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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 2

Biology25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to antibody production, pathogen specificity, disease transmission, and immune responses as outlined in the Biology IB HL curriculum.

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Are pathogens species-specific?

YES; Pathogens are generally species-specific in that their capacity to cause disease (pathogenesis) is limited to a particular species
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Are pathogens species-specific?
YES; Pathogens are generally species-specific in that their capacity to cause disease (pathogenesis) is limited to a particular species
What are examples of diseases that affect human hosts?
Polio, syphilis, measles and gonorrhoea are examples of diseases caused by pathogens that specifically affect human hosts
Can certain pathogens cross the species barrier?
YES; Certain pathogens may cross the species barrier and be able to infect and cause disease in a range of hosts
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans are called zoonotic diseases (or zoonoses)
What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
Examples of zoonotic diseases include rabies (dogs), certain strains of influenza (e.g. bird flu) and the bubonic plague (rats)
In what 4 methods can disease transmission occur?
direct contact; contamination; airborne; vectors
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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 2
TermDefinition
Are pathogens species-specific?
YES; Pathogens are generally species-specific in that their capacity to cause disease (pathogenesis) is limited to a particular species
What are examples of diseases that affect human hosts?
Polio, syphilis, measles and gonorrhoea are examples of diseases caused by pathogens that specifically affect human hosts
Can certain pathogens cross the species barrier?
YES; Certain pathogens may cross the species barrier and be able to infect and cause disease in a range of hosts
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans are called zoonotic diseases (or zoonoses)
What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
Examples of zoonotic diseases include rabies (dogs), certain strains of influenza (e.g. bird flu) and the bubonic plague (rats)
In what 4 methods can disease transmission occur?
direct contact; contamination; airborne; vectors
How can diseases spread via direct contact?
the transfer of pathogens via physical association or the exchange of body fluids
How can diseases spread via contamination?
ingestion of pathogens growing on, or in, edible food sources
How can diseases spread via airborne?
certain pathogens can be transferred in the air via coughing and sneezing
How can diseases spread via vectors?
intermediary organisms that transfer pathogens without developing disease symptoms themselves
In what two ways will the body respond to foreign pathogens?
When the body is challenged by a foreign pathogen it will respond with both a non-specific and a specific immune reaction
How does the non-specific response work?
Non-specific immune cells called macrophages will engulf pathogens non-selectively and break them down internally
What do a proportion of macrophages display?
A proportion of macrophages (dendritic cells) will present the antigenic fragments of the pathogen to specific lymphocytes
What can T and B lymphocytes be labelled as?
specific; The body contains millions of different T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that each recognise a single, specific antigen
Why do macrophages present antigenic fragments?
Antigenic fragments are presented to specific helper T lymphocytes (TH cells) that, when activated, releases cytokines
What do cytokines stimulate?
The cytokines stimulate a specific B cell that produces antibodies to the antigen to divide and form clones (clonal selection)
What do most of the clones develop into?
Most of the clones will develop into short-lived plasma cells that produce large quantities of specific antibody
What will a small proportion of the clones develop into?
A small proportion of clones will differentiate into long-lived memory cells that function to provide long-term immunity
Do pathogens only contain one antigenic fragment? Why?
Pathogens typically contain multiple distinct antigenic fragments on their surface and hence a single pathogen is likely to stimulate several different T and B lymphocytes to produce a variety of specific antibodies (polyclonal activation)
What happens when a specific B lymphocyte is activated?
When a specific B lymphocyte is activated following antigen presentation, it divides into plasma cells and memory cells
What are plasma cells?
Plasma cells are short-lived and secrete high numbers of antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen
What do plasma cells secrete?
Plasma cells will secrete ~ 2,000 antibody molecules per second into the bloodstream for roughly 4 to 5 days
By what mechanisms can antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens?
Precipitation; Agglutination; Neutralisation; Inflammation; Complement activation; mnemonic : PANIC
What is precipitation?
Soluble pathogens become insoluble and precipitate
What is agglutination?
Cellular pathogens become clumped for easier removal