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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to antibody production, immune responses, and related processes in the human body, as outlined in the Biology IB HL curriculum.

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What is neutralisation?

Antibodies may occlude pathogenic regions (e.g. exotoxins)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is neutralisation?
Antibodies may occlude pathogenic regions (e.g. exotoxins)
What is inflammation?
Antibodies may trigger an inflammatory response within the body
What is complement activation?
Complement proteins perforate membranes (cell lysis)
Collectively, how does the action of antibodies enhance the immune system?
Collectively, the action of antibodies enhance the immune system by aiding the detection and removal of pathogens by the phagocytic leukocytes of the ...
What is the role of the constant region?
The constant region of antibodies can be recognised by macrophages, improving pathogen identification (opsonisation)
What can macrophages do due to opsonization?
The macrophages can now engulf and eliminate pathogens more efficiently, reducing disease symptoms
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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 3
TermDefinition
What is neutralisation?
Antibodies may occlude pathogenic regions (e.g. exotoxins)
What is inflammation?
Antibodies may trigger an inflammatory response within the body
What is complement activation?
Complement proteins perforate membranes (cell lysis)
Collectively, how does the action of antibodies enhance the immune system?
Collectively, the action of antibodies enhance the immune system by aiding the detection and removal of pathogens by the phagocytic leukocytes of the innate immune system (macrophages)
What is the role of the constant region?
The constant region of antibodies can be recognised by macrophages, improving pathogen identification (opsonisation)
What can macrophages do due to opsonization?
The macrophages can now engulf and eliminate pathogens more efficiently, reducing disease symptoms
What does the adaptive immune system rely on?
The adaptive immune system relies on the clonal expansion of plasma cells to produce sufficiently large numbers of antibodies
Therefore what does the clonal expansion of plasma cells lead to?
This means there is a delay between the initial exposure to a pathogen and the production of large quantities of antibodies
What can pathogens do during the delay period?
If pathogens can reproduce rapidly during this delay period, they can impede normal body functioning and cause disease
What are memory cells?
Memory cells are produced to prevent this delay in subsequent exposures and hence prevent disease symptoms developing
What initiates B lymphocyte memory cell formation?
When a B lymphocyte is activated and divides to form plasma cells, a small proportion will differentiate into memory cells
How long can memory cells survive for?
Memory cells are long living and will survive in the body for many years, producing low levels of circulating antibodies
What happens in the case of a second infection, due to memory cells?
If a second infection with the same pathogen occurs, memory cells will react more vigorously to produce antibodies faster
What does this faster production of antibodies lead to?
As antibodies are produced faster, the pathogen cannot reproduce in sufficient amounts to cause disease symptoms
When can the individual be termed as, 'immune'?
Hence, because pathogen exposure no longer causes the disease to occur, the individual is said to be immune
What is an allergen?
An allergen is an environmental substance that triggers an immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful
How can the immune response (in response to an allergen) be termed?
This immune response tends to be localised to the region of exposure (e.g. airways and throat) as an allergic reaction
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe systemic allergic reaction is called anaphylaxis and can be fatal if left untreated
What does an allergic reaction require?
An allergic reaction requires a pre-sensitised immune state (i.e. prior exposure to the allergen)
What happens when a specific B cell encounters an allergen?
When a specific B cell first encounters the allergen, it differentiates into plasma cells and makes large quantities of antibody (IgE)
What happens to the IgE antibodies? (immunoglobulin E)
The IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, effectively ‘priming’ them towards the allergen
What happens upon re-exposure to the allergen?
Upon re-exposure to the allergen, the IgE-primed mast cells release large amounts of histamine which causes inflammation
How can an inflammatory response be triggered? (allergen)
The release of histamine from IgE-primed mast cells causes an inflammatory response that results in allergic symptoms
What does inflammation improve?
Inflammation improves leukocytes mobility to infected regions by triggering vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability
What is vasodilation?
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels to improve the circulation of blood to targeted regions