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Biology IB HL - D5 Hormones and Metabolism Part 2

Biology25 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This flashcard deck covers key concepts related to hormones and metabolism, focusing on the role of the pituitary gland, growth hormones, and lactation processes.

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What does the posterior lobe secrete?

The posterior lobe releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus itself (via neurosecretory cells)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does the posterior lobe secrete?
The posterior lobe releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus itself (via neurosecretory cells)
What is the role of the neurosecretory cells in the posterior lobe?
These neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior lobe from the hypothalamus and release hormones into the blood
What is the pituitary gland referred to as?
The pituitary gland is often referred to as the ‘master gland’, as it controls the secretion of a number of other endocrine glands
What will pituitary hormones target?
Pituitary hormones will often target endocrine glands in other organs (e.g. gonads, pancreas, thyroid, mammary gland)
What do pituitary hormones control? (body processes)
Metabolism; Adult development; Reproduction; Growth; Equilibirum/Homeostasis
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in metabolism?
TSH activates thyroxin
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Biology IB HL - D5 Hormones and Metabolism Part 2
TermDefinition
What does the posterior lobe secrete?
The posterior lobe releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus itself (via neurosecretory cells)
What is the role of the neurosecretory cells in the posterior lobe?
These neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior lobe from the hypothalamus and release hormones into the blood
What is the pituitary gland referred to as?
The pituitary gland is often referred to as the ‘master gland’, as it controls the secretion of a number of other endocrine glands
What will pituitary hormones target?
Pituitary hormones will often target endocrine glands in other organs (e.g. gonads, pancreas, thyroid, mammary gland)
What do pituitary hormones control? (body processes)
Metabolism; Adult development; Reproduction; Growth; Equilibirum/Homeostasis
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in metabolism?
TSH activates thyroxin
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in adult development?
LH/FSH trigger puberty
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in reproduction?
LH/FSH control menstruation
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in growth?
growth hormone promotes growth
What is an example of pituitary hormones involved in equilibrium/homeostasis?
ADH and water balance
What is a growth hormone?
Growth hormone (also known as somatotropin) is an anabolic peptide hormone that stimulates growth
Where do growth hormones act DIRECTLY?
It acts directly to reduce the formation of adipose cells (i.e. less nutrients stored as fat)
Where do growth hormones act INDIRECTLY?
It acts indirectly via insulin growth factor (IGF) – produced by the liver – to increase muscle mass and bone size
When can growth hormones be used?
Due to its role in promoting growth and regeneration, it is used by some athletes as a performance enhancer
Where have growth hormones been banned?
The use of human growth hormone is banned in sports, with proven cases of doping strictly punished
How has anabolic peptide hormone testing changed in recent years and why?
Traditional urine testing could not detect doping, which historically made bans difficult to enforce. Recent blood tests can now identify between natural and artificial variants of growth hormone
What is lactation?
The production and secretion of milk by maternal mammary glands following birth is called lactation
What controls lactation?
It is predominantly controlled and regulated by two key hormones – oxytocin and prolactin
What is prolactin responsible for?
Prolactin is responsible for the development of the mammary glands and the production of milk
What secretes prolactin?
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to the release of PRH (prolactin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus
What inhibits prolactin?
The effects of prolactin are inhibited by progesterone, which prevents milk production from occurring prior to birth
What is oxytocin responsible for?
Oxytocin is responsible for the release of milk from the mammary glands (milk ejection reflex)
What produces oxytocin?
It is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by neurosecretory cells that extend into the posterior pituitary
What triggers the release of oxytocin?
Oxytocin release is triggered by stimulation of sensory receptors in the breast tissue by the suckling infant
What type of feedback is oxytocin?
This creates a positive feedback loop that will result in continuous oxytocin secretion until the infant stops feeding