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Biology IB HL - 8.3 Photosynthesis Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts and details about the Calvin cycle and photosynthesis, including experiments, chloroplast structure, and the roles of various molecules.

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How many cycles are needed to form sufficient GP's?

Each GP requires one NADPH and one ATP to form a triose phosphate – so a single cycle requires six of each molecule
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
How many cycles are needed to form sufficient GP's?
Each GP requires one NADPH and one ATP to form a triose phosphate – so a single cycle requires six of each molecule
How many TP molecules are used to form half a sugar molecule?
Of the six molecules of TP produced per cycle, one TP molecule may be used to form half a sugar molecule
How many cycles are need to produce a single glucose?
Hence two cycles are required to produce a single glucose monomer, and more to produce polysaccharides like starch
What happens to the remaining TP?
The remaining five TP molecules are recombined to regenerate stocks of RuBP (5 × 3C = 3 × 5C)
What does the regeneration of RuBP require?
The regeneration of RuBP requires energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP
Who is the calvin cycle named after?
The light independent reactions are also collectively known as the Calvin cycle – named after American chemist Melvin Calvin
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Biology IB HL - 8.3 Photosynthesis Part 3
TermDefinition
How many cycles are needed to form sufficient GP's?
Each GP requires one NADPH and one ATP to form a triose phosphate – so a single cycle requires six of each molecule
How many TP molecules are used to form half a sugar molecule?
Of the six molecules of TP produced per cycle, one TP molecule may be used to form half a sugar molecule
How many cycles are need to produce a single glucose?
Hence two cycles are required to produce a single glucose monomer, and more to produce polysaccharides like starch
What happens to the remaining TP?
The remaining five TP molecules are recombined to regenerate stocks of RuBP (5 × 3C = 3 × 5C)
What does the regeneration of RuBP require?
The regeneration of RuBP requires energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP
Who is the calvin cycle named after?
The light independent reactions are also collectively known as the Calvin cycle – named after American chemist Melvin Calvin
What did calvin do?
Calvin mapped the complete conversion of carbon within a plant during the process of photosynthesis
What experiment is calvin said to have carried out?
Calvin’s elucidation of photosynthetic carbon compounds is commonly classed the ‘lollipop experiment’

What was added to the "lollipop" apparatus?
lollipop experiment

Radioactive carbon-14 is added to a ‘lollipop’ apparatus containing green algae (Chlorella)

What is allowed to reach the apparatus?
lollipop

Light is shone on the apparatus to induce photosynthesis (which will incorporate the carbon-14 into organic compounds)

What is done with the algae?
lollipop

After different periods of time, the algae is killed by running it into a solution of heated alcohol (stops cell metabolism)

How were the dead algae samples analysed?
lollipop

Dead algal samples are analysed using 2D chromatography, which separates out the different carbon compounds

How were the carbon samples on the chromatogram identified?
lollipop

Any radioactive carbon compounds on the chromatogram were then identified using autoradiography (X-ray film exposure)

What were the findings of the lollipop experiment?
By comparing different periods of light exposure, the order by which carbon compounds are generated was determined
What did calvin use the findings of the lollipop experiment for?
Calvin used this information to propose a sequence of events known as the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)
What is the general outline of the calvin cycle?
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a hexose biphosphate compound
What are chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are the ’solar energy plants’ of a cell – they convert light energy into chemical energy
What can chloroplasts convert light energy into?
This chemical energy may be either ATP (light dependent) or organic compounds (light independent)
What type of tissue possesses chloroplasts?
Only photosynthetic tissue possess chloroplasts (e.g. is present in leaves but not roots of plants)
What are the 5 main features of chloroplasts?
thylakoids; grana; photosystems; stroma; lamellae
How are thylakoids adapted to the function of the chloroplast?
flattened discs have a small internal volume to maximise hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation
How are grana adapted to the function of the chloroplast?
thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase SA:Vol ratio of the thylakoid membrane
How are photosystems adapted to the function of the chloroplast?
pigments organised into photosystems in thylakoid membrane to maximise light absorption
How is the stroma adapted to the function of the chloroplast?
central cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Calvin cycle to occur
How are lamellae adapted to the function of the chloroplast?
connects and separates thylakoid stacks (grana), maximising photosynthetic efficiency