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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 4

Biology25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to antibody production, including vasodilation, capillary permeability, monoclonal antibodies, and their therapeutic and diagnostic uses.

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What does vasodilation cause in terms of immune response?

Vasodilation causes redness (as vessel expansion moves blood closer to the skin) and heat (which is transported in blood)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does vasodilation cause in terms of immune response?
Vasodilation causes redness (as vessel expansion moves blood closer to the skin) and heat (which is transported in blood)
What is capillary permeability?
Capillary permeability describes the capacity for leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and migrate into the body tissue
What does increased permeability lead to?
Increased permeability leads to swelling (more fluid leaks from the blood) and pain (swelling causes compression of nerves)
What are typical symptoms of an allergic response?
Redness, heat, swelling and localised pain are all typical symptoms of an allergic response
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies artificially derived from a single B cell clone (i.e. identical specific antibodies)
What is injected to start monoclonal antibody production?
An animal (typically a mouse) is injected with an antigen and produces antigen-specific plasma cells
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Biology IB HL - 11.1 Antibody Production Part 4
TermDefinition
What does vasodilation cause in terms of immune response?
Vasodilation causes redness (as vessel expansion moves blood closer to the skin) and heat (which is transported in blood)
What is capillary permeability?
Capillary permeability describes the capacity for leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and migrate into the body tissue
What does increased permeability lead to?
Increased permeability leads to swelling (more fluid leaks from the blood) and pain (swelling causes compression of nerves)
What are typical symptoms of an allergic response?
Redness, heat, swelling and localised pain are all typical symptoms of an allergic response
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies artificially derived from a single B cell clone (i.e. identical specific antibodies)
What is injected to start monoclonal antibody production?
An animal (typically a mouse) is injected with an antigen and produces antigen-specific plasma cells
What is removed and what are they fused with?
The plasma cells are removed and fused (hybridised) with tumor cells capable of endless divisions (immortal cell line)
What is the resulting hybridoma cell capable of?
The resulting hybridoma cell is capable of synthesising large quantities of monoclonal antibody
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?
Monoclonal antibodies can be used for both the therapeutic treatment and clinical detection of disease
What is an example of a therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies?
An example of therapeutic use involves the use of antibodies in the treatment of rabies
What is an example of a diagnostic use of monoclonal antibodies?
An example of diagnostic use involves the use of antibodies in the detection of pregnancy
What can monoclonal antibodies be used to provide protection for?
Monoclonal antibodies are commonly used to provide immune protection for individuals who contract harmful diseases
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat rabies?
Because the rabies virus can potentially be fatal, injecting purified antibodies functions as an effective emergency treatment
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to target cancer cells that the body’s own immune cells fail to recognise as harmful
What are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies named according to?
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are named according to the source organism from which the antibodies were derived
What is a downside of mice antibodies?
Mice antibodies ('-omab’) are easier to synthesise than human antibodies but are less likely to be tolerated by the patient
What can monoclonal antibodies be used to test for?
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to test for pregnancy via the presence of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in urine
What is hCG and how can it be used to test for pregnancy?
hCG is a hormone produced by women during foetal development and thus its presence in urine is indicative of pregnancy
What process do pregnancy tests use?
Pregnancy tests use a process called ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to identify a substance via a colour change
How do monoclonal antibodies change the colour of the dye of a pregnancy test?
Free monoclonal antibodies specific to hCG are conjugated to an enzyme that changes the colour of a dye
What happens to the second set of monoclonal antibodies?
A second set of monoclonal antibodies specific to hCG are immobilised to the dye substrate
What will happen if hCG is present in the urine?
If hCG is present in urine, it will interact with both sets of monoclonal antibody (forming an antibody ‘sandwich’)
What happens if both antibody sets are bound to hCG?
When both sets of antibody are bound to hCG, the enzyme is brought into physicial proximity with the dye, changing its colour
What will a third set of monoclonal antibodies do?
A third set of monoclonal antibodies will bind any unattached enzyme-linked antibodies, functioning as a control
What do vaccinations induce?
Vaccinations induce long-term immunity to specific pathogenic infections by stimulating the production of memory cells