenetics Defines the term and
clearly explains what it
means
Defines the term
without explaining
its meaning
Does not describe the
term or give an
explanation
4. A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal development,
and a sensitive period is a time when a specific developmental task occurs most easily.
An example of a critical period would be the fetus growing arms and legs and hands and
feet—this can occur only at a specific time in utero. Language development is an
example of a sensitive period. It occurs most easily at a young age but can occur at a
later age as well.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define and
differentiate
Defines both periods;
differentiates between
them
Defines just one
period or is vague
about differentiation
Fails to define both
periods or fails to
differentiate
Examples Gives a correct example
for both periods
Gives a correct
example of either
period
Does not give any
examples
5. Bronfenbrenner believed that each person is affected by his or her social context. Over
the course of his career, he identified five systems. The first is the microsystem (e.g.,
one's family and peer group), the second is the exosystem (school, clubs, and church),
and the third is the macrosystem (larger social setting such as cultural values and
economic policies). The fourth system, called the chronosystem, is the role of historical
context, and the fifth system, the mesosystem, is the interaction that occurs between all
of the other systems.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Explain ecological
systems theory
Clearly states what the
theory is
Gives a vague
explanation of the
theory
Is unable to describe
the theory
Identify the systems Identifies the five
systems and gives an
example of
microsystem,
exosystem, and
macrosystem
Identifies three of the
systems or gives
examples for three of
the systems
Identifies less than
three of the systems or
gives less than three
examples
6. A cohort is a group of people born within a few years of each other who move through
time together. Cohorts travel through life affected by the interaction of their
chronological age with the values, events, technologies, and culture of the era. Cohort
examples will vary but should show an understanding of a cohort; the baby boom
generation is the example given in the text. Other common examples include the
Greatest Generation (people who lived through the Depression and WWII) and the
Millennials (Generation Y, born between the early 1980s and the early 2000s). Another
example would be Generation X, born between the early 1960s to the early 1980s.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)

Page 5
Explain cohort Correctly defines
cohort and explains its
importance on
members
Defines cohort
without explaining its
affect on members
Does not define cohort
correctly
Give an example Gives an example of a
cohort
Gives a vague
example of cohort
Gives an incorrect
example or doesn't
give an example
7. Culture is a strong social construction, a concept created by a society. Such social
constructions affect how people think and act—what they value, praise, ignore, and
punish. Different cultures may view the same behaviors or phenomenon as either an
asset or a deficit. Therefore, by studying different cultures, researchers can identify
which patterns are universal among humans and which occur only in certain cultures.
This provides insights into the effects of different environments.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Describe culture Clearly describes
culture
Gives a definition of
culture without
describing it
Does not define
culture
Explain why
researchers study
different cultures
Clearly explains why
researchers study
different cultures
Is vague about why
researchers study
different cultures
Does not explain why
researchers study
different cultures
8. Students should list any six of these 12 factors:
- low serotonin level in the brain
- low exposure to sunlight, especially in winter
- being taken care of by a mother with postpartum depression
- malnutrition (low hemoglobin)
- a lack of close friends
- serious diseases such as Parkinson's or AIDS or drugs to treat diseases
- a life crisis (disruptive event)
- death of a mother before age 10
- absence of a father during childhood, especially due to divorce
- siblings with eating disorders
- poverty, especially in places with great disparity between the rich and poor
- low cognitive skills
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
List factors related to
depression
Gives six factors from
list above

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Page 6
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define and discuss
plasticity
Defines and discusses
plasticity
Defines or discusses
plasticity
Cannot define or
discuss plasticity
List factors that
influence plasticity
Lists three factors that
influence plasticity
Lists two factors that
influence plasticity
Lists one or no factors
that influence
plasticity
Give plasticity
example
Gives an example of
plasticity
Gives an example of
plasticity
Does not give an
example of plasticity
10. A cross-sectional design compares groups of people of one age with at least one other
group of people of another age at a specific point in time. It is faster than a longitudinal
study because all of the data is immediately available. Ideally the participants should be
matched at the same socioeconomic level.
To implement a cross-sectional design to test reading, first identify a group of children
aged 8 and another group aged 12. Second, evaluate each individual child's reading
ability. Finally, compare the children of various ages and look for differences.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define
cross-sectional
design
Describes
cross-sectional design
and identifies that
participants should be
of a similar
socioeconomic status
Describes
cross-section design
but doesn't elaborate
about having similar
socioeconomic status
for participants

