What happens during the fifth stage of mitosis (telophase)?
New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.
Key Terms
What happens during the fifth stage of mitosis (telophase)?
New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.
What happens during the sixth stage of mitosis (cytokinesis)?
The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.
Some adult stem cells remain in the bodies of adults. These are found in limited numbers at certain locations in the body. Adult stem cells can be found in:
nose
brain
eyes
blood
heart
liver
bone marrow
skin
muscle
Differentiation of adult stem cells.
Adult stem cells can differentiate into related cell types only. So bone marrow cells can differentiate into blood cells and cells of the immune sy...
Stem cells in plants
| Meristem
Cell division in plants occurs in regions called meristems. Cells of the meristem can differentiate to produce all types of plant cells at any time...
What happens to cells produced in plants from the division of a meristem cell?
One cell remains meristematic
| - The other contributes to growth.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What happens during the fifth stage of mitosis (telophase)? | New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. |
What happens during the sixth stage of mitosis (cytokinesis)? | The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells. |
Some adult stem cells remain in the bodies of adults. These are found in limited numbers at certain locations in the body. Adult stem cells can be found in: | nose brain eyes blood heart liver bone marrow skin muscle |
Differentiation of adult stem cells. | Adult stem cells can differentiate into related cell types only. So bone marrow cells can differentiate into blood cells and cells of the immune system, but not other cell types. |
Stem cells in plants | Meristem | Cell division in plants occurs in regions called meristems. Cells of the meristem can differentiate to produce all types of plant cells at any time during the life of the plant. The main meristems are close to the tip of the shoot, and the tip of the root. |
What happens to cells produced in plants from the division of a meristem cell? | One cell remains meristematic | - The other contributes to growth. |
How are vacuoles formed? | link to stem cells in plants | In a growing shoot, new cells are being produced continuously near the tip. As the cells become older, further away from the tip, they become differentiated. They enlarge and develop a vacuole. |
Use of stem cells in medicine. Why we use stem cells. Examples of what they are used to treat. | Stem cells can divide to produce new cells, which can then divide into different cell types. They therefore have the potential to be transplanted into patients to treat medical conditions and disease. They could be used to replace cells that have been damaged or destroyed, eg: in type 1 diabetes in cases of multiple sclerosis, which can lead to paralysis in cases of spinal cord or brain injury, that have led to paralysis |
What is the best source of embryonic stem cells? | The best source is a five-day-old embryo, although there are clinical, ethical and social issues with their use. |
common example of use of adult stem cells and in what circumstances they are needed. | Bone marrow transplants are an example of adult stem cell transplant. Bone marrow cells will differentiate into different types of blood cell. Bone marrow transplants are carried out: in cases of blood cell cancer such as leukaemia and lymphoma when blood cells have been destroyed by cancer treatment |
Potential uses of stem cells. | treating patients with currently untreatable conditions growing organs for transplants medical research |
clinical issues with the use of stem cells. | whether Embryonic, adult or therapeutically cloned | There is no guarantee of how successful these therapies will be, for example in the use of stem cells in healing damage caused by Parkinson's disease. The difficulty in finding suitable stem cell donors. The difficulty in obtaining and storing a patient's embryonic stem cells. Mutations have been observed in stem cells cultured for a number of generations, and some mutated stem cells have been observed to behave like cancer cells. Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with viruses which would be transferred to a patient. |
ethical issues with the use of stem cells. | whether Embryonic, adult or therapeutically cloned | A source of embryonic stem cell is unused embryos produced by in vitro fertilisation. For therapeutic cloning, is it right to create embryos for therapy, and destroy them in the process? Embryos could come to be viewed as a commodity, and not as an embryo that could develop into a person. At what stage of its development should an embryo be regarded as, and treated as, a person? |
social issues with the use of stem cells. | whether Embryonic, adult or therapeutically cloned | Educating the public about what stem cells can, and can't do, is important. Whether the benefits of stem cell research use outweigh the objections. Much of the research is being carried out by commercial clinics, so reported successes are not subject to peer review. Patients could be exploited by paying for expensive treatments and being given false hope of a cure as stem cell therapies are only in their developmental stages. |
What is the first step in the cell cycle? | Cell growth |