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Biology IB HL - 5.1 Evidence for Evolution Part 2

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to evidence for evolution, including transitional fossils, selective breeding, and comparative anatomy.

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What do transitional fossils demonstrate?

Transitional fossils demonstrate the intermediary forms that occurred over the evolutionary pathway taken by a single genus
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What do transitional fossils demonstrate?
Transitional fossils demonstrate the intermediary forms that occurred over the evolutionary pathway taken by a single genus
What link do transitional fossils establish?
They establish the links between species by exhibiting traits common to both an ancestor and its predicted descendents
What is an example of a transitional fossil? What does it link?
An example of a transitional fossil is archaeopteryx, which links the evolution of dinosaurs (jaws, claws) to birds (feathers)
What happens as new fossils are discovered?
As new fossils are discovered, new evolutionary patterns are emerging and old assumptions are challenged
What can be compared to give an example of how fossils can act as evidence?
An example of how fossils provide evidence of evolution can be established by comparing hominin skeleton
What is the earliest hominin ancestor?
Australopithecus is an early hominin ancestor that first appears in the fossil record approximately 4 million years ago
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Biology IB HL - 5.1 Evidence for Evolution Part 2
TermDefinition
What do transitional fossils demonstrate?
Transitional fossils demonstrate the intermediary forms that occurred over the evolutionary pathway taken by a single genus
What link do transitional fossils establish?
They establish the links between species by exhibiting traits common to both an ancestor and its predicted descendents
What is an example of a transitional fossil? What does it link?
An example of a transitional fossil is archaeopteryx, which links the evolution of dinosaurs (jaws, claws) to birds (feathers)
What happens as new fossils are discovered?
As new fossils are discovered, new evolutionary patterns are emerging and old assumptions are challenged
What can be compared to give an example of how fossils can act as evidence?
An example of how fossils provide evidence of evolution can be established by comparing hominin skeleton
What is the earliest hominin ancestor?
Australopithecus is an early hominin ancestor that first appears in the fossil record approximately 4 million years ago
What can Australopithecus be compared to?
Comparing these fossils to the bone structure of modern man (Homo sapiens) demonstrates key evolutionary changes
Give 5 examples of structural changes from Australopithecus to homo sapiens and their evolutionary advantages
larger cranial capacity - increased intellectual prowess smaller teeth and narrower jaw - changed dietary requirements (more meat) lower and broader pelvis - altered birthing patterns (larger infants) marked reduction in body hair - reflects use of fur clothing from hunting increased average height - consequence of improved diet
What is selective breeding a form of?
Selective breeding is a form of artificial selection, whereby man intervenes in the breeding of species to produce desired traits in offspring
What increases in frequency via selective breeding?
By breeding members of a species with a desired trait, the trait’s frequency becomes more common in successive generations
How does selective breeding provide evidence for evolution?
Selective breeding provides evidence of evolution as targeted breeds can show significant variation in a (relatively) short period
What has selective breeding of plant crops allowed for?
Selective breeding of plant crops has allowed for the generation of new types of foods from the same ancestral plant source
How have plants of the genus Brassica been bred?
Plants of the genus Brassica have been bred to produce different foods by modifying plant sections through artificial selection
What are examples of selectively bred plants from the genus Brassica?
This includes broccoli (modified flower buds), cabbage (modified leaf buds) and kale (modified leaves)
What has the selective breeding of domesticated animals resulted in and give an example?
Selective breeding of domesticated animals has also resulted in the generation of diverse breeds of offspring Examples of selective breeding of domesticated animals can be seen in horse, cows and dogs
Why have horses been selectively bred? (general)
Horses have been selectively bred across many generations to produce variation according to a targeted function
What have race horses been selectively bred for?
Race horses have been bred for speed and hence are typically leaner, lighter, taller and quicker
What have draft horses been selectively bred for?
Draft horses have been bred for power and endurance and hence are sturdier and stockier
What are the two reasons cows gave been selectively bred?
Cows have been selectively bred across many generations to produce offspring with improved milk production Farmers have also targeted the breeding a cows with a mutation resulting in increased muscle mass
What is the result of the selective breeding of cows? (organism name)
The resulting stock of cattle (termed Belgian Blue) have excessive bulk and produce more edible lean meat
What have hunting dogs been selectively bred for?
Hunting dogs (e.g. beagles) were typically bred to be smaller in stature so as to enter fox holes
What have herding dogs been selectively bred for?
Herding dogs (e.g. sheep dogs) were bred for heightened intelligence in order to follow herding commands
What have racing dogs been selectively bred for?
Racing dogs (e.g. greyhounds) were specifically bred to be sleek and fast
What have toy dogs been selectively bred for?
Toy dogs (e.g. chihuahuas) were selectively bred for their diminutive size
What may comparative anatomy show?
Comparative anatomy of groups of organisms may show certain structural features that are similar, implying common ancestry