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Biology IB HL - 7.3 Translation Part 2

Biology20 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers the key concepts of translation in biology, focusing on the process of elongation, translocation, and termination in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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When does the large subunit bind?

Finally, the large ribosomal subunit aligns itself to the tRNA molecule at the P site and forms a complex with the small subunit
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
When does the large subunit bind?
Finally, the large ribosomal subunit aligns itself to the tRNA molecule at the P site and forms a complex with the small subunit
What is the first step of elongation?
A second tRNA molecule pairs with the next codon in the ribosomal A site
How do amino acids bond?
The amino acid in the P site is covalently attached via a peptide bond (condensation reaction) to the amino acid in the A site
What happens once the amino acids have binded?
The tRNA in the P site is now deacylated (no amino acid), while the tRNA in the A site carries the peptide chain
What is the first step of translocation?
The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand by one codon position (in a 5’ → 3’ direction)
What happens to the deacylated trna?
The deacylated tRNA moves into the E site and is released, while the tRNA carrying the peptide chain moves to the P site
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Biology IB HL - 7.3 Translation Part 2
TermDefinition
When does the large subunit bind?
Finally, the large ribosomal subunit aligns itself to the tRNA molecule at the P site and forms a complex with the small subunit
What is the first step of elongation?
A second tRNA molecule pairs with the next codon in the ribosomal A site
How do amino acids bond?
The amino acid in the P site is covalently attached via a peptide bond (condensation reaction) to the amino acid in the A site
What happens once the amino acids have binded?
The tRNA in the P site is now deacylated (no amino acid), while the tRNA in the A site carries the peptide chain
What is the first step of translocation?
The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand by one codon position (in a 5’ → 3’ direction)
What happens to the deacylated trna?
The deacylated tRNA moves into the E site and is released, while the tRNA carrying the peptide chain moves to the P site
What is the general cycle of translation?
Another tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon in the now unoccupied A site and the process is repeated
What is the role of termination?
The final stage of translation involves the disassembly of the components and the release of a polypeptide chain
What initiates the beginning of termination?
Elongation and translocation continue in a repeating cycle until the ribosome reaches a stop codon
What is the role of the stop codons?
These codons do not recruit a tRNA molecule, but instead recruit a release factor that signals for translation to stop
What is the final step of translation?
The polypeptide is released and the ribosome disassembles back into its two independent subunits
How are ribosomes separated from the genetic material?
In eukaryotes, the ribosomes are separated from the genetic material (DNA and RNA) by the nucleus
Where must the mRNA be transported?
After transcription, the mRNA must be transported from the nucleus (via nuclear pores) prior to translation by the ribosome
What does the transport of mRNA involve?
This transport requires modification to the RNA construct (e.g. 5’-methyl capping and 3’-polyadenylation)
What is the big difference between translation in pro and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack compartmentalised structures (like the nucleus) and so transcription and translation need not be separated
Are transcription and translation separated in prokaryotes?
Ribosomes may begin translating the mRNA molecule while it is still being transcribed from the DNA template
Why can translation occur at the same time as transcription in prokaryotes?
This is possible because both transcription and translation occur in a 5’ → 3’ direction
What is a polysome?
A polysome (or a polyribosome) is a group of two or more ribosomes translating an mRNA sequence simultaneously
How do polysomes look like?
The polysomes will appear as beads on a string (each 'bead' represents a ribosome ; the ‘string’ is the mRNA strand)
How are polysomes formed in prokaryotes?
In prokaryotes, the polysomes may form while the mRNA is still being transcribed from the DNA template