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Biology IB HL - 8.3 Photosynthesis Part 4

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to photosynthesis, including chloroplast structure, energy transfer, electromagnetic spectrum, and chromatography techniques.

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What are the typical features that a diagram of the chloroplast should have?

Usually round in appearance with a double membrane exterior. Flattened discs (thylakoids) arranged into stacks (grana), connected by lamellae. Internal lumen of thylakoids is very small (allows for a more rapid generation of a proton motive force). Ribosomes and chloroplast DNA are usually not visible at standard resolutions and magnifications. Starch granules may be visible and will appear as dark spots within the chloroplast.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are the typical features that a diagram of the chloroplast should have?
Usually round in appearance with a double membrane exterior. Flattened discs (thylakoids) arranged into stacks (grana), connected by lamellae. Interna...
How is energy from plants transferred to animals?
Animals then consume these organic compounds as food and release the stored energy via cell respiration.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
What electromagnetic radiation does the sun emit?
The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region of this spectrum (white light ~ 400 – 700 nm).
What are colours?
Colours are different wavelengths of white light and range from red (~700 nm) to violet (~400 nm).
What are the colours of the visible spectrum?
The colours of the visible spectrum are (from longest to shortest wavelength): Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet (Mnemonic: Roy G. Biv).
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Biology IB HL - 8.3 Photosynthesis Part 4
TermDefinition
What are the typical features that a diagram of the chloroplast should have?
Usually round in appearance with a double membrane exterior. Flattened discs (thylakoids) arranged into stacks (grana), connected by lamellae. Internal lumen of thylakoids is very small (allows for a more rapid generation of a proton motive force). Ribosomes and chloroplast DNA are usually not visible at standard resolutions and magnifications. Starch granules may be visible and will appear as dark spots within the chloroplast.
How is energy from plants transferred to animals?
Animals then consume these organic compounds as food and release the stored energy via cell respiration.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
What electromagnetic radiation does the sun emit?
The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region of this spectrum (white light ~ 400 – 700 nm).
What are colours?
Colours are different wavelengths of white light and range from red (~700 nm) to violet (~400 nm).
What are the colours of the visible spectrum?
The colours of the visible spectrum are (from longest to shortest wavelength): Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet (Mnemonic: Roy G. Biv).
Where does chlorophyll absorb the most light?
Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the visible spectrum, followed by the red portion.
Where does chlorophyll absorb the least light?
Chlorophyll reflects light most strongly in the green portion of the visible spectrum (hence the green colour of leaves).
What is the role of pigments?
Pigments absorb light as a source of energy for photosynthesis.
What is the absorption spectrum?
The absorption spectrum indicates the wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment (e.g. chlorophyll).
What is the action spectrum?
The action spectrum indicates the overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light.
What are the correlations between cumulative absorption spectra of all pigments and the action spectra?
Both display two main peaks – a larger peak at the blue region (~450 nm) and a smaller peak at the red region (~670 nm). Both display a trough in the green / yellow portion of the visible spectra (~550 nm).
Do photosynthetic organisms only rely on 1 pigment?
Photosynthetic organisms do not rely on a single pigment to absorb light, but instead benefit from the combined action of many. These pigments include chlorophylls, xanthophyll and carotenes.
What is chromatography?
Chromatography is an experimental technique by which mixtures can be separated.

What are the two phases? chromatography

A mixture is dissolved in a fluid (called the mobile phase) and passed through a static material (called the stationary phase).

What causes the mixtures to separate? chromatography

The different components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate.

What can be calculated from a chromatogram?
A retardation factor can then be calculated (Rf value = distance component travels ÷ distance solvent travels).
What are the two most common techniques for separating photosynthetic pigments?
Paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
What does paper chromatography involve?
Uses paper (cellulose) as the stationary bed.
What does thin layer chromatography involve?
Uses a thin layer of adsorbent (e.g. silica gel) which runs faster and has better separation.
What is the law of limiting factors?
The law of limiting factors states that when a chemical process depends on more than one essential condition being favourable, the rate of reaction will be limited by the factor that is nearest its minimum value.
What is photosynthesis dependent on?
Temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration.
Why is photosynthesis affected by temperature?
Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes, which are sensitive to temperature fluctuations.
Why does temperature initially cause photosynthesis to increase?
As temperature increases, reaction rate will increase, as reactants have greater kinetic energy and more collisions result.
Why does photosynthesis decrease at a certain temperature?
Above a certain temperature, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease as essential enzymes begin to denature.