Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank 1. Social scientists investigate individuals, societies, and _____. a. p hilosophies b. c onceptualizations *c. s ocial processes d. t riangulation Learning O bjective: Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer L ocation: Science and Social Science Question T ype: MC 2. Four common errors found in reasoning are selective or inaccurate observation, overgeneralization, illogical reasoning, and _____. *a. r esistance to change b. s ystematic investigation c. d eductive reasoning d. c onstructivism Learning O bjective: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive D omain: Comprehension Answer L ocation: Reevaluating Question T ype: MC 3. The paradigm that emphasizes the importance of exploring and representing the ways in which different stakeholders in a social setting construct their beliefs is _____. *a. c onstructivism b. e valuation c. p ositivism d. t riangulation Learning O bjective: Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive D omain: Comprehension Answer L ocation: Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question T ype: MC 4. Social research can be descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, or _____. *a. e valuative b. q ualitative c. q uantitative d. s elective Learning O bjective: Identify the four types of social research Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer L ocation: Types of Social Research Question T ype: MC Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank 5. A study that includes questions asking for written responses is a _____. a. i nterview *b. s urvey c. o bservation d. e xploratory Learning O bjective: Identify the four types of social research Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer L ocation: Types of Social Research Question T ype: MC 6. Constructivists believe reality is _____. a. s ymbolic b. q ualitatively interactive c. u nderstood through observation *d. s ocially constructed Learning O bjective: Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer L ocation: Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question T ype: MC 7. Research that seeks to determine the effects of programs, policies, or other efforts to affect social patterns is called _____. *a. e valuation research b. d iffering perspectives c. e xploration research d. i nteractive phenomena Learning O bjective: Identify the four types of social research Cognitive D omain: Knowledge Answer L ocation: Types of Social Research Question Type : MC 8. _____ research seeks to find out how people get along in the setting under question, what meanings they give to their actions, and what issues concern them ? *a. Exploratory b. Explanatory c. Observation d. Deductive Learning O bjective: Identify the four types of social research Cognitive D omain: Comprehension Answer L ocation: Types of Social Research Question Type : MC Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank 9. _____ research is research in which social phenomena are defined and described . a. Deductive b. Inductive *c. Descriptive d. Alternative Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : MC 10. Illogical reasoning occurs when we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of _____. a. m ajor alternatives b. c onstructivism *c. i nvalid assumptions d. s elective observation Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Reasoning Question Type : MC 11. _____ occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases . a. Deductive reasoning *b. Overgeneralization c. Triangulation d. Positivism Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Generalizing Question Type : MC 12. An observation based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality is called _____. a. q ualitative observation b. q uantitative observation c. f aulty observation *d. i naccurate observation Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Observing Question Type : MC 13. Choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs is called _____. Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank a. i ntensiv e observation *b. s elective observation c. s elective reasoning d. o vergeneralization Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Observing Question Type : MC 14. Observing, generalizing, reasoning, and ____ are four processes we may use when engaging with the social world . a. p articipation b. c onstructivism *c. r eevaluating d. e valuating Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Observing Question Type : MC 15. We have utilized _____ when we make connections between different things that we have observed . *a. r easoning b. r eevaluating c. o vergeneralization d. f aulty observation Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Avoiding Errors in Reasoning About the Social World Question Type : MC 16. ____ may help us draw understanding from what we have observed in other times or places . *a. Generalizing b. Observation c. Reasoning d. Reevaluating Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Generalizing Question Type : MC 17. It is important to remember that conclusions we may draw from our own experiences are often _____. *a. l imited b. i naccurate Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank c. o vergeneralized d. i llogical Learning Objective Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Generalizing Question Type : MC 18. The reluctance to reevaluate our ideas in light of new information is _____ . a. p articipant observation b. i nvalid reasoning *c. r esistance to change d. q uantitative reasoning Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Reevaluating Question Type : MC 19. When we jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions, we are using _____. *a. i llogical reasoning b. i nductive reasoning c. s elective observation d. i naccurate observation Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Reasoning Question Type : MC 20. Excessive devotion to tradition is an example of ____ . a. u ncritical agreement *b. r esistance to change c. e go - based commitment d. i llogical reasoning Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Analysis Answer Location : Reevaluating Question Type : MC 21. A researcher may obtain a clearer picture of social reality by viewing it from several different perspectives. This is an example of _____ . *a. t riangulation b. t extual analysis c. m ixed - method behavior d. i