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Biology IB HL - 8.2 Cell Respiration Part 1

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This flashcard deck covers key concepts related to cell respiration, including ATP synthesis, aerobic and anaerobic processes, and the role of hydrogen carriers in energy transfer.

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What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate power source for cells
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate power source for cells
Where is the energy for ATP stored?
One molecule of ATP contains three covalently bonded phosphate groups – which store potential energy in their bonds
Why is ATP a readily reactive molecule?
Phosphorylation makes molecules less stable and hence ATP is a readily reactive molecule that contains high energy bonds
What happens during ATP hydrolysis?
When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi), the energy stored in the terminal phosphate bond is released for use by the cell
What are the two key functions of ATP?
It functions as the energy currency of the cell by releasing energy when hydrolysed to ADP (powers cell metabolism) It may transfer the released phosp...
How is ATP synthesised with solar energy?
Solar energy – photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored as ATP
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Biology IB HL - 8.2 Cell Respiration Part 1
TermDefinition
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate power source for cells
Where is the energy for ATP stored?
One molecule of ATP contains three covalently bonded phosphate groups – which store potential energy in their bonds
Why is ATP a readily reactive molecule?
Phosphorylation makes molecules less stable and hence ATP is a readily reactive molecule that contains high energy bonds
What happens during ATP hydrolysis?
When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi), the energy stored in the terminal phosphate bond is released for use by the cell
What are the two key functions of ATP?
It functions as the energy currency of the cell by releasing energy when hydrolysed to ADP (powers cell metabolism) It may transfer the released phosphate group to other organic molecules, rendering them less stable and more reactive
How is ATP synthesised with solar energy?
Solar energy – photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored as ATP
How is ATP synthesised with oxidative processes?
Cell respiration breaks down organic molecules to release chemical energy that is stored as ATP
What is cell respiration?
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
What does anaerobic respiration involve?
Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of organic molecules for a small yield of ATP (no oxygen required)
What does aerobic respiration involve?
Aerobic respiration involves the complete breakdown of organic molecules for a larger yield of ATP (oxygen is required)
Why is the breakdown of organic molecules done in steps?
By staggering the breakdown, the energy requirements are reduced (activation energy can be divided across several steps) The released energy is not lost – it is transferred to activated carrier molecules via redox reactions (oxidation / reduction)
How is chemical energy transferred when organic molecules are broken down?
When organic molecules are broken down by cell respiration, the chemical energy is transferred by means of redox reactions
What is redox?
Redox reactions involved the reduction of one chemical species and the oxidation of another (redox = reduction / oxidation)
What do most redox reactions typically involve the transfer of?
Most redox reactions typically involve the transfer of electrons, hydrogen or oxygen
What is reduction?
Reduction is the gain of electrons / hydrogen or the loss of oxygen
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons / hydrogen or the gain of oxygen
What does cell respiration transfer?
Cell respiration breaks down organic molecules and transfers hydrogen atoms and electrons to carrier molecules
In respiration, does the organic molecule undergo reduction or oxidation?
As the organic molecule is losing hydrogen atoms and electrons, this is an oxidation reaction
Where is energy stored in the organic molecule transferred to?
Energy stored in the organic molecule is transferred with the protons and electrons to the carrier molecules
What are the carrier molecules called?
The carrier molecules are called hydrogen carriers or electron carriers, as they gain electrons and protons (H+ ions)
What is the most common hydrogen carrier? What happens to it?
The most common hydrogen carrier is NAD+ which is reduced to form NADH (NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e– → NADH + H+)
What is a less common hydrogen carrier? What happens to it?
A less common hydrogen carrier is FAD which is reduced to form FADH2 (FAD + 2H+ + 2e– → FADH2)
What is the function of hydrogen carriers?
The hydrogen carriers function like taxis, transporting the electrons (and hydrogen ions) to the cristae of the mitochondria
What are the cristae the site of?
The cristae is the site of the electron transport chain, which uses the energy transferred by the carriers to synthesize ATP
What does the ETC need, which makes it only occur in certain conditions?
This process requires oxygen to function, and hence only aerobic respiration can generate ATP from hydrogen carriers This is why aerobic respiration unlocks more of the energy stored in the organic molecules and produces more ATP