The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Second Edition Test Bank

Name: The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Second Edition Test Bank
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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 1
1. Who proposed that attitudes are mental associations between an attitude object and
evaluations of the object?
(a) Alice Eagly
(b) Richard Petty
(c) Shelley Chaiken
(d) * Russell Fazio
2. In the 1960s, attitude research was stimulated by the rise of which perspective in
social psychology?
(a) Gestaltism
(b) * Social cognition
(c) Social attribution
(d) Interactionism
3. In theory, how does Evaluative Priming work as a measure of attitude?
(a) * Presentation of an attitude object automatically activates an evaluation of
it, making people faster to identify congruent adjectives over incongruent
ones
(b) Presentation of the attitude object automatically activates extrapersonal
associations with the object, improving attention to relevant words
(c) Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves memory
performance for words that share the same connotation
(d) Presentation of the attitude object across trials improves attention to words
that share the same connotation
4. Fazio et al.’s (1995) Evaluative Priming paradigm and Payne’s (2001, 2006) Weapons
Bias paradigm share which common feature?
(a) * The presentation of White or Black faces prior to a response
(b) The measurement of attitude
(c) The measurement of stereotypes
(d) The presentation of White or Black names prior to a response
5. Greenwald et al.’s (1998) “IAT” is an acronym for the:
(a) Indirect Attitude Test
(b) * Implicit Association Test
(c) Implicit Attitude Test
(d) Indirect Association Test
6. Why are explicit measures of attitude useful?
(a) * They often predict judgments and behaviour
(b) They allow for effects of cognitive development
(c) They are uncorrelated with implicit measures
(d) They are correlated with implicit measures

7. Why are implicit measures of attitude useful?
(a) They are affected by context
(b) * They can account for variance in behaviour that is not explained by explicit
measures
(c) They are invulnerable to impression management biases
(d) They are more reliable than explicit measures
8. Samantha wants to look at attitudes toward pornography using an implicit measure.
She believes that people will have negative associations based on the stigma
associated with pornography, but may have positive attitudes themselves because of
its erotic nature. Which implicit measure should she use to tap these positive
attitudes?
(a) The IAT
(b) The AMP
(c) The Single Category IAT
(d) * The Personalized IAT
9. Which of the following are physiological techniques that have been used to study
attitudes?
(a) Facial Electromyography (Facial EMG)
(b) Galvanic Skin Response
(c) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
(d) * All of the above
10. Why is pupillary dilation in the eye NOT a useful measure of attitude?
(a) Pupils react too slowly to stimuli
(b) Pupils react too quickly to stimuli
(c) * Pupils dilate for liked and disliked objects
(d) Pupils constrict for liked objects
11. The reliability of measures of attitude is high when:
(a) they predict measures of behaviour
(b) they reveal differences between people that are stable over time
(c) the components of the measure (e.g., different items) are significantly
correlated
(d) * b and c
12. The validity of measures of attitude is high when:
(a) * they are related to other measures of the same construct
(b) they are unrelated to measures of ideology
(c) they are unrelated to measures of personality
(d) a and c

Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 2
1. The “three witches of attitude” are:
(a) cognition, affect, and behaviour
(b) content, affect, and behaviour
(c) * content, structure, and function
(d) cognition, affect, and function
2. A measure of the cognitive component of attitudes toward nuclear power might
ask people to rate the extent to which it is:
(a) * harmful versus beneficial
(b) acceptable versus disgusting
(c) bad versus good
(d) awful versus nice
3. Measures of the components of attitude have focused more on:
(a) cognition and behaviour than emotion
(b) emotion than behaviour than cognition
(c) * cognition and emotion than behaviour
(d) none of the above
4. A measure of the emotional component of attitudes toward nuclear power might
ask people to rate the extent to which it is:
(a) unimportant versus important
(b) * sad versus delightful
(c) useless versus useful
(d) foolish versus wise
5. Open-ended measures of attitude components possess which of the following
limitations most strongly, compared to other measures of attitude components?
(a) * They rely on participants’ ability to free recall and articulate their
responses
(b) They rely on participants’ ability to guess their overall attitude
(c) They rely on participants’ motivation to contemplate their behaviour
(d) They require a large amount of time to complete
6. The bidimensional perspective on attitudes is most INCONSISTENT with which
of these findings?
(a) A null correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of negativity

