The Development of Children, 7th Edition Test Bank

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TestBanks Chapter 01: The Study of Human Development
1 Itard believed that Victor behaved the way he did
because he had:
been retarded since birth.
been malnourished from an early age.
been isolated from society.
a serious physical illness.
2 Itard worked with Victor to test what theory?
The social environment shapes children's
development.
The French monarchy did not adequately educate
peasants.
Victor was retarded since birth.
Victor suffered from autism.
3 By studying the Wild Boy of Aveyron, Itard hoped to
learn something about the:
behavior of the mentally ill.
causes of mental retardation.
behavior of animals in their natural habitats.
role of the environment in shaping development.
4 Studies of the Wild Boy of Aveyron suggest that:
interaction with humans is critical for optimal
development.
critical periods in development do not exist.
natural experiments should not be used to study
development.
the effects of negative experience can be undone
with instruction.
5 The effect of Itard's work with Victor was that Victor:
made rapid progress and was later found to be
developing normally.
made rapid progress at first but never learned to
speak or interact with others normally.
never learned to communicate.
made rapid progress but could not develop affection
for other people.
6 The Wild Boy of Aveyron:

eventually learned to speak fluent French.
displayed strong sexual and aggressive instincts.
learned to communicate simple needs, but never
mastered speech.
never progressed beyond walking on all fours and
making animal like sounds.
7 Which of the following is part of the study of child
development?
physical changes over the lifespan
intellectual changes over the lifespan
social changes over the lifespan
All of the answers are correct.
8 Technological advances have contributed to
developmental research in what way(s)?
Video cameras allow for detailed analyses of human
behavior.
Brain imaging provides insight into the neural
activity underlying behavior.
Computers enable researchers to apply complex
analytic strategies to data.
All of the answers are correct.
9 Which of the following correctly describes the sequence
of the periods of development?
prenatal, infancy, middle childhood, adolescence
adolescence, prenatal, early childhood, infancy
infancy, early childhood, prenatal, adolescence
early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence,
prenatal
10 Jamie is fascinated by children's ability to solve more
complex problems as they get older. Her interest falls
in the domain of:
physical development.
cognitive development.
social development.
emotional development.
11 Developmentalists recognize four major domains of
development, including:
cognitive, physical, moral, and social.
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional.
moral, social, emotional, and physical.
social, physical, emotional, and language.
12 Child development can be defined as:

a psychological rather than a physical process.
the preprogrammed unfolding of the body's genetic
blueprint.
the process of physical growth that commences at
birth and continues until adulthood.
the sequence of physical, intellectual, social, and
emotional changes that children undergo.
13 Researchers interested in children's cognitive
development would MOST likely study how children:
form friendships.
learn to walk.
learn language.
learn to control their frustration.
14 Families, peers, schools, and communities, are
____________ of children's development.
ethnographies
domains
contexts
descriptions
15 A major context of children's development is:
genetics.
health.
families.
age.
16 Which of the following is true of the field of
developmental science?
The biological basis of human development has
already been well understood.
Cultural processes are not considered to play a large
role in human development.
Intervening to promote children's health and well
being is beyond the scope of developmental scientists'
activities.
Interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to
contribute to existing knowledge about human
development.
17 The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth
century was that children were:
born in original sin.
miniature adults.

rebellious in nature.
inherently good.
18 What is the primary way that developmental scientists
learn about historical beliefs about childhood?
by imagining what life was like in earlier times
by examining books, magazines, art, and other
records from earlier times
by interviewing the elderly about what life was like
when they were children
by exploring children's lives in developing countries
19 Investigations of historical beliefs about childhood
reveal that:
the ways that people think about childhood have
remained consistent over time.
there have been many views about childhood over
time.
childhood has always been viewed as a distinct
period of development.
until modern times, children were viewed as
innately good.
20 How did the Industrial Revolution influence the
discipline of developmental science?
It led the majority of scientists to be interested in
proving how genetic factors drive development.
It led scientists to study how the transforming roles
of children influenced their growth.
It led the majority of scientists to encourage parents
to send their children to work for 12 hours each day.
It led scientists to examine the role that growing up
on farms played in human development.
21 In the wake of the industrial revolution, public schools
were established and 10 hour workdays recommended
to provide children in the labor force with a(n):
academic education.
physical education.
technical education.
moral education.
22 Why did the publication of Darwin's The Origin of
Species stimulate interest in development?
People hoped to influence the direction of future
human evolution.
People thought this study would prove that humans

