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Biology IB HL - 10.1 Meiosis Part 2

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This deck covers key concepts related to meiosis, focusing on independent assortment, synapsis, and crossing over. It explains the processes and outcomes that contribute to genetic diversity.

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What does independent assortment describe?

Independent assortment describes how pairs of alleles separate independently from one another during gamete formation
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does independent assortment describe?
Independent assortment describes how pairs of alleles separate independently from one another during gamete formation
What does the law of independent assortment state about inheritance of a gene?
According to independent assortment, the inheritance of one gene/trait is independent to the inheritance of any other gene/trait
What causes independent assortment?
Independent assortment is due to the random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I
What occurs in metaphase I in relation to independent assortment?
During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up at the equator as bivalents in one of two arrangements: Maternal copy left / paternal copy right OR...
What is the orientation of each homologous pair and what is it therefore not affected by?
The orientation of each homologous pair is random and is not affected by the orientation of any other homologous pair
What does it mean that independent assortment is random?
This means an allele on one chromosome has an equal chance of being paired with, or separated from, any allele on another chromosome (their inheritanc...
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Biology IB HL - 10.1 Meiosis Part 2
TermDefinition
What does independent assortment describe?
Independent assortment describes how pairs of alleles separate independently from one another during gamete formation
What does the law of independent assortment state about inheritance of a gene?
According to independent assortment, the inheritance of one gene/trait is independent to the inheritance of any other gene/trait
What causes independent assortment?
Independent assortment is due to the random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I
What occurs in metaphase I in relation to independent assortment?
During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up at the equator as bivalents in one of two arrangements: Maternal copy left / paternal copy right OR paternal copy left / maternal copy right
What is the orientation of each homologous pair and what is it therefore not affected by?
The orientation of each homologous pair is random and is not affected by the orientation of any other homologous pair
What does it mean that independent assortment is random?
This means an allele on one chromosome has an equal chance of being paired with, or separated from, any allele on another chromosome (their inheritance is independent of one another)
When will independent assortment not occur?
Independent assortment will not occur if two genes are located on the same chromosome (linked genes)
What is synapsis?
During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes become connected in a process known as synapsis
What are the connected homologues known as?
The connected homologues are known as a bivalent (bi = two chromosomes) or a tetrad (tetra = four chromatids)
What are the chromosomes connected by?
The chromosomes are connected by a protein-RNA complex called the synaptonemal complex
What types of chromosomes undergo synapsis?
While autosomes always undergo synapsis during meiosis, sex chromosomes often remain unpaired
What may non-sister chromatids do while in synapsis?
While in synapsis, non-sister chromatids may break and recombine with their homologous partner (crossing over)
What are chiasmata?
These non-sister chromatids remain physically connected at these points of exchange – regions called chiasmata
What is the role of chiasmata?
Chiasmata (singular = chiasma) hold the homologous chromosomes together as a bivalent until anaphase I
What can chiasmata formation lead to?
Chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids can result in the exchange of alleles
What do chiasmata look like?
Chiasmata are X-shaped points of attachment between two non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair
What do chiasmata form as a result of?
Chiasmata form as a result of crossing over and hence non-sister chromatids should show an exchange of genetic material
When is exchange of genetic material most easily shown?
The exchange of genetic material is most easily shown if homologous chromosomes are differentially colour-coded
What does the formation of chiasmata allow for in terms of genetic exchange?
When chiasmata form between bivalents in prophase I, DNA can be exchanged between non-sister homologous chromatids
What is the exchange of genetic material called?
This exchange of genetic material is called crossing over and produces new allele combinations on the chromosomes
What are recombinant chromosomes?
These chromosomes that consist of genetic material from both homologues are called recombinant chromosomes
What does crossing over result in?
Crossing over results in new combinations of alleles in haploid cells and thus increases the genetic diversity of potential offspring