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Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 2: Methods Part 2

Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 2: Methods Part 2

Biology10 CardsCreated 19 days ago

This deck covers key concepts from Chapter 2 of Cognitive Neuroscience, focusing on methods such as TMS, optogenetics, and various brain imaging techniques.

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How does transcranial magnetic stimulation lead to increased neuronal activity? How does it lead to decreased neuronal activity?

TMS is reversible temporary lesions. A rapidly changing magnetic field is passed through coils. If it's a strong magnetic stimulus to shuts down the brain for up to 30min (disrupts processing), a weak stimulus though will excite the brain.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
How does transcranial magnetic stimulation lead to increased neuronal activity? How does it lead to decreased neuronal activity?
TMS is reversible temporary lesions. A rapidly changing magnetic field is passed through coils. If it's a strong magnetic stimulus to shuts down the b...
How would using repetitive TMS vs. single-shot TMS alter your research task?
Can do repetitive where you do a bunch of pulses over a period or just a single shot. With repetitive there’s lengthy changes in activity so can then ...
What are some advantages of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create temporary lesions?
TMS is completely temporary, it's safe to use and you can repetitively do it again. Unlike most lesion study’s this is reversible non-invasive and can...
What is the Human Genome Project?
The human genome project is a project designed to map out the complete human genome. This has been successfully completed and we have a complete map o...
Describe optogenetics.
Optogenetics: when you extract photosynthetic cells from DNA of algae and inject it into the cells of the rat. These cells are now photosensitive and ...
How do researchers manipulate the genetics of research animals to test theories?
Researchers can insert and modify genes with deleting, mutations etc. Then they measure the behaviour and can see if their theories about what the gen...
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Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 2: Methods Part 2
TermDefinition
How does transcranial magnetic stimulation lead to increased neuronal activity? How does it lead to decreased neuronal activity?
TMS is reversible temporary lesions. A rapidly changing magnetic field is passed through coils. If it's a strong magnetic stimulus to shuts down the brain for up to 30min (disrupts processing), a weak stimulus though will excite the brain.
How would using repetitive TMS vs. single-shot TMS alter your research task?
Can do repetitive where you do a bunch of pulses over a period or just a single shot. With repetitive there’s lengthy changes in activity so can then run behavioural tests. With single you can do just a single burst (right before the stimulus possibly) and then see how that
What are some advantages of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create temporary lesions?
TMS is completely temporary, it's safe to use and you can repetitively do it again. Unlike most lesion study’s this is reversible non-invasive and can safely be used on humans which is huge. It’s cheap and you can do within subject design too. However, you can't kill/stain the brain, it can hurt a bit and it’s got poor spatial resolution.
What is the Human Genome Project?
The human genome project is a project designed to map out the complete human genome. This has been successfully completed and we have a complete map on all the genes in the human body, however we still do not know the function of a lot of these
Describe optogenetics.
Optogenetics: when you extract photosynthetic cells from DNA of algae and inject it into the cells of the rat. These cells are now photosensitive and will be activated with light. The light is on the rat eats, the light shuts off the rat stops eating cause he was full. Add ion channels that open or close in response to a particular wavelength of light into neurons of interest.
How do researchers manipulate the genetics of research animals to test theories?
Researchers can insert and modify genes with deleting, mutations etc. Then they measure the behaviour and can see if their theories about what the genes were used for are correct.
What are knock outs?
Knock outs are when you delete a gene from a gene sequence. This changes how the gene is expressed. This alters neural development. For example with dopamine the gene COMT is important. Kind of like a lesion
List two types of structural scans; list four types of functional scans.
Structural Scans, picture: (CT, MRI…DTI) Functional Scans, brain activity: (fMRI, PET, EEG, ERP, MEG)
Describe how CT scans work.
CT scans, basically a brain x-ray that takes a bunch of pictures of your brain then puts them all together. The x-ray beam is affected by brain desists, more dense=slower. All the scans are averaged together, dense areas are darker.
Describe how MRI works.
Magnetic resonance imaging, it uses radio waves stimulate hydrogen nuclei into omitting a signal. Hydrogen ions all point one way, then radio wave gets sent and they scatter, they absorb then release NRG and this the release of NRG can be measured.