are not related to other animals.
People came to view children as imperfect adults
who, without intervention, would behave like lower
animals.
People thought that in studying children, they would
see how human beings might have evolved from lower
animals.
23 The individual whose writings spurred interest in the
study of human development as part of human
evolution was:
Itard.
Darwin.
Preyer.
Piaget.
24 One of the first developmentalists to stress the
importance of systematic observation was Wilhelm
Preyer (1841–1897). In his view, careful observation
was necessary to establish the ____________ of
behavior and, hence, to see how behavioral patterns
arose.
frequency
importance
sequence
goals
25 James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) made an important
theoretical contribution to developmental science by
arguing that, to understand abilities in the adult, one
first needs to see how an ability:
emerges and is transformed across stages of
development.
is shaped by learning experiences.
is encoded in the genes.
is determined by cultural expectations.
26 Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to:
identify schoolchildren who could use special
education instruction.
predict the likelihood that individual children would
be productive members of society.
rank all citizens according to mental worth.
inform the assignment of duties to army recruits.
27 Which of the following statements MOST accurately
describes developmentalists' view on the nature
nurture debate?

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Nature is more important to development than
nurture.
Nuture plays a greater role in development than
nature.
Nature and nurture both play a central role in
development.
Nature and nurture are intertwined and cannot be
understood in isolation from each another.
28 Which of the following statements regarding
developmentalists is true?
They are active in applying their knowledge to
promote healthy development.
They assess developmental status but do not
prescribe measures for assisting those in trouble.
Little has been learned about the behavior of human
beings in the last century.
They have not attempted to explain the
developmental processes underpinning age related
changes.
29 Developmental psychologists are interested in:
describing general developmental trajectories.
individual differences in development.
the ways in which genetic heredity and environment
interact to contribute to development.
All of the answers are correct.
30 The debate about whether genetic or environmental
factors are the most important determinants of
development and behavior:
is not an important issue for developmental
psychologists.
has been settled; environmental factors are most
important.
is known as the nature nurture controversy.
has been settled; genetic factors are the most
important.
31 The inherited biological predispositions of the individual
nurture.
developmental continuity.
nature.
phylogeny.
32 The influences of the social and cultural environment on
the individual

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nature.
ontogeny.
developmental discontinuity.
nurture.
33 Michael believes that his daughter is smart enough to
do well in school without getting much help from her
teachers. His view is consistent with the idea of:
“nurture” as a driving force of development.
“nature” as a driving force of development.
the plasticity of development.
the discontinuous nature of development.
34 Which of the following is one of the central questions of
developmental psychology?
In the first few years of life are children more
sensitive to learning language or to developing
attachments?
Why are genetic factors more influential than
environmental processes in shaping development?
Exactly how many stages are there in human
development?
Is development a gradual process of change, or is it
punctuated by periods of rapid change?
35 Sensitive periods are times in an organism's
development when:
a particular experience (or lack of it) has a more
pronounced effect on development.
certain events must occur for development to
proceed normally.
great emotional growth occurs.
a particular experience has an “all or nothing” effect
on development.
36 Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine that
if she does not begin reading to her daughter during
her daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn to
read well after beginning school. This parenting advice
reflects the influence of which developmental concept?
critical or sensitive periods
the biological maturation framework
representative sampling
the constructivist framework
37 Critical periods in development:
occur in some animals but not in humans.
are thought to regulate bonding in human infants.

