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Biology IB HL - 6.6 Homeostasis Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to melatonin, jet lag, sexual reproduction theories, and human chromosome composition as discussed in the Biology IB HL curriculum.

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Therefore what is the function of melatonin, for nocturnal and diurnal animals?

Melatonin functions to promote activity in nocturnal animals and conversely promotes sleep in diurnal animals (like humans)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Therefore what is the function of melatonin, for nocturnal and diurnal animals?
Melatonin functions to promote activity in nocturnal animals and conversely promotes sleep in diurnal animals (like humans)
What changes during sleep?
During sleep, necessary physiological changes occur in body temperature, brain wave activity and hormonal production
What may melatonin levels decrease alongside with?
Melatonin levels naturally decrease with age, leading to changes in sleeping patterns in the elderly
What is jet lag?
Jet lag is a physiological condition resulting from a change to the body’s normal circadian rhythm
What is jet lag caused by? basic
This alteration is caused by the body’s inability to rapidly adjust to a new time zone following extended air travel ('jet' lag)
What is jet lag causes by, hormonally?
The pineal gland continues to secrete melatonin according to the old time zone so that the sleep schedule is not synchronised to the new timezone
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Biology IB HL - 6.6 Homeostasis Part 3
TermDefinition
Therefore what is the function of melatonin, for nocturnal and diurnal animals?
Melatonin functions to promote activity in nocturnal animals and conversely promotes sleep in diurnal animals (like humans)
What changes during sleep?
During sleep, necessary physiological changes occur in body temperature, brain wave activity and hormonal production
What may melatonin levels decrease alongside with?
Melatonin levels naturally decrease with age, leading to changes in sleeping patterns in the elderly
What is jet lag?
Jet lag is a physiological condition resulting from a change to the body’s normal circadian rhythm
What is jet lag caused by? basic
This alteration is caused by the body’s inability to rapidly adjust to a new time zone following extended air travel ('jet' lag)
What is jet lag causes by, hormonally?
The pineal gland continues to secrete melatonin according to the old time zone so that the sleep schedule is not synchronised to the new timezone
What are the symptoms of jet lag?
As a result of these sleep disturbances, individuals suffering from jet lag will often experience symptoms associated with fatigue. Symptoms of jet lag include headaches, lethargy, increased irritability and reduced cognitive function
How long should jet lag last?
Jet lag should only last a few days and symptoms should resolve as the body resynchronises its circadian rhythm
What do some health professionals recommend to combat jet lag?
Some health professionals recommend taking melatonin near the sleep time of the new time zone to help recalibrate the body
How does taking melatonin help jet lag?
By artificially increasing melatonin levels at the new night time, the body can respond quicker to the new day-night schedule
What was the earliest theory for sexual reproduction?
One of the earliest theories as to how animals reproduce sexually was the 'soil and seed' theory proposed by Aristotle
What is the 'seed and soil theory', proposed by Aristotle?
According to this theory, the male produces a ‘seed' which forms an ‘egg' when mixed with menstrual blood (the ‘soil’). The ‘egg’ then develops into a fetus inside the mother according to the information contained within the male 'seed’ alone
Who debunked the 'soil and seed' theory?
The ‘soil and seed’ theory was a popular doctrine for hundreds of years before it was eventually debunked by William Harvey
How did Harvey debunk the 'soil and seed' theory?
William Harvey studied the sexual organs of female deer after mating in an effort to identify the developing embryo. He was unable to detect a growing embryo until approximately 6 – 7 weeks after mating had occurred. He concluded that Aristotle’s theory was incorrect and that menstrual blood did not contribute to the development of a fetus. Harvey was unable to identify the correct mechanism of sexual reproduction and incorrectly asserted that the fetus did not develop from a mixture of male and female ‘seeds’
How was our current understanding of sexual reproduction developed?
Our current understanding of the mechanism of sexual reproduction is based on evidence discovered using light microscopes. Viable microscopes for such investigations were not invented until 17 years after the death of William Harvey
What is our modern understanding of the mechanism of sexual reproduction?
Based on available evidence, it is now known that a fetus forms from a combination of both male and females ‘seeds’ (gametes)
How many chromosomes do humans have in diploid somatic cells, what two categories are there?
Humans have 46 chromosomes in all diploid somatic cells – 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes
What chromosome combinations do women and men have?
Females possess two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males possess one X and a shorter Y chromosome (XY)
What does the Y chromosome contain and what is its role?
The Y chromosome includes a gene called the SRY gene (Sex Determining Region Y), which leads to male development
What does the SRY gene code for?
The SRY gene codes for a testis-determining factor (TDF) that causes embryonic gonads to form into testes (male gonads)
What will happen in the absence of the TDF protein?
In the absence of the TDF protein (i.e. no Y chromosome), the embryonic gonads will develop into ovaries (female gonads)
What do male and female gametes produce to promote further development of sex characteristics?
Hormones
What do testes produce and what is its role in the development of sex characteristics?
The testes produce testosterone to promote the further development of male sex characteristics
What do ovaries produce and what is its role in the development of sex characteristics?
The ovaries will produce estrogen and progesterone to promote the development of female sex characteristics
What are the 4 roles of testosterone?
It is responsible for the pre-natal development of male genitalia. It is involved in sperm production following the onset of puberty. It aids in the development of secondary sex characteristics. It helps to maintain the male sex drive (libido)