nteractive strategy Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative; basic or applied Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : MC 22. _____ is more often the motive for using qualitative methods, although researchers also use these methods for descriptive, explanatory, and evaluative purposes a. Exploitation b. Constructivism c. Survey research *d. Exploration Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : MC 23. _____ is a methodology based on questioning belief in an external reality . a. Triangulation b. Determinism *c. Constructivism d. Positivism Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : MC 24. ____ observation often occurs in everyday conversation . *a. Inaccurate b. Quantitative c. Qualitative d. Mixed methods Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Observing Question Type : MC 25. _____ relies on logical and systematic methods to answer questions . a. Research methods b. The social world *c. Science d. Paradigms Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : MC 26. If a study utilizes numerical data, it likely involves ____ methods . *a. q uantitative b. i nductive c. q ualitative d. d eductive Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Analysis Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : MC 27. _____ relies on scientific methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes a. Evaluative research . b. Constructive philosophy c. Descriptive studies *d. Social science Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : MC 28. We may reduce the likelihood of overgeneralization by using _____ procedures . *a. s ystematic b. r esistance c. i naccurate d. s elective Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : MC 29. Some social scientists who conduct research on social ties feel that by doing so they can help improve the quality of their communities. This is an example of _____. a. p otential motivation *b. p ersonal motivation c. p olicy motivation d. e stablished motivation Learning Objective : Explain the motivations of social research Cognitive Domain : Application Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Answer Location : Motives for Social Research Question Type : MC 30. Methods such as participant observation, interviewing, and focus groups are examples of _____. *a. q ualitative research b. q uantitative research c. e xploratory research d. i nductive research Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Analysis Answer Location : Qualitative and/or Quantitative Methods Question Type : MC 31. Social research may be guided by personal or charitable impulses . *a. True b. False Learning Objective : Explain the motivations of social research Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Motives for Social Research Question Type : TF 32. Qualitative and quantitative methods may be combined in research projects . *a. True b. False Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : TF 33. The distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is always sharp . a. True *b. False Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Comprehension Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : TF 34. Qualitative data can be converted to quantitative data . *a. True b. False Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : TF 35. Triangulation suggests that a researcher can gain a clear picture of the reality being studied by viewing it from one perspective . a. True *b. False Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : TF 36. Constructivism rejects positivism . *a. True b. False Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : TF 37. Evaluation research is not an example of explanatory research . a. True *b. False Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : TF 38. Evaluation research can focus on programs, policies, and efforts to create change . *a. True b. False Learning Objective : Explain the motivations of social research Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : TF 39. Exploratory research frequently revolves around quantitative methods . a. True *False Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : TF 40. Social science is the use of scientific methods to investigative individuals, societies, and social processes . *a. True b. False Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : TF 41. Resistance change indicates the reluctance to change our ideas in light of old information . a. True *b. False Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Reevaluating Question Type : TF 42. What is social science? What are its limitations? *a. Varies. Students should note that social science relies on scientific methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes. When we utilize scientific methods within the social sciences, we observe individuals and social groups. Students should further note that there are errors that may occur when conducting social scientific research. The limitations involved include the risk of overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, illogical reasoning, and resistance to change. Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : ESS 43. Identify and describe the three components of resistance to change. *a. Varies. Students should identify ego - based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, and uncritical agreement with authority as the three components of resistance to change. Ego - based commitments entail making statements about the social world that conform to our own needs, rather than to observable facts. Excessive devotion to tradition entails distorting our observations as a means of maintaining our own beliefs. This hinders the ability to accept new findings and develop new knowledge. Uncritical agreement with authority entails failing to critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of power. This prevents scientists from establishing new discoveries, limiting our understanding of the social world. Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Reevaluating Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Question Type : ESS 44. What is positivism? What is constructivism? *a. Varies. Students should define positivism as the belief that there is a reality that exists apart from our own perception of it. This separate reality may be understood through observation. Conversely, constructivism is a methodology based on questioning belief in an external reality. Constructivism emphasizes the importance of exploring the way in which different stakeholders in a social setting construct their belief. Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : ESS 45. Describe quantitative and qualitative research. Provide examples of each. *a. Varies. Students should note that quantitative methods revolve around numerical data. Surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount are quantitative based. An example of quantitative methods may include a survey - oriented experiment, or any experiment focused on numerical data. Qualitative methods include participant observation, intensive interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research seeks to capture social life as participants experience it rather than in categories predetermined by the researcher. An example of a qualitative research study may include personal, social experiences of a specific population. Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Application Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : ESS 46 . What is selective observation? *a. Varies. Choosing to only look at things that are in line with our preferences or beliefs. Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Avoiding Errors in Reasoning About the Social World Question Type: SA 4 7 . What are the four types of social research? *a. Varies. Descriptive research, exploratory research, explanatory research, and evaluation research. Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : SA Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank 4 8 . What are the three motives for social research discussed in Chapter 1? *a. Varies. Policy motivations, academic motivations, and personal motivations. Learning Objective : Explain the motivations of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Motives for Social Research Question Type : SA 49 . What are the four errors in reasoning? *a. Varies. Observing, generalizing, reasoning, and reevaluating Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Avoiding Errors in Reasoning About the Social World Question Type : SA 5 0 . Social scientific research may be qualitative or _ ____ . *a. Varies. Quantitative. Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : F 5 1 . Excessive devotion to _____ may alter our reasoning in the social world . *a. Varies. Tradition Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : F 5 2 . _____ relies on scientific methods to investigate individuals and societies . *a. Varies. Social science Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : F 5 3 . A _____ research strategy may combine qualitative and quantitative methods . *a. Varies. Mixed - methods Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : F Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank 5 4 . Various _____ for social research may limit your observations in the social world . *a. Varies. Motivations Learning Objective : Explain the motivations of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Motives for Social Research Question Type : F 5 5 . Defining and describing s ocial ____ is part of descriptive research . *a. Varies. Phenomena Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : F 5 6 . Methods of investigation should utilize _____ procedures . *a. Varies. Systematic Learning Objective : Define Social Science and identify its limitations Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Science and Social Science Question Type : F 5 7 . Positivism asserts that reality can be understood through _____ . *a. Varies. Observation Learning Objective : Explain the difference between each orientation in the following pairs of alternatives in social research: positivist or constructivist; quantitative or qualitative Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods Question Type : F 5 8 . _____ observation is based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality . *a. Varies . Faulty Learning Objective : Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning Cognitive Domain : Knowledge Answer Location : Observing Question Type : F 59 . Scientists define social phenomena in _____ research . *a. Varies. Descriptive Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : F 6 0 . Evaluation research is a type of _____ research . *a. Varies. Explanatory Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Social Research Test Bank Learning Objective : Identify the four types of social research Answer Location : Types of Social Research Question Type : F Understanding the Social World 1 st Edition Russell K. Schutt Chapter 2: The Process and Problems of Social Research Test Bank 1. Formulating a good research question may be broken into a three - stage process. This process includes identifying one or more questions for study, refining the questions, and ____. *a. Varies. Evaluating the questions Learning Objective: Name the three characteristics of a good research question Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Social Research Questions Question Type: F 2. Procedural justice theory predicts that people will obey the law from a sense of obligation that flows from seeing legal authorities as ____. *a. Varies. Moral and legitimate Learning Objective: Formulate three predictions about the causes of crime that reflect, respec- tively, rational choice theory, procedural justice theory, and symbolic interaction theory Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Theories Question Type: F 3. The integrated literature review should accomplish three goals. They are to summarize prior research, critique prior research, and ____. *a. Varies. Present pertinent conclusions Learning Objective: Search and review the research literature Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reviewing Research Question Type: F 4. You may have a negative or ____ direction of association. * a. Varies. Positive Learning Objective: Formulate a hypothesis and distinguish independent and dependent variables Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Explanatory Research Question Type: F 5. Inductive research begins with specific data, which are then used to develop a ____ to account for data. *a. Varies. Theory Learning Objective: Formulate a hypothesis and distinguish independent and dependent variables Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Explanatory Research Question Type: F 6. Causal validity is also known as ____. *a. Varies. Internal validity