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Biology IB HL - 11.4 Sexual Reproduction Part 1

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts of gametogenesis, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis, highlighting the processes, differences, and roles of hormones in sexual reproduction.

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What is gametogenesis?

Gametogenesis is the process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis is the process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells)
What is the male version of gametogenesis?
In males, this process is called spermatogenesis and produce spermatozoa (sperm)
What is the female version of gametogenesis?
In females, this process is called oogenesis and produce ova (eggs)
What are the 3 general steps of gametogenesis?
The process of gametogenesis occurs in the gonads and involves the following steps: Multiple mitotic divisions and cell growth of precursor germ cells...
What does spermatogenesis describe?
Spermatogenesis describes the producton of spermatozoa (sperm) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
When does spermatogenesis start?
The process begins at puberty when the germline epithelium of the seminiferous tubules divides by mitosis
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Biology IB HL - 11.4 Sexual Reproduction Part 1
TermDefinition
What is gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis is the process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells)
What is the male version of gametogenesis?
In males, this process is called spermatogenesis and produce spermatozoa (sperm)
What is the female version of gametogenesis?
In females, this process is called oogenesis and produce ova (eggs)
What are the 3 general steps of gametogenesis?
The process of gametogenesis occurs in the gonads and involves the following steps: Multiple mitotic divisions and cell growth of precursor germ cells, Two meiotic divisions (meiosis I and II) to produce haploid daughter cells, Differentiation of the haploid daughter cells to produce functional gametes
What does spermatogenesis describe?
Spermatogenesis describes the producton of spermatozoa (sperm) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
When does spermatogenesis start?
The process begins at puberty when the germline epithelium of the seminiferous tubules divides by mitosis
What do the spermatogonia undergo to form?
The spermatocytes undergo two meiotic divisions to form four haploid daughter cells (spermatids)
What do spermatids undertake to become functional sperm cells?
The spermatids then undertake a process of differentiation in order to become functional sperm cells (spermatozoa)
What is oogenesis?
Oogenesis describes the production of female gametes (ova) within the ovaries (and, to a lesser extent, the oviduct)
When does oogenesis begin?
The process begins during foetal development, when a large number of primordial cells are formed by mitosis (~40,000)
What happens to oogonia?
These cells (oogonia) undergo cell growth until they are large enough to undergo meiosis (becoming primary oocytes)
What process do primary oocytes begin and what occurs?
The primary oocytes remain arrested in prophase I until puberty, when a girl begins her menstrual cycle
What is the role of FSH in oogenesis?
Each month, hormones (FSH) will trigger the continued division of some of the primary oocytes
What process do primary oocytes undergo?
These cells will complete the first meiotic division to form two cells of unequal size
What are the 2 products of the first meiotic division in oogenesis?
One cell retains the entirety of the cytoplasm to form a secondary oocyte, while the other cell forms a polar body
What happens to the primary oocyte after the first meiotic division?
The polar body remains trapped within the follicle until it eventually degenerates
What does the secondary oocyte begin and when is it arrested?
The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division but is arrested in metaphase II
Where does the secondary oocyte travel?
The secondary oocyte is released from the ovary (ovulation) and enters into the oviduct (or fallopian tube)
What is the role of the follicular cells in oogenesis?
The follicular cells surrounding the oocyte form a corona radiata and function to nourish the secondary oocyte
What will happen if the oocyte is fertilised by a sperm?
If the oocyte is fertilised by a sperm, chemical changes will trigger the completion of meiosis II and the formation of another polar body (the first polar body may also undergo a second division to form a third polar body)
What happens when meiosis II is complete?
Once meiosis II is complete the mature egg forms a ovum, before fusing its nucleus with the sperm nucleus to form a zygote
What are the 3 key differences of spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
number of cells produced, size of cells produced, timing of the process
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ in terms of the number of cells produced?
In spermatogenesis, the cells divide equally during meiosis to produce four functional gametes; In oogenesis, the cells do not divide equally and as a result only one functional gamete is formed (plus 2 – 3 polar bodies)
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ in terms of the size of cells produced?
In spermatogenesis, the cells that are formed following differentiation are all of equal size with equal amounts of cytoplasm; In oogenesis, one daughter cell (the ovum) retains all of the cytoplasm, while the other daughter cells form polar bodies; The polar bodies remain trapped within the surrounding layer of follicle cells until they eventually degenerate
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ in terms of the timing of the process?
In spermatogenesis, the production of gametes is a continuous process that begins at puberty and continues until death; In oogenesis, the production of gametes is a staggered and finite process: It begins before birth (prenatally) with the formation of a fixed number of primary oocytes (~40,000); It continues with the onset of puberty according to a monthly menstrual cycle; It ends when hormonal changes prevent the further continuance of the menstrual cycle (menopause)