Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Biology IB HL - 6.1 Digestion Part 8
What are the end products of amylase hydrolysis?
Amylase action breaks starch down into maltose
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What are the end products of amylase hydrolysis?
Amylase action breaks starch down into maltose
What can amylase not break down, what does this form?
Amylase is unable to digest the 1,6 bonds found in amylopectin; as a result, short strands of amylopectin (containing these bonds) are produced. These...
Once starch has been digested in the small intestine lumen, what happens next, where is it digested?
The next stage of starch digestion involves enzymes immobilised in the membranes of the microvilli
What two enzymes are immobilised in the membrane of microvilli?
maltase and dextrinase
What is the role of maltase and dextrinase?
Maltase - a disaccharidase which hydrolyses maltose into glucose
Dextrinase - digests the 1,6 glycosidic bonds found in dextrins
What can be done to the products of starch digestion?
After digestion, the monosaccharides can be absorbed into epithelial cells of the small intestine which pass them into the blood stream
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are the end products of amylase hydrolysis? | Amylase action breaks starch down into maltose |
What can amylase not break down, what does this form? | Amylase is unable to digest the 1,6 bonds found in amylopectin; as a result, short strands of amylopectin (containing these bonds) are produced. These short strands are called dextrins. |
Once starch has been digested in the small intestine lumen, what happens next, where is it digested? | The next stage of starch digestion involves enzymes immobilised in the membranes of the microvilli |
What two enzymes are immobilised in the membrane of microvilli? | maltase and dextrinase |
What is the role of maltase and dextrinase? | Maltase - a disaccharidase which hydrolyses maltose into glucose
Dextrinase - digests the 1,6 glycosidic bonds found in dextrins |
What can be done to the products of starch digestion? | After digestion, the monosaccharides can be absorbed into epithelial cells of the small intestine which pass them into the blood stream |
How is glucose transported? | Glucose is absorbed by co-transport with sodium ions into the epithelium cells
It then moves by facilitated diffusion into the spaces between villus cells, before entering the villus capillaries |
How do microvilli help with the transport of materials into the bloodstream? | Note that the lining of the small intestine is folded and there are microvilli present. This increases the surface area for proteins such as membrane-bound disaccharidases and co-transporters |
What do nucleases break … into? | Nucleases are enzymes which break down DNA and RNA into nucleotides |
WHat do nucleases break? | They break the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide bases |
What is done with the products of nucleic acid digestion? | These can then be absorbed into the blood |
Where are the products of digestion transported? | The products of digestion travel via the hepatic portal vein into the liver |
Where is excess glucose stored? | The liver absorbs excess glucose and stores it as glycogen Glycogen has a similar branched structure to amylopectin but is more branched due to having a higher proportion of 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
What is absoprtion? | Absorption takes place in the ileum Absorption is the movement of digested food molecules, vitamins and mineral ions from the digestive system into the blood and lymph |
What substances are absorbed? 6 | This includes the following products of digestion: Simple monosaccharides e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose Amino acids Fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol Nucleotide bases And the following additional substances: Mineral ions e.g. calcium, potassium, sodium Vitamins e.g. vitamin C |
Where is water absorbed? | Water is absorbed in both the small intestine and the colon, but most absorption of water occurs in the small intestine |
What does the epithelium provide in terms of harmful substances? | The epithelium provides a barrier to prevent absorption of some harmful substances |
What unwanted substances can pass into the blood? 3 | However, some unwanted substances can still pass into the blood. This includes:
Some harmless chemicals found in food colourings and flavours; these are removed by the kidney and lost in the urine
Small numbers of bacteria - these are engulfed and digested by phagocytes in the blood
Some other harmful substances - these are removed from the blood and broken down by the liver |
How are amino acids and monosaccharides transported? | Amino acids and monosaccharides both use facilitated diffusion, active transport and co-transport proteins in order to move across the epithelial membrane |
How are lipids transported? | Lipids are absorbed in a different way using simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and exocytosis |