(b) A weak positive correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of
negativity
(c) A weak negative correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of
negativity
(d) * A strong negative correlation between ratings of positivity and ratings of
negativity
7. Which of the following would be the WORST formula for the calculation of
potential ambivalence, where P is the amount of positive valence and N is the
amount of negative valence?
(a) P + N
(b) * P - N
(c) P + N - 32
(d) P*N
8. Ralph admires feminists but feels threatened by them at the same time.
According to research described in your text, how might this combination affect
Ralph’s judgments and behaviour?
(a) The feelings of threat will dominate, causing negative evaluations of
feminists he encounters
(b) The admiration of feminists will dominate, causing positive evaluations of
feminists he encounters
(c) The admiration and feelings of threat will cancel each other out, causing
neutral evaluations of feminists he encounters
(d) * He will show polarized reactions to the feminists he encounters,
depending on whether their behaviour taps his admiration or feelings of
threat
9. Snyder and DeBono (1985) found that:
(a) * high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to image
than are low self-monitors
(b) high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to quality
than are low self-monitors
(c) high self-monitors are more persuaded by messages that appeal to both
image and quality than are low self-monitors
(d) high self-monitors are more likely to hold value-expressive attitudes than
are low self-monitors
10. Which of the following is the most general and pervasive function of attitudes?
(a) The ego-defensive function
(b) * The object-appraisal function
(c) The value-expressive function
(d) The social-adjustive function

11. Strong attitudes are more likely to:
(a) be unstable over time
(b) elicit strong feelings about a topic
(c) * resist change from persuasive messages
(d) a and c
12. Attitude strength is an important variable in which of the following debates?
(a) The superiority of implicit vs explicit measures of attitude
(b) Attitudes as spontaneous feelings vs attitudes as deliberative cognitions
(c) * Attitudes as temporary constructions vs attitudes as evaluations from
memory
(d) The superiority of open-ended vs closed-ended measures of attitude

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3
1. Research on selective attention has found that:
(a) people are more likely to encounter information that supports their
attitudes, but they do not seek this information out
(b) people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude,
but only when they are high in self-monitoring
(c) people always seek out information that supports their attitude
(d) * people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude
when the opposing information does not seem highly useful and non-
refutable
2. Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) found that participants with:
(a) ambivalent attitudes toward conflicts in the Middle East avoided neutral
media stories about Israel and Palestine
(b) pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being
sympathetic to Israel
(c) pro-Palestinian attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being
hostile to Israel
(d) * pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being biased in
favour of Palestinians
3. The congeniality effect is the theoretical tendency to:
(a) interpret neutral information as supportive of your own attitude
(b) pay more attention to information that refutes your own attitude
(c) * better remember information that supports your attitude
(d) see information that supports your attitude as being more valid
4. “Attitudes are more likely to bias encoding and interpretation when the
attitudes are easy to retrieve from memory.” This hypothesis is corroborated by
which of the following studies?
(a) * Houston and Fazio (1989)
(b) Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985)
(c) Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
(d) none of the above
5. According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977), measures of attitude and behaviour
should correspond in these aspects:
(a) target, emotion, cognition, and behaviour
(b) content, structure, and function
(c) * target, action, context, and time
(d) content, reliability, and validity