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are times during which particular events must occur
for development to proceed normally.
have been observed in humans during psychological
development but not during physical development.
38 Critical periods in development refer to times when:
particular experience has a more pronounced effect
on the organism.
particular events must occur for development to
proceed normally.
development proceeds at a faster pace.
development slows to a near halt.
39 Sensitive periods in development refer to times when:
a particular experience has a more pronounced
effect on the organism than at other times.
particular events must occur for development to
proceed normally.
development proceeds at a faster pace.
development slows to a near halt.
40 Which of the following is an example of developmental
continuity?
the qualitative reorganization of movement required
for learning to walk
the gradual growth in memory capacity
the shift from babbling to talking
the stage like transformations that occur as a plant
grows from a seed
41 Qualitatively new patterns of behavior during
development, such as the change from crawling to
walking, are often referred to as:
stages.
breakthroughs.
passages.
differences.
42 Stages of development involve changes that are:
slow.
small.
qualitative.
quantitative.
43 Discontinuous development is a view that regards

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development as a:
process in which new ways of understanding and
responding to the world emerge at particular time
periods.
cumulative process of adding on more of the same
types of skills that were there to begin with.
process that is influenced solely by genetic factors.
process that is influenced solely by environmental
factors and culture.
44 Which of the following supports a stage theory of
development?
Children often appear to be in one stage on one
occasion and in a different stage on another.
Children's thinking is continually changing, with
most of these changes occurring gradually.
The processes by which people learn new behaviors
remain the same at all ages.
As children develop, they proceed in a predictable
order through a series of qualitatively different stages.
45 According to John Flavell, a child has reached a new
stage of development when:
the brain changes according to a biological
timetable.
a gradual change in behavior appears.
qualitatively new patterns of behavior emerge.
previously acquired skills are applied to a new
problem/situation.
46 Which of the following is a true statement about
individual differences in development?
They are innate and stable.
Our nature is the strongest influence on our
individual differences.
Our individual differences are the result of the
influence of both nature and nurture.
Our individual differences are the result of the
influence of our environment.
47 Which of the following summarizes what
developmentalists believe about the stability of
children's psychological characteristics over time?
Children's characteristics are never stable over time.
Children's characteristics are always stable over
time because of genetic factors.
The stability of children's characteristics over time
depends both on genetic factors and the stability of

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children's environment.
Physical traits, but not psychological traits, remain
stable over time.
48 The function of a theory is to:
make a specific prediction within a single research
study.
show how research fits into public policy.
guide the collection and interpretation of evidence.
avoid debate about scientific issues.
49 Theories are important for understanding child
development because they:
provide systematic organization of many different
observations.
guarantee agreement among researchers about
what they see.
make it appear that child development experts know
everything.
allow immediate applications to help children.
50 A theory:
is a collection of evidence.
organizes evidence collected in the past, but does
not help in making predictions about the future.
is a specific statement about an expected
relationship among two variables.
provides a framework for collecting and interpreting
evidence.
51 Which of the following represents a consensus of
opinion among modern psychologists about human
development?
Piaget's stage theory is an accurate description of
development through adolescence.
Erikson's description of the challenges faced by
individuals over the lifespan are sufficient to
understand the process of development.
No single theoretical framework adequately
characterizes all of development.
The sociocultural approach offers the optimal
approach to understanding development.
52 Whose theories emphasize the fundamental role played
by the sex drive in human development?
Freud's

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Piaget's
Erikson's
Bandura's
53 According to the ____________ perspective,
unresolved traumatic experiences in childhood underlie
adult psychological functioning.
psychodynamic
social learning
constructivist
sociocultural
54 The method of treatment used by proponents of a
psychodynamic approach is called:
modeling.
behavior modification.
psychoanalysis.
assimilation.
55 Erikson departed from Freud's basic ideas about
development by arguing that:
biological drives motivate all human action.
social and cultural factors play critical roles in
development.
the developmental process is essentially complete
by the end of adolescence.
development proceeds through a series of stages.
56 In Erikson's theory, the main challenge of adolescence
is:
establishing positive relationships.
contributing in meaningful ways to society.
avoidance of guilt.
the quest for identity.
57 Behaviorist theory explains that learning occurs when
individuals modify their behaviors as a result of:
receiving rewards and punishments.
establishing a sense of personal identity.
constructing higher levels of knowledge.
being challenged within their zone of proximal
development.
58 Which of the following psychologists subscribed to a
behaviorist framework?
Jean Piaget
John Watson
Arnold Gesell

