What plants are capable of vegetative propagation?
Virtually all types of roots and shoots are capable of vegetative propagation
Key Terms
What plants are capable of vegetative propagation?
Virtually all types of roots and shoots are capable of vegetative propagation
What are garlic and onion bulbs?
Garlic and onion bulbs are modified plant leaves – all the bulbs in a group are genetically identical
What stems can form new plants?
Underground stems (e.g. potato tubers) can form new plants which are genetically identical to the parent plant
What other types of stems can certain plants form?
Certain plants can form horizontal stems called runners (or stolons) that grow roots and develop into clones
Apart from vegetative propagation, in what ways can some plants reproduce asexually?
Some plants (mainly algae, mosses and ferns) can reproduce asexually by producing spores
Spores are also produced by certain types of bacteri...
What natural cloning method is present in humans?
identical twins
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What plants are capable of vegetative propagation? | Virtually all types of roots and shoots are capable of vegetative propagation |
What are garlic and onion bulbs? | Garlic and onion bulbs are modified plant leaves – all the bulbs in a group are genetically identical |
What stems can form new plants? | Underground stems (e.g. potato tubers) can form new plants which are genetically identical to the parent plant |
What other types of stems can certain plants form? | Certain plants can form horizontal stems called runners (or stolons) that grow roots and develop into clones |
Apart from vegetative propagation, in what ways can some plants reproduce asexually? | Some plants (mainly algae, mosses and ferns) can reproduce asexually by producing spores Spores are also produced by certain types of bacteria and fungi |
What natural cloning method is present in humans? | identical twins |
How are identical twins created? | Identical twins (monozygotic) are created when a fertilised egg (zygote) splits into two identical cells, each forming an embryo |
How are non-identical twins formed? | Non-identical twins (dizygotic) are created when an unfertilised egg splits into two cells and each is fertilised by a different sperm |
How genetically similar will identical and non-identical twins be? | Identical twins will be clones of one another (genetically identical), while non-identical twins will share 50% of the same DNA |
What do embryonic cells retain at a very early stage? | At a very early stage, embryonic cells retain pluripotency (meaning they can divide and become any type of tissue) |
What will embryonic cells form? | These cells will differentiate to form all the different tissues comprising the organism |
What will happen if these embryonic cells are separated artificially? | If these embryonic cells are separated artificially in the laboratory, each group of cells will form cloned organisms |
Can the separation of embryonic cells occur naturally? | This separation of embryonic cells can also occur naturally to give rise to identical (monozygotic) twins |
When should the separation if embryonic cells occur/ | The separation of embryonic cells has to happen early in the developmental cycle, ideally around the 8 cell stage (morula) |
What is done with the separated group of cells? | The separated groups of cells are then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate to develop into genetically identical clones |
What is the method of separating embryonic stem cells limited by? | This method of cloning is limited by the fact that the embryo used is still formed randomly via sexual reproduction and so the specific genetic features of the resulting clones have yet to be determined |
What is a more reliable method of cloning? | A second and more reliable method of artificial cloning involves somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) |
What does SCNT involve? general | This involves replacing the haploid nucleus of an unfertilised egg with a diploid nucleus from an adult donor |
What is the advantage of this technique? | The advantage of this technique is that it is known what traits the clones will develop (they are genetically identical to the donor) |
What are the two main purposes of using differentiated cells to generate cloned embryos? | reproductive and therapeutic cloning |
What is reproductive cloning? | Reproductive cloning: If the embryo is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate, a new cloned organism will develop |
What is therapeutic cloning? | Therapeutic cloning: Embryonic cells can be induced to differentiate to create specific tissues or organs for transplantation |
What is a stem cutting? | A stem cutting is a separated portion of plant stem that can regrow into a new independent clone via vegetative propagation |
What do all stems possess? | All stems possess nodes, from which a leaf, branch or aerial root may grow – the region between nodes are called internodes |
Where are stem cuttings typically placed? | Stem cuttings are typically placed in soil with the lower nodes covered and the upper nodes exposed |
What is stem cutting commonly used for? | Stem cutting is a common method employed to rapidly propagate plant species (including sugar cane, grapes and roses) |
What are the 7 factors influencing the successful rooting of a stem cutting? | cutting position length of cutting growth medium use and concentration of hormones temperature conditions availability of water other environmental conditions |
How does cutting position influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | (whether cutting occurs above or below a node, as well as the relative proximity of the cut to the node |
How does length of cutting influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | Length of cutting (including how many nodes remain on the cutting) |
How does growth medium influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | Growth medium (whether left in soil, water, potting mix, compost or open air) |
How does use and concentration of hormones influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | The use and concentration of growth hormones (e.g. IAA, IBA and NAA promote the formation of adventitious roots) |
How do temperature conditions influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | Temperature conditions (most cuttings grow optimally at temperatures common to spring and summer) |
How does the availability of water influence the success of rooting of a stem cutting? | Availability of water (either in the form of ground water or humidity) |
What environmental factors can affect the successful rooting of a stem cutting? | including pH of the soil and light exposure |