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Biology IB HL - 9.1 Xylem Transport Part 4

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This deck covers key concepts related to xylem transport, focusing on halophytes, water movement in plants, and related apparatus.

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What are halophytes?

Halophytes are plants that can tolerate salty conditions (such as marshlands) due to the presence of a number of adaptations:
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are halophytes?
Halophytes are plants that can tolerate salty conditions (such as marshlands) due to the presence of a number of adaptations:

What 5 (simple) adaptations can halophytes have?

cellular sequestration; tissue partitioning; root level exclusion; salt excretion; altered flowering schedule

How does cellular sequestration help reduce water loss?
halophytes can sequester toxic ions and salts within the cell wall or vacuoles
How does tissue partitioning help reduce water loss?
plants may concentrate salts in particular leaves, which then drop off (abscission)
How does root level exclusion help reduce water loss?
plant roots may be structured to exclude ~95% of the salt in soil solutions
How does salt excretion help reduce water loss?
certain parts of the plant (e.g. stem) may contain salt glands which actively eliminate salt
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Biology IB HL - 9.1 Xylem Transport Part 4
TermDefinition
What are halophytes?
Halophytes are plants that can tolerate salty conditions (such as marshlands) due to the presence of a number of adaptations:

What 5 (simple) adaptations can halophytes have?

cellular sequestration; tissue partitioning; root level exclusion; salt excretion; altered flowering schedule

How does cellular sequestration help reduce water loss?
halophytes can sequester toxic ions and salts within the cell wall or vacuoles
How does tissue partitioning help reduce water loss?
plants may concentrate salts in particular leaves, which then drop off (abscission)
How does root level exclusion help reduce water loss?
plant roots may be structured to exclude ~95% of the salt in soil solutions
How does salt excretion help reduce water loss?
certain parts of the plant (e.g. stem) may contain salt glands which actively eliminate salt
How does an altered flowering schedule help reduce water loss?
halophytes may flower at specific times (e.g. rainy seasons) to minimise salt exposure
What apparatus can be used to model the movement of water up the xylem?
These include capillary tubing, filter or blotting paper and porous pots
How does water flow up capillary tubing?
Water has the capacity to flow along narrow spaces in opposition to external forces like gravity (capillary action)
How is water able to move against gravity?
This is due to a combination of surface tension (cohesive forces) and adhesion with the walls of the tube surface
How does the diameter of a tube affect capillary action?
The thinner the tube or the less dense the fluid, the higher the liquid will rise (xylem vessels are thin: 20 – 200 µm)
What does filter paper do in relation to water?
Filter paper (or blotting paper) will absorb water due to both adhesive and cohesive properties
What will happen when filter paper is placed perpendicularly to a water source?
When placed perpendicular to a water source, the water will hence rise up along the length of the paper
What can the movement of water up filter paper be compared to?
This is comparable to the movement of water up a xylem (the paper and the xylem wall are both composed of cellulose)
What are porous pots?
Porous pots are semi-permeable containers that allow for the free passage of certain small materials through pores
What is the loss of water from a porous pot similar to?
The loss of water from the pot is similar to the evaporative water loss that occurs in the leaves of plants
What can be done to a porous pot to represent the movement of water up the xylem?
If the porous pot is attached by an airtight seal to a tube, the water loss creates a negative pressure that draws more liquid
What is a potometer?
A potometer is a device that is used to estimate transpiration rates by measuring the rate of water loss / uptake