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Biology IB HL - D4 The Heart Part 3

Biology20 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts related to heart rate, stroke volume, blood pressure, and hypertension as part of the Biology IB HL curriculum.

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What is heart rate?

Heart rate describes the speed at which the heart beats, measured by the number of contractions per minute (or bpm)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is heart rate?
Heart rate describes the speed at which the heart beats, measured by the number of contractions per minute (or bpm)
What does each ventricular contraction cause?
Each ventricular contraction forces a wave of blood through the arteries which can be detected as a pulse
What is the typical heart rate?
The typical pulse rate for a healthy adult is between 60 – 100 beats per minute
What can affect heart rate?
Heart rate can be affected by a number of conditions – including exercise, age, disease, temperature and emotional state
Does the body have to adapt to a change in stroke volume?
Additionally, the body will attempt to compensate for any changes to stroke volume with a corrective alteration to heart rate
What two nerves are involved in regulating heart rate?
Heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system and decreased by parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve)
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Biology IB HL - D4 The Heart Part 3
TermDefinition
What is heart rate?
Heart rate describes the speed at which the heart beats, measured by the number of contractions per minute (or bpm)
What does each ventricular contraction cause?
Each ventricular contraction forces a wave of blood through the arteries which can be detected as a pulse
What is the typical heart rate?
The typical pulse rate for a healthy adult is between 60 – 100 beats per minute
What can affect heart rate?
Heart rate can be affected by a number of conditions – including exercise, age, disease, temperature and emotional state
Does the body have to adapt to a change in stroke volume?
Additionally, the body will attempt to compensate for any changes to stroke volume with a corrective alteration to heart rate
What two nerves are involved in regulating heart rate?
Heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system and decreased by parasympathetic stimulation (vagus nerve)
What hormone can increase heart rate?
Heart rate can also be increased hormonally via the action of adrenaline / epinephrine
What is stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped to the body (from the left ventricle) with each beat of the heart
What is stroke volume affected by?
It is affected by the volume of blood in the body, the contractility of the heart and the level of resistance from blood vessels
What will changes in stroke volume affect?
Changes in stroke volume will affect the blood pressure – more blood or more resistance will increase the overall pressure
What do blood pressure measurements include?
Blood pressure measurements typically include two readings – representing systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Which pressure (di/systolic) is higher?
Systolic blood pressure is higher, as it represents the pressure of the blood following the contraction of the heart
Why is diastolic blood pressure lower?
Diastolic blood pressure is lower, as it represents the pressure of the blood while the heart is relaxing between beats
What will blood pressure readings vary depending on?
Blood pressure readings will vary depending on the site of measurement (e.g. arteries have much higher pressure than veins)
What is the typical blood pressure of an adult in the brachial artery?
A typical adult is expected to have an approximate blood pressure in their brachial artery of 120/80 mmHg to 140/90 mmHg
What can blood pressure be affected by?
Blood pressure can be affected by posture, blood vessel diameter (e.g. vasodilation) and fluid retention or loss
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is defined as an abnormally high blood pressure – either systolic, diastolic or both (e.g. > 140/90 mmHg)
What are common causes of hypertension?
Common causes of hypertension include a sedentary lifestyle, salt or fat-rich diets and excessive alcohol or tobacco use
What may high blood pressure be secondary to?
High blood pressure can also be secondary to other conditions (e.g. kidney disease) or caused by some medications
What are the symptoms of hypertension?
Hypertension itself does not cause symptoms but in the long-term leads to consequences caused by narrowing blood vessels