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Biology IB HL - 8.2 Cell Respiration Part 2

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This deck covers key concepts in cell respiration, focusing on glycolysis and the differences between aerobic and anaerobic processes.

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What organic compounds can be used for respiration?

The main organic compound used in cell respiration is carbohydrates (glucose) – although lipids and proteins can be used
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What organic compounds can be used for respiration?
The main organic compound used in cell respiration is carbohydrates (glucose) – although lipids and proteins can be used
Why are carbohydrates more commonly used in respiration than lipids?
Lipids are not preferentially used as they are harder to transport and digest (although will yield more energy per gram)
Why are carbohydrates more commonly used in respiration than proteins?
Proteins are not preferentially used as they release potentially toxic nitrogenous compounds when broken down
What is the first stage of respiration?
The first step in the controlled breakdown of carbohydrates is glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol of the cell
What is the general overview of glycolysis?
In glycolysis, a hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
What are the 4 key events of glycolysis?
phosphorylation; lysis; oxidation; atp formation
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Biology IB HL - 8.2 Cell Respiration Part 2
TermDefinition
What organic compounds can be used for respiration?
The main organic compound used in cell respiration is carbohydrates (glucose) – although lipids and proteins can be used
Why are carbohydrates more commonly used in respiration than lipids?
Lipids are not preferentially used as they are harder to transport and digest (although will yield more energy per gram)
Why are carbohydrates more commonly used in respiration than proteins?
Proteins are not preferentially used as they release potentially toxic nitrogenous compounds when broken down
What is the first stage of respiration?
The first step in the controlled breakdown of carbohydrates is glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol of the cell
What is the general overview of glycolysis?
In glycolysis, a hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
What are the 4 key events of glycolysis?
phosphorylation; lysis; oxidation; atp formation
What is phosphorylated in glycolysis?
A hexose sugar (typically glucose) is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP (to form a hexose bisphosphate)
What is the role of phosphorylation in glycolysis?
This phosphorylation makes the molecule less stable and more reactive, and also prevents diffusion out of the cell
What happens in lysis?
The hexose biphosphate (6C sugar) is split into two triose phosphates (3C sugars)
What is oxidised in glycolysis? What is in term reduced?
Hydrogen atoms are removed from each of the 3C sugars (via oxidation) to reduce NAD+ to NADH (+ H+)
What is formed in oxidation?
Two molecules of NADH are produced in total (one from each 3C sugar)
What type of phosphorylation is in glycolysis?
Some of the energy released from the sugar intermediates is used to directly synthesise ATP. This direct synthesis of ATP is called substrate level phosphorylation
How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis?
In total, 4 molecules of ATP are generated during glycolysis by substrate level phosphorylation (2 ATP per 3C sugar)
What has glucose been broken down into via glycolysis?
Glucose (6C) has been broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
What has been reduced in glycolysis?
Two hydrogen carriers have been reduced via oxidation (2 × NADH + H+)
What is the net total of ATP molecules produced?
A net total of two ATP molecules have been produced (4 molecules were generated, but 2 were used)
Where does glycolysis occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen (it is an anaerobic process)
What may cause the products of glycolysis to differ?
Depending on the availability of oxygen, the pyruvate may be subjected to one of two alternative processes:
What does aerobic respiration produce?
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in the further production of ATP (~ 34 molecules)
What does anaerobic glycolysis produce?
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs in the absence of oxygen and no further ATP is produced
What happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions?
If oxygen is present, the pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria for further breakdown (complete oxidation)
What does the oxidation of pyruvate form?
This further oxidation generates large numbers of reduced hydrogen carriers (NADH + H+ and FADH2)
What is the role of the reduced hydrogen carriers in the presence of oxygen?
In the presence of oxygen, the reduced hydrogen carriers can release their stored energy to synthesise more ATP
What 3 stages does aerobic respiration involve?
Aerobic respiration involves three additional processes – the link reaction, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
What is pyruvate broken down into in anaerobic conditions?
If oxygen is not present, pyruvate is not broken down further and no more ATP is produced (incomplete oxidation)