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Biology IB HL - 9.2 Phloem Transport Part 2

Biology20 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts of phloem transport in plants, focusing on the arrangement and function of xylem and phloem in monocotyledons and dicotyledons, as well as mechanisms of organic compound transport.

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How can the xylem and phloem usually be differentiated?

Xylem and phloem vessels can usually be differentiated by the diameter of their cavity (xylem have larger cavities)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
How can the xylem and phloem usually be differentiated?
Xylem and phloem vessels can usually be differentiated by the diameter of their cavity (xylem have larger cavities)
How does the stele look like in monocotyledons? in the roots
In monocotyledons, the stele is large and vessels will form a radiating circle around the central pith
Where will the xylem and phloem be located in the roots of monocotyledons?
Xylem vessels will be located more internally and phloem vessels will be located more externally
How does the stele look like in dicotyledons in the root?
In dicotyledons, the stele is very small
Where will the xylem and phloem be located in the roots of dicotyledons?
The xylem is located centrally with the phloem surrounding it. Xylem vessels may form a cross-like shape (‘X’ for xylem), while the phloem is situated...
How are the vascular bundles arranged in monocotyledons?
In monocotyledons, the vascular bundles are found in a scattered arrangement throughout the stem
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Biology IB HL - 9.2 Phloem Transport Part 2
TermDefinition
How can the xylem and phloem usually be differentiated?
Xylem and phloem vessels can usually be differentiated by the diameter of their cavity (xylem have larger cavities)
How does the stele look like in monocotyledons? in the roots
In monocotyledons, the stele is large and vessels will form a radiating circle around the central pith
Where will the xylem and phloem be located in the roots of monocotyledons?
Xylem vessels will be located more internally and phloem vessels will be located more externally
How does the stele look like in dicotyledons in the root?
In dicotyledons, the stele is very small
Where will the xylem and phloem be located in the roots of dicotyledons?
The xylem is located centrally with the phloem surrounding it. Xylem vessels may form a cross-like shape (‘X’ for xylem), while the phloem is situated in the surrounding gaps
How are the vascular bundles arranged in monocotyledons?
In monocotyledons, the vascular bundles are found in a scattered arrangement throughout the stem
How are phloem vessels located in the stem of monocotyeldons?
Phloem vessels will be positioned externally (towards outside of stem) – remember: phloem = outside
How are the vascular bundles arranged in dicotyledons?
In dicotyledons, the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle around the centre of the stem (pith)
How are vessels located in the stem of dicotyledons?
Phloem and xylem vessels will be separated by the cambium (xylem on inside ; phloem on outside)
What mechanism is used to transport organic compounds into the phloem sieve tubes?
Organic compounds produced at the source are actively loaded into phloem sieve tubes by companion cells
In what two ways can organic materials be transported into the phloem sieve tubes?
Symplastic loading | apoplastic loading
What does symplastic loading involve?
Materials can pass into the sieve tube via interconnecting plasmodesmata
What does apoplastic loading involve?
Alternatively, materials can be pumped across the intervening cell wall by membrane proteins (apoplastic loading)
What does apoplastic loading require?
Apoplastic loading of sucrose into the phloem sieve tubes is an active transport process that requires ATP expenditure
What protein is used to help with the transport? | apoplastic loading
Hydrogen ions (H+) are actively transported out of phloem cells by proton pumps (involves the hydrolysis of ATP)
What type of gradient is created? | apoplastic loading
The concentration of hydrogen ions consequently builds up outside of the cell, creating a proton gradient
How is the sucrose then transported? | apoplastic loading
Hydrogen ions passively diffuse back into the phloem cell via a co-transport protein, which requires sucrose movement
What does apoplastic loading result in?
This results in a build up of sucrose within the phloem sieve tube for subsequent transport from the source
At the source, what does the loading of sucrose do to the sap solution? mass flow
The active transport of solutes (such as sucrose) into the phloem by companion cells makes the sap solution hypertonic
What does the hypertonic sap cause? mass flow at source
This causes water to be drawn from the xylem via osmosis (water moves towards higher solute concentrations)