Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Biology IB HL - 8.2 Cell Respiration Part 4
What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?
The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?
The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane
How is the inner membrane of the mitochondria adapted?
The inner membrane is arranged into folds (cristae), which increases the surface area available for the transport chain
What is the role of the ETC?
The electron transport chain releases the energy stored within the reduced hydrogen carriers in order to synthesise ATP
What is oxidative level phosphorylation?
This is called oxidative phosphorylation, as the energy to synthesise ATP is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen carriers
What are the 3 main stages of oxidative level phosphorylation?
Proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient (proton motive force)
ATP synthase uses the subsequent diffusion of protons (chemiosmosis) to synthesi...
What redox reaction occurs to start ETC?
The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the final stage of aerobic respiration? | The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane |
How is the inner membrane of the mitochondria adapted? | The inner membrane is arranged into folds (cristae), which increases the surface area available for the transport chain |
What is the role of the ETC? | The electron transport chain releases the energy stored within the reduced hydrogen carriers in order to synthesise ATP |
What is oxidative level phosphorylation? | This is called oxidative phosphorylation, as the energy to synthesise ATP is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen carriers |
What are the 3 main stages of oxidative level phosphorylation? | Proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient (proton motive force)
ATP synthase uses the subsequent diffusion of protons (chemiosmosis) to synthesise ATP
Oxygen accepts electrons and protons to form water |
What redox reaction occurs to start ETC? | The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons |
Where are the e- transferred ? ETC | The electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain, which consists of several transmembrane carrier proteins |
What happens to the e- as they move through the ETC? What is the purpose of this? | As electrons pass through the chain, they lose energy – which is used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix |
What does the accumulation of H+ within the intermembrane space cause? ETC | The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient (or a proton motive force) |
What will the proton motive force cause? ETC | The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix |
What is chemiosmosis? What facilitates it? ETC | This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase |
What does the movement of H+ trigger? ETC | As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP |
What must be removed for ETC to continue? | In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the de-energised electrons must be removed |
What acts as the final electron acceptor? ETC | Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energised electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked |
What does the final electron acceptor bind with? ETC | Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the hydrogen gradient |
What happens to the final stage of ETC if no oxygen is present? | In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted |
What does aerobic respiration involve? | Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide |
What is the yield of aerobic respiration? | It requires the involvement of mitochondria and generates a large yield of ATP (typically 36 ATP per glucose consumed) |
What are the 3 main reactions in aerobic respiration? | Aerobic respiration involves three main types of reactions – decarboxylation, oxidation and phosphorylation |
What is decarboxylation in aerobic respiration? | Carbon atoms are removed from the organic molecule (glucose) to form carbon dioxide |
How many CO2 are produced in aerobic respiration and why? | Aerobic respiration involves the complete combustion of glucose (6C) – so six CO2 molecules are produced |
What are the 3 main oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration? | Electrons and hydrogen ions are removed from glucose and taken up by hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2)
The hydrogen carriers are in turn oxidised at the electron transport chain (where the energy is used to make ATP)
The electrons and hydrogen ions are then taken up by oxygen (reduction) to form water molecules |
What are the products of the oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration? | Twelve hydrogen carriers are produced and so six oxygen molecules are required (12 × O = 6 × O2) |
What is the energy released from glucose used to do? | Energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP |
How many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation? | A net total of four ATP molecules are produced directly via substrate level phosphorylation |