Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Biology IB HL - 11.3 The Kidney Part 5
What happens to blood pressure when an individual is dehydrated?
Blood pressure will drop (less water in plasma) and the heart rate will increase to compensate for this
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What happens to blood pressure when an individual is dehydrated?
Blood pressure will drop (less water in plasma) and the heart rate will increase to compensate for this
What will happen to an individual temperature-wise when dehydrated?
The individual will become lethargic and experience an inability to lower body temperature (due to lack of sweat)
What may severe cases of dehydration cause?
Severe cases of dehydration may cause seizures, brain damage and eventual death
What is overhydration?
Overhydration is a less common occurrence that results when an over-consumption of water makes body fluids hypotonic
How will overhydration affect urine production?
Individuals will produce excessive quantities of clear urine in an effort to remove water from the body
What can overhydration do to body cells?
The hypotonic body fluids will cause cells to swell (due to osmotic movement), which can lead to cell lysis and tissue damage
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What happens to blood pressure when an individual is dehydrated? | Blood pressure will drop (less water in plasma) and the heart rate will increase to compensate for this |
What will happen to an individual temperature-wise when dehydrated? | The individual will become lethargic and experience an inability to lower body temperature (due to lack of sweat) |
What may severe cases of dehydration cause? | Severe cases of dehydration may cause seizures, brain damage and eventual death |
What is overhydration? | Overhydration is a less common occurrence that results when an over-consumption of water makes body fluids hypotonic |
How will overhydration affect urine production? | Individuals will produce excessive quantities of clear urine in an effort to remove water from the body |
What can overhydration do to body cells? | The hypotonic body fluids will cause cells to swell (due to osmotic movement), which can lead to cell lysis and tissue damage |
What can overhydration lead to in mild cases? | Overhydration can lead to headaches and disrupted nerve functions in mild cases (due to swelling of cells) |
What can overhydration lead to in severe cases? | In severe cases, overhydration may lead to blurred vision, delirium, seizures, coma and eventual death |
What will the need for water conservation depend on? | All animals need to maintain an appropriate water balance, however the need for water conservation will depend on habitat |
What habitats will require more efficient water conservation? | Animals in arid, desert environments will need more efficient water conservation than animals in moist, mesic environments |
How can water conservation be improved? | Water conservation can be improved by having a longer loop of Henle, which increase the salt gradient in the medulla |
How does an increased salt gradient help water reabsorption? | A greater the salt gradient in the medulla means more water is reabsorbed by the collecting ducts and urine is concentrated |
What is the length of the loop of Henle positively correlated with? | Hence, the length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the degree of water conservation in animals |
What type of nephrons do animals have that live in moist environments? | Animals living in moist environments have short loops of Henle that don’t descend deeply into the medulla (cortical nephrons) |
What type of nephrons do animals have that live in arid environments? | Animals living in arid environments have long loops of Henle that descend deeply into the medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons) |
What are kidney diseases? | Kidney diseases are conditions which incapacitate the kidney’s ability to filter waste products from the blood |
What will individuals with kidney diseases demonstrate? | Individuals with kidney diseases will demonstrate a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
What can untreated kidney diseases lead to? | If untreated, kidney diseases can lead to kidney failure – which is life threatening |
What do kidneys prevent? | Kidneys prevent the excretion of blood cells and proteins (during ultrafiltration), as well as glucose (selective reabsorption) |
What substances in urine can be an indicator of kidney diseases? (4) | glucose; proteins; blood cells; drugs/toxins |