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Sigmund Freud
59 According to the Law of Effect, behaviors that:
require little energy to produce are likely to be
repeated.
develop gradually are likely to be long lasting.
produce uncomfortable effects are likely to be
repeated.
produce a satisfying effect are likely to be repeated.
60 A researcher who states that the environment “shapes
behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” would
support which theoretical framework?
constructivist
psychodynamic
behaviorist
sociocultural
61 Viewing children as individuals who are active
constructors of their own development is a major
contribution of:
Freud.
Piaget.
Erikson.
Bandura.
62 What assumption did Piaget make about children's
learning?
Children are like sponges and absorb knowledge
from the world around them.
Children actively construct understandings of the
world around them.
Children's learning is motivated by the satisfaction
of biological drives.
Children are most likely to learn behaviors that
contribute to the survival of the species.
63 The theorist known for his appreciation of the active
role that children play in their own knowledge
construction is:
Freud.
Bandura.
Piaget.
Bronfenbrenner.
64 According to constructivist views, during
____________, children interpret experiences in terms

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of existing schemes.
accommodation
assimilation
equilibration
the sensorimotor stage
65 An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is an
infant who:
knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses the
same grasping movements to grab a toy.
learns that her pacifier does not provide her with
milk.
shares a toy with her father..
bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them.
66 ____________ occurs when a child modifies an existing
schema to account for new experiences.
Accommodation
Assimilation
Modeling
Replication
67 An example of Piaget's concept of accommodation is:
an infant:
feeling more relaxed when in familiar rather than
unfamiliar environments.
demonstrating a preference for classical music.
learning to suck on a rattle differently than she
sucks on a pacifier.
making eye contact with her caregiver when she
knocks over a toy.
68 Psychologists who adopt the sociocultural framework
differ from adopters of the other frameworks of
development in:
identifying the child as an active contributor to her
development.
assuming that biological and experiential factors
influence each other.
including the culture of the child's social group as a
factor in development.
concerning themselves with the relative
contributions of biological and experiential factors to
development.
69 Which of the following is a central claim of BOTH Piaget
and Vygotsky?

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All children go through the same stages of
development.
The process of development is universal.
Children actively construct their own knowledge.
Development can't be separated from its social
context.
70 The range between what one can do unsupported and
what one can do with optimal social support is referred
to as ____________.
ethology
accomodation
equilibration
the zone of proximal development
71 When counting on her own, Josie can accurately count
5 objects. When her father helps her by pointing at
each object to be counted, Josie can accurately count
10 objects. Her father's assistance is:
outside of Josie's zone of proximal development.
within Josie's zone of proximal development.
likely to result in Josie becoming uninterested in
counting.
likely to slow the pace of Josie's ability to count
accurately on her own.
72 A psychologist argues, “Historically, the survival of the
species depended on males' hunting skills and females'
food gathering skills. These activities required different
spatial skills, thus explaining the origin of current
gender differences in spatial abilities.” What theoretical
approach is this psychologist describing?
critical theory
dynamic systems theory
ecological systems theory
evolutionary theory
73 Why might an ethnologist be interested in the research
finding that adults view infants as “cute”?
because it demonstrates a process by which babies
elicit care from their caregivers
because it suggests that adult visual systems are
not yet fully developed.
because it shows that adults are more intelligent
than infants
because it provides information on how best to
market goods to consumers
74 According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are
signs of “babyness” EXCEPT:

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round, protruding cheeks
large eyes relative to the size of the face
a high, protruding forehead
a small head relative to the size of the body
75 According to Lorenz, features that signal “babyness”
evoke caregiving behaviors from:
adults.
animals but not from humans.
adults who already have children.
females but indifference from males.
76 Individuals switch from a preference for pictures of
adults to a preference for pictures of infants at about
what age?
5
during puberty
21
7
77 The change in preference for pictures of infants over
pictures of adults coincides with:
the 5 to 7 brain shift and resultant improvement in
cognitive abilities.
the physiological changes that make people capable
of reproducing.
the achievement of adult status.
marriage.
78 Social learning theory extends the ideas of behaviorism
by:
proposing that children construct their own
understandings of the world around them.
suggesting that neurological health is a key
component in learning.
identifying the importance of modeling others'
behaviors for learning.
revealing that the challenge of early adulthood is to
establish intimate relationships.
79 Behavior modification is a strategy suggested by
____________ theorists to help address problem
behaviors in children.
psychodynamic
social learning
constructivist
information processing

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