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6. Which of the following statements is a valid criticism of Wicker’s (1969)
pessimistic conclusions about attitude-behavior relations?
(a) Wicker only looked at 20 studies
(b) * Many of the studies he reviewed contained imprecise measures of
attitude and behaviour
(c) Wicker obtained an average correlation (r = .35) that was stronger than
he labelled it
(d) a and b
7. Kraus (1995) found that attitude-behavior correlations are stronger for voting
behaviour than for blood donations. Which of the following interpretations of
this result are best supported by the available evidence?
(a) * Value-expressive attitudes are strong predictors of relevant action
(b) Emotion-based attitudes are weaker predictors of behaviour
(c) Ambivalence toward politicians increases attitude-voting
correspondence
(d) Attitudes toward politicians are higher in direct experience than
attitudes toward blood donation
8. Cooke and Sheeran (2004) found that attitude accessibility and direct
experience with an attitude object increase the magnitude of attitude-behavior
correlations. This finding, among others, led them to which of the conclusions
below?
(a) Accessibility and direct experience are interchangeable constructs
(b) The effect of direct experience on attitude-behavior relations is mediated
by the effects of direct experience on attitude accessibility
(c) * Attitude strength is an important moderator of attitude-behavior
relations
(d) Attitude accessibility is one of many consequences of direct experience
with an attitude object
9. Kraus (1995) observed that correlations between attitudes and behavior are:
(a) higher among college students than non-students
(b) * lower among college students than non-students
(c) low among college students and non-students
(d) very high among college students and non-students
10. The RIM model may help to explain why implicit measures of attitude:
(a) differ in reliability
(b) differ in validity

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(c) are weaker predictors of behaviour than are explicit measures of
attitude
(d) * are better predictors of spontaneous behaviour than of deliberate
behaviour
11. A police department is interested in detecting prejudice in new recruits by
examining their non-verbal behaviour toward ethnic suspects. The department
wants to know whether this behaviour is actually linked to attitudes. Which
measure do you suggest they use?
(a) Semantic-differential scales
(b) Likeart scales
(c) * A personalized Race IAT
(d) An open-ended measure of attitude components
12. Tim has a strong negative attitude toward nuclear power; Sarah dislikes nuclear
power too, but has a much weaker attitude. One day, both get asked to donate to
a campaign against nuclear power. According Holland, Verplanken, and Ad van
Knippenberg (2002), what should be the effect of this behavior?
(a) * Tim’s behaviour won’t change his attitude, while Sarah’s attitude will
depend on how much she donates
(b) Tim and Sarah will both change their attitudes to be consistent with the
amount that they donate, in order to reduce dissonance
(c) Tim will base his donations on his prior attitude, while Sarah will not
donate and will therefore become more negative toward nuclear power
(d) Tim and Sarah will both maintain their prior attitudes, because negative
attitudes resist change even when they are weak

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Instructor Exam Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 4
1. A key difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of
Planned Behavior is:
(a) the role of planning in advance of behaviour
(b) * the role of perceived behavioural control
(c) the role of behavioural intentions
(d) the role of subjective norms
2. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, attitudes are a function of:
(a) * expectancies and values
(b) subjective norms and traits
(c) subjective norms and identity
(d) subjective norms and expectancies
3. Armitage and Conner’s (2001) meta-analysis of 185 studies found strong
support for which model below?
(a) Theory of Reasoned Action
(b) * Theory of Planned Behaviour
(c) Composite Model
(d) MODE Model
4. Which statement below describes the findings of Lawton, Conner, and Parker
(2007)?
(a) Beliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predict
the behaviour more than do beliefs about positive outcomes
(b) Beliefs about negative outcomes from a behaviour almost always predict
the behaviour less than do beliefs about positive outcomes
(c) * Some behaviours are more strongly predicted by beliefs about negative
outcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes, while other
behaviours are less strongly predicted by beliefs about negative
outcomes than by beliefs about positive outcomes
(d) Beliefs about negative outcomes are most important in predicting the
maintenance of behaviour, but beliefs about positive outcomes are most
important in the initiation of behaviour
5. Evidence suggests that the Theory of Planned Behaviour could be improved by
the consideration of:
(a) habits
(b) anticipated negative self-conscious emotion

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