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Page 7
determine the reason for the connection since no other variables are controlled. In the
example above, people drowning and ice cream sales both increase during hot weather,
so the correlation is caused by neither variable.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define correlation Gives a strong
definition for
correlation
Gives an adequate
definition for
correlation
Gives inaccurate or no
definition of
correlation
Give example of a
correlation
Offers a good example
of a correlation
Offers a vague or
weak example of a
correlation
Offers an incorrect or
no example of a
correlation
Explain relationship
between causation
and correlation
States that causation
cannot be determined
from a correlation
Implies that causation
can be determined
from a correlation
States that causation
can be determined
from a correlation
13. Ethics are a set of moral principles and specific practices that protect both participants
and the integrity of research. Ethical standards provide study participants with the
assurance of informed consent and knowing that their participation is voluntary,
confidential, and that they will not be harmed.
Ethics are also a vital part of the reporting process after the research has been
conducted. Reports of findings should be accurate, and the study should be able to be
replicated under the same conditions. Collaboration, replication, and transparency are
essential ethical safeguards for all scientists.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts)
Define ethics Defines ethics Defines ethics only as they
apply to participants or the
reporting process
Does not define ethics
Explain the
importance of
ethics
States several ways in
which ethics protect
participants and how
ethics protect findings
and replication
Identifies only how ethics
are important for
participants or their
importance on the reporting
process and replication
Does not explain why
ethical standards are
important

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Page 1
1. The science of human development seeks to understand _____ people—all kinds of
people, everywhere, of every age—change over time.
2. In order to minimize subjective opinions and personal biases when conducting research,
it is important to employ the _____ method.
3. A hypothesis is an idea generated by a question that can be _____ by various research
methods.
4. Empirical evidence refers to _____.
5. In scientific research, collecting additional evidence by studying a different population
than that used in the original project is known as _____.
6. The term that refers to the traits inherited at conception is _____.
7. Tim told his friend that he is tall because he inherited “tall” genes from his dad. Tim
was claiming that _____, but not _____, was responsible for his height.
8. _____ refers to environmental influences on traits.
9. The combination of all environmental influences that affect a developing person is
called _____.
10. The _____ takes into account all phases of life, from conception through death.
11. A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development must occur
if it is to occur at all.
12. A _____ period of development is a time in which a particular development occurs
easily.

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Page 2
13. Thalidomide only caused birth defects if a pregnant woman ingested the drug during the
_____ period of prenatal development.
14. Tanner's friends do well in school, but Tanner has never really done well in school.
They decide to meet once a week to study and soon Tanner is doing better in school.
Within the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of Tanner's friends on Tanner's
school performance comes from the _____.
15. A(n) _____ is a group of people born at about the same time that experience the same
historical events and cultural shifts.
16. A person's income and level of education is part of his or her _____ status.
17. The system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, expectations, and symbolic
representations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct is known as
_____.
18. Two people from different cultures may value the need for achievement or success
differently because of the _____ of each culture.
19. The human tendency to assume that people unlike us are inferior is called the _____
error.
20. People of a specific _____ group share certain attributes such as religion and language.
21. _____ refers to the environmental factors that affect the expression of genes.
22. Afton is seeking therapy for depression. At the first therapy session the therapist informs
her that depression is caused by many factors, including genes, neurology, and
development. Afton's therapist is referring to the _____ nature of depression, as many
areas of study are needed to understand depression.
23. The approach called _____ refers to the idea that human development is ongoing and
ever-changing.

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Page 3
24. _____ observation requires researchers to record behaviors systematically and
objectively.
25. Researchers who want to establish a causal relationship between two variables must use
a research design called a(n) _____.
26. When differences between the experimental group and the _____ are so large that they
could not have occurred simply by chance, they are considered to be significant.
27. A _____ is a quick way to collect data from a large number of people.
28. Cohort-sequential research can be thought of as a mix between a cross-sectional design
and a _____ design.
29. As children age, they tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of a(n)
____ correlation.

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Page 1
1. What does the science of human development seek to understand?
A) the meaning of life
B) theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing
C) the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson
D) how and why people change over time
2. Dr. Furth wonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a
large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientific
method.
A) first
B) second
C)

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Page 3
12. The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.
A) test a hypothesis
B) pose a question
C) conduct research
D) report the results
13. What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language
acquisition?
A) recruit children and their parents as participants in the study
B) develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children
C) pose a research question about language acquisition

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Page 4
17. Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated to an
increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same
study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of
_____.
A) scientific controversy
B) replication
C) empirical evidence
D) a hypothesis
18. Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their
children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development.
A) nurture
B)

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